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Gaza war

Ch. 1 of 8
— CH. 1 · INTRODUCTION —

Contents

Gaza war

8 sections

  • On the morning of the 7th of October 2023, Hamas announced the start of Operation Al-Aqsa Flood. Within a span of 20 minutes, it fired between 3,000 and 5,000 rockets from the Gaza Strip into Israel. The date fell on Shabbat, during the Jewish holidays of Simchat Torah and Shemini Atzeret.

    What followed was the Gaza war, an armed conflict in the Gaza Strip and Israel. It is the deadliest war for Palestinians in the broader Israeli-Palestinian conflict. It has also been a contest over words.

    Palestinian militant groups call it the battle of al-Aqsa Flood. The government of Israel called it the Iron Swords war until October 2025, when it began using War of Redemption. Within Israel it is popularly known as the October 7 war, and some call it the Simchat Torah war. Media outlets have also used the labels Israel-Hamas war and war on Gaza.

    This documentary asks what history made the 7th of October possible and how the fighting unfolded. It asks what the war has left behind in Gaza and beyond. And it asks why the death toll, the legal verdicts, and the question of who bears responsibility remain so fiercely disputed.

  • In the 1948 Palestine war, over 700,000 Palestinians fled or were expelled, and the State of Israel was established over most of what had been Mandatory Palestine. Two separated territories remained outside it, and they became known as the West Bank and the Gaza Strip. Some media outlets now call the current war a second Nakba, echoing that earlier exodus. After the 1967 Six-Day War, Israel occupied both territories.

    Palestinians rose against the occupation twice, in the First Intifada in 1987 and the Second Intifada in 2000. When the second uprising ended, Israel withdrew unilaterally from Gaza in 2005.

    Since 2007, Gaza has been governed by Hamas, an Islamist militant group, while the West Bank stayed under the Palestinian Authority. After the Hamas takeover, Israel imposed a blockade that significantly damaged Gaza's economy. Israel justified it with security concerns, but international rights groups have characterized it as collective punishment. By 2023, UNRWA reported that 81% of people in Gaza lived below the poverty level, and 63% were food insecure and dependent on international assistance.

    Four earlier wars were fought in 2008-2009, 2012, 2014, and 2021. Together they killed approximately 6,400 Palestinians and 300 Israelis. In 2018-2019, large organized protests near the Gaza-Israel border called for the right to return. The Israel Defense Forces violently suppressed them, killing hundreds and injuring thousands of Palestinians by sniper fire.

    Soon after the short 2021 conflict, Hamas's military wing, the Al-Qassam Brigades, began planning an operation against Israel. According to diplomats, Hamas had said repeatedly in the months before October 2023 that it did not want another escalation, because it would worsen the humanitarian crisis. Hamas officials later described the attack as a response to the blockade, the desecration of the Al-Aqsa Mosque, settler violence, and the imprisonment of thousands of Palestinians. By taking Israeli hostages, they said, they hoped to win those prisoners' release.

    Inside Israel, the Netanyahu government drew criticism for granting work permits to Gazan residents and facilitating the transfer of funds to Hamas in pursuit of relative calm. Critics said these policies backfired. Amnesty International, B'Tselem, and Human Rights Watch have likened the occupation to apartheid, though supporters of Israel dispute that description.

    At the time of the attack, Israel and Saudi Arabia were negotiating to normalize relations. Hamas leaders such as Ismail Haniyeh cited the disruption of this "normalization train" as a motive.

  • Around 3,000 Hamas militants crossed from Gaza into Israel using trucks, motorcycles, bulldozers, speedboats, and paragliders. They took over the checkpoints at Kerem Shalom and Erez and opened the border fence in five other places. In the evening, Hamas launched a second barrage of 150 rockets.

    Militants massacred civilians in several kibbutzim, where they took hostages and set fire to homes. At an outdoor music festival near Re'im, at least 325 people were killed, and others were injured or taken hostage. In total, 1,195 Israelis and foreign nationals died, and 251 people were taken hostage. Most hostages were civilians, but they included children, elderly people, and soldiers. Hamas militants also reportedly engaged in mutilation, torture, and sexual and gender-based violence.

    It was the deadliest single day in Israel's history. The Economist wrote that "the assault dwarfed all other mass murders of Israeli civilians" and that "the last time before October 7th that this many Jews were murdered on a single day was during the Holocaust." Some people have gone further and described the attacks as a genocide or genocidal massacre of Israelis.

