Hezbollah
Hezbollah operates hospitals and schools in Lebanon, holds seats in the national parliament, and commands an armed force that one 2016 assessment placed on par with a medium-sized army. The name means party of God in Arabic. Its political side sits in parliament as the Loyalty to the Resistance Bloc, while its paramilitary side is called the Jihad Council.
The numbers around the group point in opposite directions. In 2021 its leader, Hassan Nasrallah, declared that Hezbollah had 100,000 fighters. A 2024 Arab Barometer survey found that 55% of Lebanese have no trust at all in the group, although it remains popular among the Shia population.
The outside world is just as divided. Some scholars regard Hezbollah as a resistance movement. At least 28 countries, including most Western ones, had designated the whole organisation or its military wing as a terrorist group by April 2026.
How did a militia born under foreign invasion become a political party, a provider of social services and one of the most powerful non-state actors in the world? Who funds it, who commands it, and what do its own manifestos promise? And why has the question of its weapons pushed Lebanon toward crisis?
On the 8th of June 1982, two days after Israel invaded Lebanon, about 50 Shiite militants ambushed an Israeli armoured convoy at Khalde, south of Beirut. According to Robert Fisk and the Israeli general Shimon Shapira, Hezbollah treats this clash as the founding myth of its military wing. The fighting delayed the Israeli advance toward Beirut for six days. It also made the name of Mustafa Badreddine, who would become Hezbollah's military chief.
Shapira adds a vivid detail. The lightly armed fighters captured an Israeli armoured vehicle and paraded it at the Revolutionary Guards' forward base in Baalbek, in eastern Lebanon.
Fisk described men running on foot into Israeli gunfire and firing grenades at tanks from within 20 feet. Some had torn strips from their shirts and tied them around their heads, as Iranian guards had done a year earlier against Iraqi forces. In his words: "The Lebanese Shia were learning the principles of martyrdom and putting them into practice."
The ground for such fighters had been prepared by earlier events. Israeli invasions in 1978 and 1982 destroyed many villages in the south and displaced large numbers of Shias, who had long been underrepresented in Lebanese politics. The resentment made recruitment easy. In 2006 the former Israeli prime minister Ehud Barak said: "When we entered Lebanon... there was no Hezbollah. We were accepted with perfumed rice and flowers by the Shia in the south. It was our presence there that created Hezbollah."
Iran supplied the organisation. A contingent of 1,500 Iranian Revolutionary Guards travelled to a base in the Beqaa Valley, with permission from Syria, which then occupied Lebanon's eastern highlands. Local Shia committees formed the group under the leadership of Ruhollah Khomeini.
Scholars disagree about when Hezbollah became a distinct entity. Diaz and Newman argue that it remained a mixture of violent Shia factions until as late as 1985. Another account credits supporters of Sheikh Ragheb Harb, a southern Shia resistance leader killed by Israel in 1984.
Along the way the group absorbed smaller bodies, including Islamic Jihad, the Organisation of the Oppressed on Earth and the Revolutionary Justice Organisation. The United States, Israel and Canada treat those names as synonyms for Hezbollah. Its early rival for Shia loyalty was the older Amal Movement, the main Lebanese Shia political group, which had started guerrilla warfare first.
Ayatollah Ruhollah Khomeini's doctrine of Wilayat al-faqih, the Guardianship of the Islamic Jurists, shaped Hezbollah's thinking from the start. Hezbollah first aimed to turn Lebanon into an Islamic republic and later abandoned that goal for a more inclusive approach. Its early rhetoric was Islamist in general rather than Shia in particular. Employees at its television station, Al-Manar, were told not to speak badly of Saudi Arabia, even during the 2007 conflict with Salafis. That changed after the Saudi-led intervention in the Yemeni civil war.
On the 16th of February 1985, Sheik Ibrahim al-Amin issued the group's first manifesto. It named opposition to American and Israeli imperialism as its first objective and called for gathering all Muslims into one ummah. It rejected the existence of Israel and called for its destruction. It also promised to protect all Lebanese communities except those collaborating with Israel. Its opening lines read: "We are the sons of the umma (Muslim community)..."
On the 30th of November 2009, Nasrallah presented a 32-page replacement at Hezbollah's 7th political conference. Its three chapters covered American hegemony and globalisation, Hezbollah's approach to Lebanon, and Palestinian resistance. Scholar Benedetta Berti judged it more "politically savvy" than its predecessor, even though the foreign policy stayed much the same. The new text opposed political sectarianism, praised a national unity government, and treated the Lebanese army less as an enemy.
Some scholars place the movement on the left. The political scientist Imad Salamey called Hezbollah "a revolutionary proletarian party with an Islamic manifesto". Judith Butler controversially described it as part of the global left because it defines itself as anti-imperialist.
On paper, authority sits with clerics. The scholar Magnus Ranstorp describes a Majlis al-Shura of 12 senior clerics, which handled tactical decisions, and a Deciding Assembly under Sheikh Muhammad Hussein Fadlallah, which handled strategy. Seven specialised committees covered ideological, financial, military, political, judicial, informational and social affairs. Naim Qassem, then second in command, insisted that the group has a single leadership: the same one directs parliamentary work and the struggle against Israel. When the leadership could not agree, it appealed to Iran's supreme leader. After Khomeini died, Hezbollah's own bodies grew more independent. Since the Second Lebanon War, Iran has restructured the group to limit the power of Nasrallah.
Money followed doctrine. Iran is said to have given $400 million between 1983 and 1989. During Lebanon's late-1980s inflation, Middle East International reported that Iran was sending $3-5 million a month. US law enforcement officials identified a cigarette-smuggling fundraising operation and a drug-smuggling operation around the Triple Frontier of Paraguay, Argentina and Brazil. Nasrallah repeatedly denied any link to the South American drug trade and called the claims propaganda. Hezbollah says its main income comes from its own investment portfolios and Muslim donations.
Hezbollah describes itself as the leading member of an alliance named the Axis of Resistance, set against Israel and Western influence. That alliance would be badly shaken in 2024.
In 1992 Hezbollah decided to contest parliamentary elections, and Iran's supreme leader, Ali Khamenei, endorsed the move. Former secretary general Subhi al-Tufayli opposed it, and the dispute split the group. Hezbollah then won all twelve seats on its list. By the end of that year it had begun a dialogue with Lebanese Christians. Observers call this shift from revolution to participation the Lebanonisation of Hezbollah. In 1997 the group formed a multi-faith force, the Lebanese Brigades to Fight the Israeli Occupation, to broaden the resistance beyond Shia fighters.
By the time Daniel L. Byman wrote about it, he could call Hezbollah "the most powerful single political movement in Lebanon". Together with Amal it represents most Lebanese Shia. Amal's support lies mainly in the south, while Hezbollah draws support across the south, Beirut and its surroundings, and the northern Beqaa Valley and Hermel region. Unlike Amal, it has never disarmed.
On the 7th of May 2008, a 17-month political crisis turned violent. The government moved to shut down Hezbollah's telecommunications network and remove the security chief of Beirut Airport over alleged ties to the group. Nasrallah called the move a "declaration of war". Opposition fighters led by Hezbollah seized several West Beirut neighbourhoods in street battles that left 11 dead and 30 wounded. The army then reversed the government's decisions. The Doha Agreement of the 21st of May 2008 effectively gave Hezbollah and its allies veto power in parliament.
A United Nations news report counted at least four hospitals, twelve clinics, twelve schools and two agricultural centres run by Hezbollah. It also has an environmental department and a stipend body, the Martyr's Institute, which pays families of fighters who die. CNN said that "Hezbollah did everything that a government should do, from collecting the garbage to running hospitals and repairing schools." In July 2006, when Beirut had no running water, Hezbollah arranged supplies around the city. It even takes wounded fighters to Hezbollah-run amusement parks.
In 1991, with Iranian funds, Hezbollah launched Al-Manar, a satellite station whose name means the Lighthouse. It also runs a radio station, al-Nour, and is associated with the weekly newspaper Al-Ahed, established in 1984. Its Central Internet Bureau released two video games, Special Force in 2003 and a sequel in 2007, in which players earn points and weapons for killing Israeli soldiers. The United States designated Al-Manar a Specially Designated Global Terrorist entity and banned it in December 2004. France, Spain and Germany have banned it too. France cites Holocaust denial, a crime there.
On the 28th of March 2018, Nasrallah's party announced its election slogan: "We will construct and we will protect". Hezbollah held 12 seats afterward, and its alliance won 70 of 128. Trust later eroded. After the 2020 Beirut port explosion, Hezbollah was accused of obstructing accountability. In October 2024 Gebran Bassil's Free Patriotic Movement ended its alliance with the group. By February 2025, Hezbollah held two portfolios in Prime Minister Nawaf Salam's 24-minister government: Public Health under Rakan Nasredine, and Labour under Muhammad Haidar.
On the 25th of July 1993, after Hezbollah killed seven Israeli soldiers in southern Lebanon, Israel launched Operation Accountability, known in Lebanon as the Seven Day War. The Israeli military carried out its heaviest artillery and air attacks in the south since 1982. It hoped to push civilians north toward Beirut so that the Lebanese government would restrain Hezbollah. The fighting ended with an unwritten understanding. Hezbollah would not fire rockets at northern Israel, and Israel would not attack civilians in Lebanon.
In April 1996, after more rocket attacks on Israeli civilians, Israel launched Operation Grapes of Wrath. The shelling of a United Nations base at Qana killed over 100 Lebanese refugees, which the Israeli military called a mistake. On the 26th of April 1996 the two sides signed the Grapes of Wrath Understandings, with a ceasefire from the next day. Civilians were to be spared, but Hezbollah could keep fighting Israeli forces inside Lebanon.
On the 24th of May 2000, Israel withdrew from Lebanon, six weeks before its announced date of the 7th of July. The withdrawal followed the collapse of the South Lebanon Army and the rapid advance of Hezbollah forces. Hezbollah held a victory parade and gained popularity. The United Nations verified the withdrawal under Security Council Resolution 425 of 1978. Lebanon still claims the Shebaa farms, a 26 square kilometre area that the United Nations considers Syrian territory occupied by Israel.
On the 7th of October 2000, Adi Avitan, Benyamin Avraham and Omar Sawaid were abducted by Hezbollah while patrolling the border near the Golan Heights. Israel's defence minister, Shaul Mofaz, said they were killed after being taken. Their bodies were exchanged for Lebanese prisoners in 2004.
The 2006 Lebanon War began on the 12th of July 2006. Hezbollah fired rockets at Israeli border towns as a diversion while an anti-tank missile attack hit two armoured Humvees, killing three soldiers and seizing two. Israel answered with airstrikes, a naval and air blockade, and a ground invasion. Hezbollah fired thousands of Katyusha rockets at northern Israel. The war lasted 34 days and ended on the 14th of August 2006. It is believed to have killed between 1,191 and 1,300 Lebanese and 165 Israelis.
On the 8th of October 2023, Hezbollah fired guided rockets and artillery at Israeli positions in the Shebaa Farms during the Gaza war. In mid-September 2024, Israel detonated thousands of pagers and walkie-talkies given to Hezbollah operatives, which exploded across Lebanon at the same moment. Nasrallah was assassinated after 32 years of leading the group. A ceasefire in November 2024 ended 13 months of conflict and gave Hezbollah 60 days to end its armed presence in the south. In December 2024, the fall of Syria's Assad regime removed a key ally.