    The assault was a complete surprise to Israeli citizens. It was called "an intelligence failure for the ages" and a "failure of imagination" on the part of the Israeli government. It later emerged that Israeli intelligence had detected abnormal Hamas movements the previous day. The military's alert level was not raised, and political leaders were not informed.

    Both Hamas officials and outside observers have described the attack as a calculated effort to create a "permanent" state of war and to revive the Palestinian cause.

  • The Israeli counter-attack began several hours after the invasion. The first helicopters reached the areas around Gaza an hour after the fighting started. Their crews struggled to tell invading militants from Israeli civilians and IDF soldiers. A June 2024 UN report and a July 2024 Haaretz investigation later revealed that the IDF had ordered the Hannibal Directive used, killing an unknown number of Israeli civilians and soldiers.

    In a televised broadcast, Prime Minister Benjamin Netanyahu announced that Israel was at war. He threatened to "turn all the places where Hamas is organized and hiding into cities of ruins" and called Gaza "the city of evil." The Security Cabinet voted to bring about the "destruction of the military and governmental capabilities of Hamas and Palestinian Islamic Jihad." The Israel Electric Corporation, which supplies 80% of Gaza's electricity, cut the power. Israeli airstrikes, guided in part by an artificial intelligence program called Habsora, killed on average 350 people per day during the first 20 days.

    On the 9th of October, Defense Minister Yoav Gallant announced a "complete siege" of Gaza, blocking food and fuel. He backed down under pressure from US President Joe Biden. The first aid convoy entered on the 21st of October, while fuel did not arrive until November. On the 13th of October, the IDF ordered all civilians in Gaza City to move south of the Wadi Gaza within 24 hours. The order was widely condemned as "outrageous" and "impossible." An explosion along one of the designated routes killed 70 Palestinians, and each side blamed the other. Four days later, an explosion in the parking lot of the Al-Ahli Arabi Baptist Hospital killed hundreds. The IDF said a failed rocket launch by Palestinian Islamic Jihad caused it, while Palestinian statements blamed an Israeli airstrike. Islamic Jihad denied involvement, and the ongoing conflict prevented independent analysis on site.

    On the 27th of October, after assembling more than 100,000 soldiers, the IDF began a large-scale ground incursion into northern Gaza. The United States had urged Israel to conduct "surgical" operations instead of a full-scale invasion. The next day, a strike on Jabalia refugee camp killed 50 and wounded 150. On the 31st of October, a strike on a six-story apartment building in central Gaza killed at least 106 civilians, including 54 children. Human Rights Watch called it an "apparent war crime."

    The two sides fought with very different methods. Hamas has historically blended conventional and insurgent tactics, and during the war it shifted "back into a guerrilla fighting force" using hit-and-run operations and smaller cells. It relied on a tunnel system for shelter, weapons storage, and holding hostages. Sources close to the Hamas leadership said it counted on international pressure over civilian deaths to force an end to the siege. It also believed strikes by Hezbollah and Iran and an uprising in the West Bank would help Israel to collapse. Israel and others accused Hamas of deliberately using civilians as human shields, but such claims have been disputed. In February 2024, Forensic Architecture examined the evidence Israel gave the International Court of Justice and said much of it was misleading or false.

    Israel ordered evacuations through a grid system that critics found confusing, especially without electricity or internet. Israel sometimes struck areas it had told people to evacuate to. On the 6th of December, the prominent Gazan writer Refaat Alareer was killed by an airstrike, and his poem "If I Must Die" circulated widely. On the 15th of December, the IDF killed three Israeli hostages in a friendly fire incident. On the 22nd of January 2024-24 IDF soldiers died in the army's deadliest day of the invasion, 21 of them when an RPG fired at a tank caused adjacent buildings to collapse. One week later, Israeli tank and machine gun fire killed five-year-old Hind Rajab and six relatives in their car. The Red Crescent released audio of her phone call with rescue workers, and the recording caused international outrage.