In 2006 the Dubai-based Gulf Research Centre estimated that Hezbollah had 1,000 full-time members and another 6,000-10,000 volunteers. Hezbollah does not reveal its strength. In October 2023, Al Jazeera cited the expert Nicholas Blanford as saying that it had at least 60,000 fighters, and that its missile stockpile had grown from 14,000 in 2006 to about 150,000. The Israeli commander Guy Tzur called it "by far the greatest guerrilla group in the world".
Its weapons come from several suppliers. The Katyusha-122 rocket has a range of 29 km and a 15 kg warhead. The Iranian-made Fajr-5 can reach the Israeli port of Haifa, and the Zelzal-1 is estimated to reach Tel Aviv. Anti-tank guided missiles, including Russian-made AT-3 Sagger and Iranian-made Toophan, caused many Israeli deaths in 2006. The C-802 anti-ship missile has been among its most effective weapons. In April 2010, US Secretary of Defence Robert Gates said that Hezbollah had far more missiles and rockets than most countries. Syria denied supplying them. In 2026 the Alma institute estimated 25,000 rockets, 40,000 regular militants and 5,000 fighters in the Radwan Force.
Battlefield experience added to the stockpile. Hezbollah fought alongside the Syrian government during the Syrian civil war and also fought the Islamic State. In 2012 its fighters crossed the border and took over eight villages in the Al-Qusayr District. In an October 2012 speech, Nasrallah said fighters had helped keep 23 villages inhabited by Lebanese Shiites. Geneive Abdo argued the war turned Hezbollah from a group with some Sunni support after 2006 into a strictly Shia paramilitary force. Gabi Siboni of Tel Aviv University said: "This kind of experience cannot be bought". Years earlier, during the Bosnian War, Hezbollah had initially sent 150 fighters to fight on the Bosnian Muslim side.
The group's secret services have been called among the best in the world. Hussein al-Khalil created the Special Security Apparatus in the summer of 1982. Its counterintelligence at first fell under Iran's Quds Force. Its External Security Organisation, Unit 910, operates covertly outside Lebanon. By 2008, the scholar Carl Anthony Wege wrote, Hezbollah had gained complete dominance over Lebanon's official state counterintelligence apparatus.
Its successes included foiling an attempted CIA kidnapping of foreign operations chief Hassan Ezzeddine in 1994. In 2006 Israeli Lieutenant Colonel Omar al-Heib was convicted of conducting surveillance for the group. In 2009 it caught Marwan Faqih, a garage owner who had installed tracking devices in its vehicles. By 2011 it used software to analyse cellphone data and detect spies. In the mid-1990s it could download unencrypted video feeds from Israeli drones, and in 2008 it found Israeli bugs near Mount Sannine. In the 2026 Lebanon war it used fibre optic drones.
In April 1983 a bomb hit the American embassy in Beirut, and later that year the American and French barracks were bombed. Some Western intelligence agencies attributed both to Hezbollah, which denied responsibility. Some scholars are sceptical because the group, by their dating, did not officially exist until 1985.
The Lebanon hostage crisis saw 105 people kidnapped between 1982 and 1992. Groups such as the Organisation for Revolutionary Justice and the Khaybar Brigade claimed responsibility. Hezbollah denied involvement but was blamed anyway. Recent research suggests the kidnappers came from varied political backgrounds, and many were driven by family feuds or by the hope of ransom.
After 1990 the list of attacks attributed to Hezbollah grew. A 1992 attack on the Israeli embassy in Buenos Aires killed 29 people, and Hezbollah operatives boasted of involvement. A 1994 bombing of the AMIA Jewish cultural centre in Argentina killed 85, and Ansar Allah, a Palestinian group closely associated with Hezbollah, claimed it. In 2012 the Burgas bus bombing in Bulgaria killed five Israeli citizens, the Bulgarian driver and the bomber. Bulgaria's government accused Hezbollah's militant wing, and Hezbollah denied responsibility.
On the 14th of February 2005, former Prime Minister Rafic Hariri was killed, along with 21 others, when a roadside bomb struck his motorcade in Beirut. He had served as prime minister in 1992-1998 and 2000-2004. On the 30th of June 2011, the Special Tribunal for Lebanon issued arrest warrants for four senior Hezbollah members, including Mustafa Badreddine. Nasrallah rejected the indictment and denounced the tribunal as a plot against the party. He vowed that the named men would not be arrested under any circumstances.
In 2010 Nasrallah had already offered a different account. He said Israel had been looking for a way to assassinate Hariri as early as 1993, to create chaos that would force Syria out of Lebanon. On the 18th of August 2020, the tribunal found Salim Ayyash, a senior Hezbollah operative, guilty in absentia of five charges, including the intentional murder of Hariri with premeditation.
United Nations Security Council Resolution 1559 called for the disarmament of militias under the Taif Agreement that ended the civil war. Resolution 1701 followed. Hezbollah denounced and protested the first, and has kept its arms through both. Pressure grew after the November 2024 ceasefire, which required Hezbollah to withdraw north of the Litani River and called for about 5,000 Lebanese troops to deploy in the south.
On the 31st of March 2025, Lebanese troops and UNIFIL forces entered a major Hezbollah weapons camp in East Zawtar near the Litani. It was one of the group's largest facilities in southern Lebanon. Joint forces searched vehicles and found an empty missile launcher.
On the 5th of August 2025, after a six-hour cabinet meeting with President Joseph Aoun, the Lebanese government announced a plan to disarm militias. Information minister Paul Morcos said the deadline was the end of 2025. On the 7th of August the cabinet approved the objective that only the state should hold arms. Ministers from Hezbollah and Amal walked out, and thousands of supporters rallied in Beirut's southern suburbs.
Hezbollah leader Naim Qassem condemned the proposal. He said: "The resistance is fine, strong and ready to fight for Lebanon's sovereignty and independence..." On the 22nd of August he threatened civil war, which Prime Minister Nawaf Salam condemned as "completely unacceptable". On the 5th of September 2025, General Rodolphe Haykal presented the army's Homeland Shield Plan, a roadmap for disarming all militias, with Hezbollah specifically named.
On the 1st of March 2026, Hezbollah fired missiles and drones at northern and central Israel to retaliate for the killing of Ali Khamenei. Israel answered with airstrikes on southern Beirut, the Beqaa Valley and areas near Tyre. The next day Salam condemned Hezbollah's rocket and drone strikes as irresponsible acts outside the authority of the Lebanese state. He did not formally outlaw the group.
A poll by Information International, published in May 2026 by Al-Jadeed, found that about 58% of respondents supported a state monopoly on arms. Opinion split along sectarian lines. 88% of Shiites and 70% of Sunnis opposed disarming Hezbollah. In favour were 89% of Orthodox Christians, 87% of Maronites and 77% of Druze. Any disarmament plan must therefore win over the communities whose support Hezbollah has built over four decades.
Updated
Common questions
When was Hezbollah founded?
Hezbollah was founded in 1982 by Lebanese clerics in response to the Israeli invasion of Lebanon. Scholars disagree on the exact date, and Diaz and Newman argue that it remained a mixture of Shia factions until as late as 1985.
What is the relationship between Hezbollah and Iran?
Hezbollah was inspired by the 1979 Iranian Revolution and follows Ayatollah Khomeini's doctrine of Guardianship of the Islamic Jurists. A contingent of 1,500 Iranian Revolutionary Guards helped organise its first forces in the Beqaa Valley, and Iran remains its main backer.
What happened at Khalde in 1982 and why does Hezbollah remember it?
On the 8th of June 1982, about 50 Shiite militants ambushed an Israeli armoured convoy at Khalde south of Beirut. Hezbollah regards the clash as the founding myth of its military wing, since it delayed the Israeli advance toward Beirut for six days.
Why does Hezbollah run schools and hospitals?
Hezbollah operates a large social network that includes at least four hospitals, twelve clinics, twelve schools and two agricultural centres. This work has embedded it deeply in Lebanese society, and many Lebanese Shiites see it as a social service provider as much as a militia.
How many countries have designated Hezbollah a terrorist group?
At least 28 countries had designated Hezbollah, or its military wing alone, as a terrorist group by April 2026, including most Western countries. Some scholars instead regard it as a resistance movement.
Why has Hezbollah been under pressure to disarm?
United Nations Security Council Resolutions 1559 and 1701 called for the disarmament of militias in Lebanon. On the 5th of September 2025, the Lebanese army presented the Homeland Shield Plan, a roadmap for disarming all militias, and Hezbollah leader Naim Qassem condemned the proposal.
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- 190NewsFactbox: Hezbollah and allies gain sway in Lebanon parliamentTom Perry — 22 May 2018
- 191NewsHezbollah and allies biggest winners in Lebanon pollsAsma Ajroudi — Al Jazeera
- 194Negotiations with Israel, normalization, arms monopoly: Polls reveal a fragmented LebanonSalah Hijazi — 2026-05-19
- 195Majority of Lebanese civilians want Hezbollah disarmed, peace with IsraelDanielle Greyman-Kennard — 2026-05-20
- 196NewsLebanese media outlets' assets blockedElise Labott et al. — CNN — 2006
- 197MagazineTerrorist Television Hezbollah has a worldwide reach22 December 2004
- 198JournalAl-Manar: Hizbullah TV, 24/7Avi Jorisch — Winter 2004
- 200NewsAl-Manar and the War in IraqAvi Jorisch — Middle East Intelligence Bulletin — April 2003
- 201NewsFrance pulls plug on Arab networkBBC News — 14 December 2004
- 203U.S. Designates Al-Manar as a Specially Designated Global Terrorist EntityU.S. Department of the Treasury — 23 March 2006
- 205JournalHezbollah's Media: Political History in outlineOlfa Lamloum — 2009
- 207موقع الخدمات البحثية :: الإنضمام الى حزب اللهموقع الخدمات البحثية
- 208NewsHizbullah presents: How to recruit childrenRoee Nahmias — 31 August 2006
- 211Hezbollah (a.k.a., Hizbollah, Hizbu'llah)Jonathan Masters et al.