    In 2024 the fighting moved to the south. On the 1st of April, an Israeli airstrike killed seven international aid workers from World Central Kitchen, which then withdrew from Gaza. On the 6th of May, the IDF ordered 100,000 civilians in eastern Rafah to evacuate to Al-Mawasi. Hours later, Hamas announced it had accepted ceasefire terms brokered by Egypt and Qatar, but Israel rejected them. By the 15th of May, the United Nations estimated that 600,000 people had fled Rafah. On the 26th of May, an Israeli bombing of the Tel al-Sultan displacement camp killed at least 45 people. On the 8th of June, an Israeli operation in Nuseirat refugee camp rescued four hostages and killed 274 Palestinians. A second invasion of Khan Yunis began on the 22nd of July, and a third battle ended on the 30th of August.

    On the 16th of October 2024, IDF ground forces killed Hamas leader Yahya Sinwar in a shootout in Tal as-Sultan. Biden urged Israel to end the war. Instead, the siege of North Gaza intensified, and eyewitnesses reported the shelling of hospitals and the abduction of men and boys. This led to speculation that Israel was carrying out the "generals' plan," turning the northern Strip into a closed military zone. Food aid fell to an average of 30 trucks per day, less than 6% of the pre-war average, and the UN called the situation "apocalyptic." On the 16th of November, 98 of 109 UN food trucks from Kerem Shalom were looted in Israeli-controlled areas, and the Abu Shabab clan, a rival of Hamas, was widely blamed. On the 5th of December, Israeli Army Radio announced that 18,000 Palestinians had been evacuated from Beit Lahia.

  • Researchers at Oregon State University and the City University of New York estimated that by January 2024, between 50% and 62% of buildings in Gaza had been damaged or destroyed. In three months, Israel dropped 29,000 munitions on Gaza. The United States dropped 3,678 in Iraq between 2004 and 2010. The scale and pace of destruction surpassed that of Dresden and London in World War II and approached that of Hamburg. Satellite analyses found that 68% of roads, 70% of greenhouses, and nearly 70% of tree crops had been damaged or destroyed.

    After a year, the UN estimated that 42 million tonnes of rubble covered the Strip, and that clearing it and rebuilding might take 80 years and cost over $80 billion. International legal experts have raised the concept of domicide, the mass destruction of dwellings to make a territory uninhabitable. In October 2024, Forensic Architecture published a map platform titled "A Cartography of Genocide." Its report concluded that Israel's campaign was "organised, systematic, and intended to destroy conditions of life and life-sustaining infrastructure."

    The blockade tightened at the start of the war, and electricity availability dropped by 90%. Hospital power supplies, sewage plants, and the desalination plants that provide drinking water were all affected. In July 2024, available water was 4.74 litres per person per day, just under a third of the recommended minimum in emergencies. Attacks on telecommunications, along with blackouts and fuel shortages, caused the near-total collapse of Gaza's largest cell networks. Residents could not reach loved ones or learn which areas were most exposed to bombing, and emergency services struggled to locate the injured.

    In May 2025, Donald Trump acknowledged starvation in Gaza and backed the Gaza Humanitarian Foundation, which distributed food through hubs run by private contractors and protected by Israeli soldiers. Aid agencies warned that the plan weaponized aid. UN representatives Cindy McCain and Tom Fletcher noted that only about 100 trucks a day were getting through, against more than 600 before the blockade. On the 27th of May, when thousands of starving Palestinians overwhelmed the first distribution center, Israeli forces fired into the crowd, killing ten. In later attacks on aid seekers, more than 1,300 were killed. In August 2025, an IPC analysis confirmed famine in some parts of Gaza, including Gaza City. An Israeli agency, the Coordinator of Government Activities in the Territories, issued a counter-report disputing it. On the 19th of December 2025, the IPC said famine conditions no longer existed, though the situation remained "fragile."

    In December 2023, the IDF converted a military base at Sde Teiman in the Negev Desert into a detention camp. Whistleblowers and detainees reported torture there, including amputations of limbs caused by handcuff injuries and medical neglect. In May 2024, after conditions came to light, Israel's Supreme Court held a hearing and the IDF began transferring 1,200 prisoners to Ofer Prison. At least 160 healthcare workers from Gaza were believed to be held in detention as of February 2025. One was Hussam Abu Safiya, director of Kamal Adwan Hospital, who was abducted in December 2024 with 57 of the hospital's staff.

    Counting the dead is itself contested. The Gaza Health Ministry and the Israeli Ministry of Foreign Affairs together report at least 75,811 people killed, including 270 journalists and media workers, 120 academics, and over 560 humanitarian aid workers. Of those aid workers, 391 were UNRWA employees. Scholars have estimated that 80% of the Palestinians killed were civilians. The ministry does not distinguish how people died, and doctors say it largely excludes deaths from disease and lack of treatment. On the 3rd of March 2026, it published the names, gender, and birth dates of 72,004 individually identified Palestinians.