- 212JournalAnticipatory Intelligence and the Post-Syrian War Hezbollah Intelligence ApparatusCarl Anthony Wege — Summer 2016
- 213JournalHizballah's Counterintelligence ApparatusCarl Anthony Wege — 2012
- 214NewsAnalysis: Hezbollah a force to be reckoned withIiss.org — 18 July 2006
- 215پیشنهاد عربستان برای تشکیل نیروی مقابله با حزبالله15 January 2013
- 216BookThe Collins English DictionaryHarperCollins — 2013
- 217BookWebster's New World College DictionaryWiley Publishing, Inc. — 2012
- 218NewsFor Lebanon's Sunnis, growing rage at Hezbollah over role in SyriaLoveday Morris — 12 June 2013
- 219NewsHezbollah Upsets The Balance in LebanonVoice of America — 14 June 2013
- 220Richard Augustus Norton – Hizbollah. p. 140
- 221JournalThe Point of No ReturnJeffrey Goldberg — September 2010
- 222NewsIDF chief says Iranian missiles overhyped, but sent a messageJudah Ari Gross
- 223Syria is shipping Scud missiles to HezbollahAmos Harel — 13 April 2010
- 224Syria: Israel's Scud accusation may be pretense for attack25 October 2008
- 225NewsMissiles Neutralizing Israeli TanksBenjamin Harvey — 5 August 2006
- 226NewsNorth Korea denies reports of missile deal with HamasDamien McElroy — 29 July 2014
- 227NewsHezbollah, Already a Capable Military Force, Makes Full Use of Civilian Shields and Media ManipulationPaul Weitz — 12 August 2006
- 228Hezbollah Reportedly Acquires SA-18 SAMsMiddle East Intelligence Bulletin — April 2003
- 229NewsHezbollah missile threat assessedFrank Gardner — BBC News — 3 August 2006
- 230NewsLeaked Cables Offer Raw Look at U.S. DiplomacyScott Shane et al. — 28 November 2010
- 234NewsIAF shoots down hostile drone from Lebanon off Haifa25 April 2013
- 235NewsIsrael Watches Warily as Hezbollah Gains Battle Skills in SyriaIsabel Kershner — 10 March 2014
- 236"מיוצרים הרבה יותר מיירטים מכמויות הטילים הבליסטיים שאיראן מסוגלת לייצר כעת" כלכליסטיובל אזולאי — 2026-03-08
- 237Hezbollah adopts a new weapon: Fiber-optic drones, used widely in the war in UkraineLos Angeles Times — 30 April 2026
- 238NewsHezbollah cutting costs as Iranian aid dries upAntoine Ghattas Saab — 15 May 2014
- 240Resolution 1559 (2004)United Nations Security Council — 2 September 2004
- 241Hezbollah has no intention to disarmIntelligence and Terrorism Information Center at the Center for Special Studies (C.S.S., Israel) — 7 September 2005
- 243NewsMideast Powers, Proxies and Paymasters Bluster and RearmMel Frykberg — 29 August 2008
- 244Briefing: Lebanese Public OpinionGary Gambill — Mideast Monitor — September–October 2006
- 246Hizbullah says it's getting ready for new war with Israel8 November 2009
- 247BookWarriors of God: Inside Hezbollah's Thirty-Year Struggle Against IsraelNicholas Blanford — Random House — 2011
- 248NewsWariness of Resistance Brigades grows in Sidon13 November 2013
- 249Iraq and the Future of Gulf Security Cooperation: A Lebanese perspectiveNizar Abdel-Kader
- 252Nasr, Vali, The Shia Revival, Norton, (2006), p. 115
- 253News2000: Hezbollah celebrates Israeli retreatBBC News — 26 May 2000
- 257BookA history of war resistance in AmericaJames M. Volo — Greenwood — 2010
- 259BookAligning Ends, Ways, and MeansD. Robert Worley — Lulu.com — 2011
- 260BookHezbollah: The Global Footprint of Lebanon's Party of GodMatthew Levitt — Georgetown University Press — 2013
- 262NewsIran Held Liable In Khobar AttackCarol D. Leonnig — 23 December 2006
- 263NewsFast Facts: HezbollahFox News — 13 July 2006
- 265NewsEgypt's Brotherhood backs Hizbullah in spat with Cairo24 April 2009
- 266NewsHezbollah suspected in Bulgaria bus bombingAl Jazeera — 5 February 2013
- 268NewsAfter the atrocities committed against Muslims in Bosnia, it is no wonder today's jihadis have set out on the path to war in SyriaRobert Fisk — 7 September 2014
- 269Operation Accountability – Increased Israeli casualties led to Operation Accountability in 1993Ynet.co.il — 25 July 1993
- 270NewsIsrael/Lebanon, Unlawful Killings During Operation 'Grapes of Wrath'BBC News — 24 July 1996
- 271The Grapes of Wrath UnderstandingMideastweb.org
- 272NewsHistory of Israel's role in LebanonBBC News — 1 April 1998
- 275NewsIsrael, Hezbollah swap prisonersCNN — 29 January 2004
- 278Israel buries soldiers recovered in prisoner swapABC News — 17 July 2008
- 279NewsIsraeli warplanes hit Beirut suburbCNN — 14 July 2006
- 280NewsLebanese Premier Seeks U.S. Help in Lifting BlockadeEdward Cody — 24 August 2006
- 281NewsComputerised weaponry and high moraleConal Urquhart — 11 August 2006
- 282Hezbollah Attacks Since May 2000Bard, Mitchell — AIJAC — 24 July 2006
- 283NewsIsrael widens bombing campaign as Lebanese militia groups retaliateDonald MacIntyre et al. — 14 July 2006
- 284NewsCloud of Syria's war hangs over Lebanese cleric's deathRobert Fisk — 22 May 2012
- 285Reuters, 12 September 2006; Al-Hayat (London), 13 September 2006
- 286"Country ReportLebanon", The Economist Intelligence Unit, no. 4 (2006), pp. 3–6.