    In January 2025, a peer-reviewed analysis in The Lancet estimated 64,260 deaths from traumatic injury between October 2023 and the 30th of June 2024. It concluded that the ministry undercounted trauma deaths by 41%. A comparable figure for May 2025 would be 93,000, within a range of 77,000 to 109,000, or 4-5% of Gaza's pre-war population. A second Lancet study, led by Michael Spagat, estimated 75,200 violent deaths and 8,540 excess non-violent deaths by the 5th of January 2025. Its violent-death estimate was 34.7% above the ministry's count at the time. A survey by PCPSR found that over 60% of Gazans had lost family members. The number of injured exceeds 100,000, and UN agencies report that Gaza has the highest number of child amputees per capita in the world.

  • In December 2023, the government of South Africa brought South Africa v. Israel before the International Court of Justice, alleging a violation of the Genocide Convention. In January 2024, the court ordered Israel to take all measures within its power to prevent acts of genocide, to prevent and punish incitement to genocide, and to allow basic humanitarian aid into Gaza. Israel did not fully comply. Spain and Ireland have supported South Africa's case.

    The findings that followed came from many directions. In December 2024, Amnesty International concluded that Israel was committing genocide, and Human Rights Watch concluded that month that Israel was responsible for genocide through deprivation of safe water and sanitation. In March 2025, the UN Commission found that attacks on women's healthcare facilities in Gaza amounted to genocidal acts. Netanyahu condemned that report as "false and absurd." In July 2025, the Israeli groups B'Tselem and Physicians for Human Rights-Israel released reports calling the campaign a genocide.

    On the 16th of September 2025, the UN Commission of Inquiry on the Occupied Palestinian Territory concluded that Israel had committed genocide against Palestinians in Gaza. It said four of the five acts of genocide defined by the 1948 Genocide Convention had been committed. It also said top Israeli officials, including Netanyahu, Gallant, and Herzog, had incited these acts. Israel rejected the report as distorted and false and called for the abolition of the Commission. The International Association of Genocide Scholars has also concluded that genocide occurred. Israel and its supporters, including the United States, dispute that genocide has occurred.

    The International Criminal Court noted that its mandate over alleged war crimes in Palestine extended to the current conflict. It issued arrest warrants for Netanyahu, Gallant, and Hamas leader Mohammed Deif. Deif's warrant was cancelled after his death.

    In June 2024, the UN commission reported on the period from the 7th of October to the 31st of December 2023. It found that Hamas and six other Palestinian groups were responsible for war crimes, including attacks on civilians, torture, and hostage-taking, including of children. It found Israeli authorities responsible for war crimes including starvation as a method of warfare, forcible transfer, sexual violence, and torture. It also concluded that Israel had committed crimes against humanity, including extermination. The commission said it had submitted 7,000 pieces of evidence to the ICC. An October 2024 report accused the IDF of deliberately killing and torturing medical personnel. Israel refused to cooperate with the investigation, contending that it had an "anti-Israel" bias.

  • On the 1st of April 2024, an Israeli attack on the Iranian embassy in Damascus set off a series of retaliatory airstrikes on Israel. Hezbollah in southern Lebanon and the Yemeni Houthi movement attacked Israel soon after the war began. The Houthis also struck commercial vessels in the Red Sea and drew a US-led military operation. On the 31st of July, Hamas political leader Ismail Haniyeh was assassinated in Tehran. On the 1st of October, Iran fired approximately 200 missiles at Israel.

    By the end of 2024, a year-long exchange of strikes between Israel and Hezbollah had escalated into an Israeli invasion of Lebanon, which paused with a ceasefire. In February 2025, Israel largely withdrew but kept five military outposts on highlands in southern Lebanon, against Lebanon's wishes. The crisis also saw the fall of the Assad regime and an ongoing Israeli invasion of Syria. In April 2025, Defense Minister Israel Katz declared that Israeli forces would stay indefinitely in "security zones" they had "cleared and seized" in Gaza, Lebanon, and Syria.

    On the 13th of June 2025, the Twelve-Day War began when Israel launched large-scale attacks on Iran. Iranian state media reported the deaths of IRGC commander Hossein Salami and Armed Forces Chief of Staff Mohammad Bagheri, along with nuclear scientists. The United States joined the bombing on the 22nd of June. On the 9th of September 2025, Israel bombed the Hamas headquarters in Qatar, but failed to kill the leaders it targeted. In February 2026, the United States and Israel launched a major war on Iran.

    In the West Bank, more than 607 Palestinians and over 25 Israelis were killed by August 2024. Settler attacks reached around 1,270, against 856 for all of 2022. In July 2024, Israeli authorities approved the seizure of 12.7 square kilometers, the largest single land seizure since the 1993 Oslo accords. On the 28th of August, Israel launched its largest military operation in the northern West Bank in more than 20 years. Gallant said Israel was "mowing the lawn" but would eventually need to "pull out the roots." Attacks also struck inside Israel. On the 1st of October 2024, two Hamas gunmen from Hebron killed seven people in Jaffa.

    The United States funded 70% of the total costs of the war between October 2023 and the figure's date. About 100 American soldiers were deployed in combat to operate a THAAD anti-air battery. The US also flew drones over Gaza to help locate hostages and Palestinian leaders, including Sinwar. Gilbert Achcar called it "the first US-Israeli joint war," and the historian Jean-Pierre Filiu argued that the extent of American involvement makes the United States a co-belligerent.

    At least 44 nations denounced Hamas and condemned its conduct on the 7th of October as terrorism. In June 2024, Spain, Norway, and Ireland formally recognized the State of Palestine in a coordinated move. Israel recalled its ambassadors to all three and later announced it would close its embassy in Dublin. At least nine countries withdrew ambassadors or cut ties with Israel. The UN Security Council passed resolution 2728 in March 2024, calling for an immediate ceasefire, and resolution 2735 in June 2024. A Morning Consult poll in January 2024 found the United States was the only remaining wealthy country where Israel had net positive approval. On the 21st of September 2025, the United Kingdom, Australia, Canada, and Portugal recognized a Palestinian state, and France, Luxembourg, Monaco, and Malta followed the next day.

  • On the 22nd of November 2023, Israel and Hamas reached a temporary agreement for a four-day pause. It provided for the release of 50 hostages in Gaza and about 150 Palestinian women and children held by Israel. A Qatari-brokered truce took effect on the 24th of November, and active fighting stopped. Exchanges continued until the 28th of November, when each side accused the other of violations. On the 30th of November, Hamas released eight hostages in exchange for 30 Palestinian prisoners. The truce expired on the 1st of December.

    On the 15th of January 2025, a second agreement was announced through Qatari mediation, and a ceasefire took effect on the morning of the 19th. On the 27th of January, tens of thousands of Palestinians began a mass return to northern Gaza. Hamas suspended hostage releases on the 10th of February, then relented on the 13th after threats from Netanyahu and Donald Trump. Talks on phase two, which was meant to release remaining hostages and bring an Israeli withdrawal, never happened. Hamas refused a US plan to extend the truce through Ramadan and Passover, and Netanyahu ceased the entry of aid the next day. On the 9th of March, Energy Minister Eli Cohen ordered a halt to Israeli electricity for Gaza.

    During the pause, Hamas said it had recruited thousands of new fighters. US Secretary of State Antony Blinken estimated that Hamas had recruited almost as many militants as it had lost. Reuters, citing US intelligence, reported 10,000 to 15,000 recruits.

    On the 18th of March, Israel ended the ceasefire with a surprise attack that killed over 400 people. Both sides blamed the other. The attack came on the day Netanyahu was due to testify in his corruption trial, and the proceedings were postponed. Hamas political bureau members Issam al-Da'alis and Salah al-Bardawil were among those killed. On the 25th of March, hundreds to thousands of Gazans protested against Hamas and the war, citing war-weariness and Hamas's suppression of speech and the press.

    On the 16th of May 2025, Israel launched Operation Gideon's Chariots, an offensive aimed at taking control of the entire Strip. Several of Israel's allies condemned it, and some threatened sanctions. The destruction of infrastructure became an explicit part of official military policy, and private contractors took part. In early August, the security cabinet approved a plan to occupy Gaza City. On the 10th of August, a strike on a press tent outside al-Shifa Hospital killed six Al-Jazeera journalists, including Anas Al-Sharif. On the 25th of August, a double tap strike on Nasser Hospital killed 22 people, including five journalists. Netanyahu said he "deeply regretted" it and called it a "mishap." On the 9th of September, Israel ordered the full evacuation of Gaza City, and six days later the full offensive began.