- 287NewsLebanon's pain grows by the hour as death toll hits 1,300Robert Fisk — 17 August 2006
- 288Lebanon Under SiegePresidency of the Council of Ministers – Higher Relief Council (Lebanon) — 9 November 2006
- 289BookIsrael Vs. Iran: The Shadow WarYaakov Katz et al. — Potomac Books, Inc. — 2012
- 292NewsMan detained in Cyprus was planning attack on Israeli targets for HezbollahBarak Ravid — 14 July 2012
- 293NewsPMO: Iran connected to Hezbollah activity in Cyprus14 July 2012
- 295Israel unlikely to retaliate after Bulgaria report. Times of Israel. Jan 2013Tia Goldenberg — 6 February 2013
- 296Bulgaria: Hezbollah behind Burgas attack5 February 2013
- 298Hezbollah and Israel exchange fire as Israeli soldiers battle Hamas on second day of surprise attackTia Goldenberg et al. — 8 October 2023
- 299NewsIsrael, Hezbollah exchange artillery, rocket fire8 October 2023
- 300NewsLebanon ceasefire: What we know about Israel-Hezbollah deal27 November 2024
- 301Assad's fall in Syria will further weaken Hezbollah and curtails Tehran's 'Iranization' of regionMireille Rebeiz — 11 December 2024
- 302خاص: الجيش و"اليونيفيل" يدخلان أضخم معسكر أسلحة وتخزين في زوطر الشرقيةMassoud — 2025-03-31
- 303NewsIsrael strikes Hezbollah in Lebanon after Iran-allied group launches missiles over the borderWilliam Christou — 2026-03-02
- 306Hezbollah Is Rearming, Putting Cease-Fire at RiskSummer Said et al. — 31 October 2025
- 307NewsIsrael weighs escalation in Lebanon amid Hezbollah buildup claims31 October 2025
- 308NewsIran conflict widens to Lebanon, Kuwait mistakenly downs US jetsParisa Hafezi et al. — 2 March 2026
- 310NewsNew Evidence Points to Hezbollah in Hariri MurderErich Follath — 23 May 2009
- 313NewsHariri murder: UN tribunal issues arrest warrantsBBC News — 30 June 2011
- 314NewsHezbollah leader Nasrallah rejects Hariri indictmentsBBC News — 3 July 2011
- 316NewsCar Bombing Injures Dozens in Hezbollah Section of BeirutAnne Barnard — 9 July 2013
- 317NewsWhy Sunni-Shia conflict is worseningGeneive Abdo — CNN — 7 June 2013
- 318NewsHezbollah leader vows to fight Islamic State group 'everywhere'25 May 2015
- 319NewsHezbollah seizes much of Islamic State enclave on Syrian-Lebanese border: Nasrallah24 August 2017
- 320NewsUS adds Hezbollah to Syria sanctions listAl Jazeera — 10 August 2012
- 321Drone flight over Israel: Nasrallah's latest surprise10 January 2009
- 322NewsHezbollah uses its military power in a contradictory mannerDavid Hirst — 23 October 2012
- 323NewsHezbollah fighters, Syrian rebels killed in border fightingAl Arabiya — 17 February 2013
- 325NewsBaalbek figures urge Hezbollah to stop fighting in Syria25 February 2013
- 330NewsMorsi cuts Egypt's Syria ties, condemns Hezbollah15 June 2013
- 332NewsHezbollah Aids Syrian Military In a Key BattleBarnard, Anne et al. — 20 May 2013
- 333NewsHezbollah chief says group is fighting in SyriaMroue, Bassej — 25 May 2013
- 334Iran is fighting on the Iraqi government's sideZack Beauchamp — Vox — 23 September 2014
- 335NewsHezbollah builds a Western basePablo Gato et al. — NBC News — 9 May 2007
- 336NewsHezbollah Said to Be Laundering Money in South American Tri-Border RegionIan Talley — 15 May 2018
- 337Could Iran – and Hezbollah – strike in Latin America?Kate Linthicum — 2020-01-10
- 338The DEA says it just busted a Hezbollah operation laundering money for drug cartelsZack Beauchamp — 2016-02-01
- 339MagazineIn the Party of GodJeffrey Goldberg — 28 October 2002
- 340NewsThe secret backstory of how Obama let Hezbollah off the hookJosh Meyer — 2017
- 341NewsHezbollah Smuggled Tons of Cocaine into the U.S. During Obama Administration, Report RevealsRobert Valencia — 18 December 2017
- 342NewsHezbollah drug cartels in Latin America target GCC states9 April 2018
- 343NewsIran, Hezbollah mine Latin America for revenue, recruits, analysts sayCNN — 4 June 2013
- 344NewsLebanon Is Protecting Hezbollah's Cocaine Trade in Latin AmericaEmanuele Ottolenghi — 15 August 2018
- 345NewsWorldwide drug trafficking ring 'links Hezbollah to Latin American cartels'Tom Brooks-Pollock — 2 February 2016
- 346NewsInterpol detecta actividades ilícitas de Hezbollah en ColombiaGeorge Chaya — 7 April 2018
- 347NewsArgentine authorities nab terror cell funneling money to HezbollahShlomi Diaz — 25 July 2018
- 348NewsReport: Hezbollah opens base in CubaMenachem Gantz — 2011-09-01
- 349What's Behind Nicaragua's Rumored Links to Hezbollah?Tim Rogers — 10 September 2012
- 350The Maduro-Hezbollah Nexus: How Iran-backed Networks Prop up the Venezuelan RegimeJoseph M. Humire — 2020-10-07
- 351Hezbollah Is in Venezuela to StayColin P. Clarke — 2019-02-09
- 352JournalFARC-Hezbollah: The success of Venezuela-Iran proxy groups and their convergence in the AmericasJeferson Guarin P — 2020-12-30
- 353JournalVenezuela's toxic relations with Iran and Hezbollah: an avenue of violence, crime, corruption and terrorismChristian Vianna de Azevedo — 2018
- 354Hezbollah in South America: The Threat to BusinessesStratfor — 5 February 2018
- 355BookThings Are Never So Bad That They Can't Get WorseWilliam Neuman — St. Martin's Publishing — 2022
- 357NewsPentagon linguist sentenced to 23 years for exposing U.S. sources in Iraq to Hezbollah in rare terrorism espionage caseSpencer C. Hsu — 23 June 2021
- 358NewsHezbollah, Al Ahbash chiefs meet over Borj Abi Haidar incident30 August 2010
- 359NewsExclusive: Iranian and Hezbollah commanders help direct Houthi attacks in Yemen, sources saySamia Nakhoul et al. — 20 January 2024
- 360What is the financial institution affiliated with Hezbollah that Israel is targeting in Lebanon?Bassem Mroue — 2024-10-21
- 361Treasury Sanctions Hizballah Financial Officials2025-02-08
- 362Iran's Islamist Proxies in the Middle East2023-09-12
- 370Timeline of U.S. Sanctions2025-02-24
- 371JournalFinancial Institutions as Military Targets: A Legal FrameworkCory Pihl — 2025-08-26
- 372NewsHow Hezbollah raises funds in West Africa2024-10-12
- 373Hezbollah's Latin American Networks: Stablecoins, Smuggling, and Sanctions EvasionAdam Rousselle — 2025-07-21
- 375Analysis: Hezbollah continues exploiting Canadian vehicular theft and money-laundering schemesDavid Daoud — 2025-09-02
- 377Hamas Militants Behind Israel Attack Raised Millions in CryptoAngus Berwick et al. — 2023-10-10
- 378Hamas ontving tientallen miljoenen aan cryptovaluta2023-10-11
- 379NewsHezbollah said to be considering partial disarmament after devastating Israeli blowsLaila Bassam et al. — 4 July 2025
- 380NewsHezbollah weighs scaling back its arsenal in wake of Israel conflict4 July 2025
- 384NewsUS hits Hezbollah with fresh sanctions, emphasizing ties to Iranian governmentDaphne Psaledakis et al. — 20 August 2026
- 385NewsUS places sanctions on 10 people over alleged Hezbollah cash-smuggling ringJoseph Gedeon — 21 August 2026
- 386Abduction of Sheikh Obeid, Security Council Resolution 638Jewishvirtuallibrary.org
- 387NewsISRAEL KILLS A HEZBOLLAH LEADER AND AIDE IN S. LEBANON RAID31 March 1995
- 388Middle East International No 498, 14 April 1995; Publishers Lord Mayhew, Dennis Walters MP; Editor Michael Adams; Jim Muir pp. 6–7
- 389NewsHezbollah's most wanted commander killed in Syria bomb13 February 2008
- 392Hezbollah fighters killed in Israeli attackAl Jazeera
- 393Hezbollah mourns fighters killed in attackAl Jazeera
- 394Breaking: Israel kills Hezbollah commander in airstrike over DamascusChris Tomson — 13 May 2016
- 395NewsLeading Hezbollah commander and key Israel target killed in Syria13 May 2016
- 396NewsHezbollah blames insurgent shelling for death of top commander in Syria14 May 2016
- 397NewsWho was Fuad Shukr, the Hezbollah commander killed by Israel in Beirut?Al Jazeera Staff
- 399Hezbollah confirms its leader Hassan Nasrallah was killed in an Israeli airstrikeBassem Mroue et al. — 28 September 2024
- 405NewsIsraeli strike near Damascus kills Hezbollah liaison with Syrian army3 December 2024
- 406NewsHassan Bdeir
- 407BookGlobalization and WMD Proliferation: Terrorism, Transnational Networks and International SecurityRoutledge — 2009
- 408FS_184
- 409NewsInside the Mind of HezbollahRobin Wright — 16 July 2006
- 410BookHizbul̉lah : politics and religionAmal Saad-Ghorayeb — London; Sterling, Va. : Pluto Press — 2002
- 411NewsMuted Arab reaction to Berg beheadingSebastian Usher — BBC News — 13 May 2004
- 412NewsHezbollah chief condemns Paris attacks15 November 2015
- 413AMIA Probe Was Botched: ArgentinaLarry Luxner — 4 March 2006
- 414NewsFormer Iran leader sought in bombing25 October 2006
- 415NewsUS warns Hezbollah may strike in Europe10 August 2012
- 416Hezbollah could hit Europe at any time, with no warning10 August 2012
- 417NewsHezbollah may strike in Europe at any time: USFrance 24 — 10 August 2012
- 419JournalHas Hezbollah's Rise Come at Syria's Expense?Rabil, Robert G — Fall 2007
- 420Who Are Syria's Friends And Why Are They Supporting Assad?Krishnadev Calamur — NPR — 28 August 2013
- 421NewsHezbollah leader Nasrallah vows victory in SyriaBBC News
- 422Israel-Hamas-Hezbollah: The Current ConflictCRS Report for Congress — 21 July 2006
- 424News'Zarqawi tape' urges Sunni unrestBBC News — 2 June 2006
- 425NewsSaudi religious leader blasts Hizbullah5 August 2006
- 426NewsNew terror alliance suspected in IraqBoettcher, Mike et al. — CNN World News — 13 August 2003
- 429NewsLebanon military court seeks death penalty for Samaha, Mamlouk20 February 2013
- 430NewsSyria crisis: Lebanese detention highlights faultlinesJim Muir — 9 August 2012
- 431Poll finds support for Hizbullah's retaliationBeirut Center for Research and Information — 29 July 2006
- 432Israeli strikes may boost Hizbullah baseNicholas Blanford — 28 July 2006
- 433NewsWhat led to the rapid increased popularity of Hezbollah in LebanonZarour, Khoder
- 436Sunni Cleric Rises To Challenge Hezbollah In LebanonNPR — 10 August 2012
- 437NewsIn Break, Hamas Supports Syrian OppositionFares Akram — 24 February 2012
- 442Hizbullah: Views and ConceptsAlmashriq — 20 June 1997
- 443Statement of purposeAlmashriq — 20 March 1998
- 444BookHezbollah, Islamist Politics, and International SocietyFilippo Dionigi — Palgrave Macmillan — 2014
- 445ReportProscribed terrorist organisationsHome Office — 27 March 2015
- 449China's Ambassador in Lebanon: Hezbollah Arms a Trade MatterOmar Nashabe — 2012-05-04
- 450NewsHezbollah branded as terrorist organisation in Argentina, assets frozen19 July 2019
- 451NewsArgentina moves toward designating Hezbollah a terror groupT. O. I. staff — 17 July 2019
- 452Australia to list Hezbollah as 'terrorist organization'Deutsche Welle — 24 November 2021
- 453Australia lists neo-Nazi organisation The Base, Lebanese Shia party Hezbollah as terrorist organisationsHenry Belot — Australian Broadcasting Corporation — 24 November 2021