    On the 29th of September, Trump proposed a 20-point peace plan. It called for the release of all hostages, an end to the war, Israeli withdrawal, Hamas disarmament, and a temporary transitional government. Israel accepted, and Arab and Muslim states urged Hamas to agree. On the 3rd of October, under pressure from Trump, Hamas agreed to release all hostages and hand over administration of Gaza, though it wanted to keep negotiating. The IDF halted its Gaza City offensive the next day, and both sides agreed to phase one on the 9th of October. The ceasefire took effect at noon on the 10th, once the IDF completed a withdrawal from parts of the Strip.

    On the 13th of October, a peace summit in Sharm El Sheikh drew representatives of over 30 countries and organizations. Hamas released the remaining 20 living Israeli hostages. Israel released 1,718 Palestinian detainees held without charge and 250 prisoners convicted in Israeli courts. The ceasefire has been violated by both sides. On the 28th of October, after an Israeli soldier was killed in Rafah, Netanyahu ordered "powerful strikes" that killed at least 104 people. Daily News Egypt reported that Israeli strikes killed roughly 900 Palestinians after the ceasefire began.

    The broader plan calls for an Israeli-controlled outer zone and a coastal region held by a US-led international force. Power would then pass to Palestinian technocrats under a "Board of Peace" chaired by Trump. The UN Security Council authorized an International Stabilization Force and the Board of Peace to operate in Gaza until 2027. Reconstruction is estimated at $70 billion, which a Brookings Institution researcher said had "no modern comparison." Hamas has rejected disarmament without broader political and security guarantees.

    In December 2025, IDF Chief of Staff Eyal Zamir said the Yellow Line would be Israel's new border line in the Gaza Strip. On the 15th of May 2026, an Israeli strike killed Izz al-Din al-Haddad, the leader of Hamas in Gaza. On the 26th of May, another strike targeted his successor, Mohammed Odeh, whose death was later confirmed. That month, Nickolay Mladenov, the Board of Peace's high representative for Gaza, said the plan was paralyzed over Hamas not disarming. On the 28th of May, Netanyahu ordered Israeli forces to take control of more of Gaza's territory, beginning with 70%.

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Common questions

When did the Gaza war begin?

The Gaza war began on the 7th of October 2023, when Hamas led a surprise attack on Israel. In that attack, 1,195 Israelis and foreign nationals were killed and 251 people were taken hostage.

Why did Hamas attack Israel on the 7th of October 2023 in the Gaza war?

Hamas officials said the attack responded to the blockade of Gaza, the desecration of the Al-Aqsa Mosque, settler violence, and the imprisonment of thousands of Palestinians. Leaders such as Ismail Haniyeh also cited disrupting Israeli-Saudi normalization talks as a motive.

How many Palestinians have been killed in the Gaza war?

Over 72,000 Palestinians in Gaza have been killed since the Israeli offensive began. Studies in The Lancet indicate this figure is likely a significant undercount.

Has the Gaza war been ruled a genocide?

On the 16th of September 2025, the UN Commission of Inquiry on the Occupied Palestinian Territory concluded that Israel had committed genocide in Gaza. Israel and its supporters, including the United States, dispute this, and a case is being reviewed by the International Court of Justice.

When did the latest Gaza war ceasefire take effect?

The third ceasefire of the Gaza war took effect on the 10th of October 2025 after Israel and Hamas agreed to phase one of a US-backed peace plan. It followed earlier truces in November 2023 and January 2025.

How did the Gaza war spread to other countries?

The Gaza war drew in Hezbollah in Lebanon, the Houthis in Yemen, and Iran, including the Twelve-Day War in June 2025. It also contributed to an Israeli invasion of Lebanon and ongoing Israeli operations in Syria.

All sources

706 references cited across the entry

  1. 1Netanyahu says Israel 'not retreating' during Gaza visit3 September 2026
  2. 2https://www.timesofisrael.com/liveblog_entry/leader-of-militia-in-gaza-fighting-hamas-admits-cooperating-with-idf/
  3. 3https://www.timesofisrael.com/israel-providing-guns-to-gaza-jihadist-gang-to-bolster-opposition-to-hamas/
  4. 4https://www.nytimes.com/2025/06/06/world/middleeast/israel-gaza-palestinian-militia-hamas-abu-shabab.html
  5. 5https://ecfr.eu/special/mapping_palestinian_politics/popular-forces-gaza/
  6. 6http://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/gaza-strip/
  7. 7https://www.reuters.com/world/middle-east/how-hamas-secretly-built-mini-army-fight-israel-2023-10-13/
  8. 8https://www.iiss.org/publications/the-military-balance/the-military-balance-2021
  9. 9https://www.washingtonpost.com/world/2023/10/10/israel-military-draft-reservists/
  10. 10https://www.washingtonpost.com/world/2026/08/04/israel-palestinians-hamas-war-gaza-news/03d262c0-9006-11f1-9fdc-0a725c989a7b_story.html|title=Palestinians
  11. 11https://data.techforpalestine.org/docs/killed-in-gaza/|title=Palestine
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  13. 13https://www.aljazeera.com/news/liveblog/2025/5/30/live-israel-forces-new-displacement-in-north-gaza-as-strikes-intensify?update=3742769
  14. 14NewsHamas terrorist who took part in October 7 attack among 3 operatives killed in Gaza, IDF says
  15. 15NewsContractor killed in Gaza identified as Kobi Avitan, 39-year-old father of 3, from Eilat
  16. 16https://www.jns.org/13572-israelis-injured-since-oct-7/
  17. 17https://www.gov.il/en/pages/swords-of-iron-idf-casualties
  18. 18https://petra.gov.jo/en/news/five-killed-25-injured-in-gaza|title=Five
  19. 19https://www.daytondailynews.com/nation-world/israeli-fire-in-gaza-kills-6-people-including-a-little-girl-health-officials-say/article_b7efefb8-8ad1-5d24-bcc8-2f59567161cb.html|title=Israeli
  20. 20https://www.reuters.com/world/middle-east/how-many-palestinians-has-israels-gaza-offensive-killed-2025-03-24/
  21. 21https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/14623528.2025.2483546
  22. 22https://www.theguardian.com/world/2025/jan/10/gaza-death-toll-40-higher-than-official-number-lancet-study-finds
  23. 23https://edition.cnn.com/2025/01/09/middleeast/gaza-death-toll-underreported-study-intl
  24. 24https://www.reuters.com/world/middle-east/israel-counter-genocide-accusations-world-court-2024-01-12/|access-date=27
  25. 25https://www.reuters.com/world/biden-whats-happening-gaza-is-not-genocide-2024-05-20/|access-date=27
  26. 26https://www.latintimes.com/trump-rejects-israel-committing-genocide-gaza-theyre-war-588011
  27. 27https://www.theguardian.com/world/2025/oct/09/first-phase-of-ceasefire-deal-to-end-war-in-gaza-agreed-by-israel-and-hamas
  28. 28https://www.wsj.com/world/middle-east/israel-says-cease-fire-has-begun-troops-start-withdrawing-from-parts-of-gaza-098b90dc
  29. 29https://www.haaretz.com/israel-news/israel-security/2026-07-06/ty-article-live/israeli-civilians-tried-to-cross-into-syria-idf-says-amid-settlement-reports/0000019f-342c-d746-adff-ff6d69240000?liveBlogItemId=920670504#920670504|title=
  30. 30https://www.deccanchronicle.com/world/americas/trump-announces-deal-for-hamas-to-disarm-in-gaza-but-many-hurdles-uncertainty-remain-1975359|title=Trump
  31. 31https://www.haaretz.com/israel-news/israel-security/2026-07-31/ty-article-live/idf-destroys-iran-funded-hezbollah-tunnel-network-in-lebanon/0000019f-b5da-d993-af9f-b5dfb3790000?liveBlogItemId=2064486925#2064486925|title=Hamas:
  32. 32https://www.hrw.org/news/2023/12/18/israel-starvation-used-weapon-war-gaza
  33. 33https://www.refugeesinternational.org/reports-briefs/untangling-the-reality-of-famine-in-gaza/
  34. 34https://news.un.org/en/story/2025/04/1162666
  35. 35https://www.ipcinfo.org/ipcinfo-website/countries-in-focus-archive/issue-134/en/
  36. 36NewsUN says 70% of Gaza's water production disrupted as Israel blocks 'dual-use' repair item21 January 2026
  37. 37https://www.amnesty.org/en/latest/news/2024/12/amnesty-international-concludes-israel-is-committing-genocide-against-palestinians-in-gaza/
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  542. 542Israeli soldiers who gang-raped Palestinian prisoner are now free to return to military serviceJonathan Ofir — 2026-03-18
  543. 543News'Everything is legitimate': Israeli leaders defend soldiers accused of rapeSimon Speakman Cordall — 2024-08-09
  544. 544Application Instituting Proceedings, Application of Convention on Prevention and Punishment of Crime of Genocide (S. Afr. v. Isr.), No. 19229 December 2023
  545. 545Order of 26 January 2024, Application of Convention on Prevention and Punishment of Crime of Genocide (S. Afr. v. Isr.), No. 19226 January 2024
  546. 546NewsICJ finds genocide case against Israel 'plausible', orders it to stop violationsScott Simon et al. — 27 January 2024
  547. 547NewsIsrael–Gaza: What did the ICJ ruling really say?Dominic Casciani — 16 May 2024
  548. 548Israel defying ICJ ruling to prevent genocide by failing to allow adequate humanitarian aid to reach Gaza26 February 2024
  549. 549Israel Not Complying with World Court Order in Genocide Case26 February 2024
  550. 550Israeli Non-Compliance with ICJ Provisional OrdersJonathan Kuttab — 20 March 2024
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  624. 624NewsPalestinian militants claim Tel Aviv bombing that wounded 1Melanie Lidman — 19 August 2024
  625. 625NewsSeven people killed in shooting, stabbing terror attack in JaffaEmanuel Fabian — 1 October 2024
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  665. 665NewsWashington backing plan for Tony Blair to head transitional Gaza authorityPatrick Wintour — 25 September 2025
  666. 666NewsRebuilding Gaza will take 'decades,' cost $70B, experts sayNadine El-Bawab — 18 October 2025
  667. 667NewsHamas says it agrees to release Israeli hostages but seeks changes to US Gaza peace plan3 October 2025
  668. 668NewsHamas says "yes, but" to the Trump Gaza plan. That may not be enough4 October 2025
  669. 669Hamas, Board of Peace clash over disarmament agreement, enter negotiations impasse2026-05-04
  670. 670NewsMovements at Rafah border crossing remain limited amid Gaza ceasefire violations6 February 2026
  671. 671NewsDiplomat overseeing Gaza ceasefire says violations threaten transitional governance13 February 2026
  672. 672NewsIsraeli violations persist in Gaza amid international moves to monitor ceasefire18 October 2025
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  675. 675NewsIDF chief: Gaza's Yellow Line is Israel's new border line7 December 2025
  676. 676NewsIsraeli Military Chief Says Gaza's "Yellow Line" Will Become "New Border" for Israel9 December 2025
  677. 677Hamas and Israel move towards phase two of US-backed Gaza plan7 December 2025
  678. 678NewsIsrael maintaining control deeper inside Gaza than expected, new boundary markers suggest23 October 2025
  679. 679MagazineAlong Israel's expanding Yellow Line, the war in Gaza never endedRuwaida Amer — 5 December 2025
  680. 680US plan in Gaza: forced ghettoisation, annexation, mass detention, resource plunder3 December 2025
  681. 681NewsPalestinians 'squeezed' as Israel moves beyond 'yellow line' in Gaza City20 November 2025
  682. 682News'Yellow line' that divides Gaza under Trump plan is 'new border' for Israel, says military chiefEmma Graham-Harrison — 8 December 2025
  683. 683NewsBoys collecting firewood in Gaza killed by Israeli fireTim Lister — CNN — 25 January 2026
  684. 684NewsUS looks to build 'new Gaza' on half of Strip under IDF control, but faces pushbackJacob Magid — 2 November 2025
  685. 685Israel Is Preparing for a Permanent Presence in Gaza, Satellite Images Reveal20 December 2025
  686. 686NewsIsraeli Defense Minister Vows Israel Will Build Settlements in Gaza24 December 2025
  687. 687NewsIsrael's Horn of Africa gamble raises tension with Arab and Muslim rivalsAndrew England et al. — 30 December 2025
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  698. 6982 years of genocide: Gen Z, Democrats lead US opposition to Israel's war on Gaza2025-10-08
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  700. 700Lessons in RepressionSilencing Campus Workers on Palestine Since October 7, 2023
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