- 454NewsBahrain's parliament declares Hezbollah a terrorist group26 March 2013
- 455Listed Terrorist Entities – Currently Listed EntitiesPublic Safety Canada — 24 March 2014
- 456Colombia and Honduras designate Hezbollah a terrorist organisationLahav Harkov — Jpost.com – The Jerusalem Post — 8 December 2019
- 458EU places Hezbollah military wing on terror blacklist22 July 2013
- 460NewsJewish Leaders Applaud Hezbollah Terror Designation by France4 April 2013
- 461NewsGermany classifies Hezbollah as terrorist organisation, conducts raidsMadeline Chambers — NASDAQ
- 462NewsGCC: Hezbollah terror group3 June 2013
- 463NewsHonduras declares Hezbollah a terrorist organization20 January 2020
- 464Honduras becomes latest to officially declare Hezbollah a terrorist organizationAl Arabiya — 20 January 2020
- 465Hezbollah – International terrorist organisationIsrael Ministry of Foreign Affairs — 22 July 2013
- 466NewsPressure Mounts for EU to Put Hezbollah on Terror ListNorman, Lawrence et al. — 7 September 2012
- 467Lists associated with Resolution 1373New Zealand Police — 20 July 2014
- 468NewsParaguay labels Hezbollah a terror group, Brazil may follow19 August 2019
- 469Kosovo, Israel agree to normalize ties; Serbia to move embassy to Jerusalem4 September 2020
- 470Перелік терористичних організацій (груп)Security Service of Ukraine
- 471Foreign Terrorist Organisations (FTOs)United States Department of State — 11 October 2005
- 474Algeria's Hezbollah stance 'reflects view on resistance, not terrorism'29 January 2019
- 477BookBack to Basics: A Study of the Second Lebanon War and Operation CAST LEADScott Farquhar — Combat Studies Institute Press
- 479Investigation ordered after Iraq appears to designate Hezbollah and Houthis terroristsAlex MacDonald — Middle East Eye — 4 December 2025
- 480BookWhy States Rebel. Understanding State Sponsorship of TerrorismMagdalena Kirchner — Barbara Budrich — 2016
- 481The New Syrian Government's Fight Against the Islamic State, Hezbollah, and CaptagonKristina Hummel — 2025-03-28
- 492Germany backs terror label for Hezbollah22 May 2013
- 495NewsFrench PM lashes Hezbollah 'terrorism'BBC News — 24 February 2000
- 496NewsItalian FM: Hezbollah, Hamas are not al-QaidaAlan M. Dershowitz — 29 August 2006
- 498Annual Report 2004Netherlands General intelligence and security service
- 499Answers to questions on Hezbollah and the EU (in Dutch)Netherlands Ministry of Foreign Affairs — 14 October 2008
- 500NewsHezbollah not on Russia's "terrorist" listHenry Meyer — 28 July 2006
- 501NewsRussian defense minister says Hezbollah uses 'terrorist methods'15 July 2006
- 502Judge: Arrest Ex-President Of Iran10 November 2006
- 506NewsLebanon truce holds despite clashesCNN — 15 August 2006
- 509NewsAmnesty: Hezbollah guilty of war crimesCNN — 14 September 2006
- 510NewsAmnesty International Says Hezbollah Committed War CrimesCowell, Alan — 14 September 2006
- 511NewsAmnesty: Hezbollah committed war crimes against IsraelKatie Fretland — 14 September 2006
- 513NewsArab world fed up with HizbullahKhaled Abu Toameh — 17 July 2006
- 515NewsEnvoy: Egypt to tighten relations with HezbollahRoi Kais — 30 December 2012
- 516NewsNew Egypt warms up to Hezbollah: ambassadorLauren Williams — 29 December 2012
- 517NewsBahrain complains over Hezbollah comments on protestsTimothy Spangler — 25 March 2011
- 518NewsBahrain: Hizbullah a Terrorist GroupGabe Kahn — Arutz Sheva — 31 March 2011
- 519NewsBahrain first Arab state to blacklist Hezbollah10 April 2013
- 520NewsSyria uprising stirs old divisions in neighboring LebanonTimothy Spangler
- 521NewsHezbollah is a 'cancer,' say Arab mediaKais, Roi — 8 June 2013
- 522Arab League declares Hezbollah 'terrorist organization'George Fakhry — 11 March 2016
- 523Reactionary Persian Gulf Arab States Praised by NetanyahuCommunist Party of Israel
- 524Arab League labels Hezbollah a 'terrorist' groupAl Jazeera
- 527News30 countries took part in U.S.-led meeting on countering HezbollahBarak Ravid — 13 July 2022
- 529JournalHizbullah and Lebanese NationalismFaysal Itani — 2007
- 531NewsBerri summons Parliament to vote on policy statementNafez Qawas — 6 August 2008
- 533Phares, Walid. Future Jihad: Terrorist Strategies against America. New York: Palgrave MacMillan, 2005. p. 148.
- 535"Hizballah employed anti-Israel terrorism to pursue its goal of turning Lebanon into a state and society ruled solely by the Shari'a." Sela, Avraham. "Terrorism." The Continuum Political Encyclopedia
- 536"The Shiite Hezbollah has indeed become a trusted mentor and role model to the Sunni fundamentalist Hamas. Both organisations have inscribed on their banner the rejection of any treaties or peace agre
- 538BookIran, a View from Within: Political AnalysesSiamak Khatami — Janus Publishing Company Lim — 2004
- 539BookInside Al Qaeda: Global Network of TerrorRohan Gunaratna — Berkeley Books — 2002
- 547NewsIraqi Prime Minister Presses for More AidWeisman, Jonathan — 27 July 2006
- 548Reps. Berman, Issa, Boustany, Rahall Introduce Bipartisan Legislation to Make Certain No Taxpayer Funds Benefit HezbollahThe United States House of Representatives — 16 June 2011
- 549VideoGetting a word inSky News
- 550NewsSwitzerland nominates Hezbollah advocate for UN Human Rights CouncilBenjamin Weinthal — 14 August 2013
- 551BookThe Changing Ideology of HezbollahMassaab Al-Aloosy — Springer International Publishing — 2020
- 552JournalWhy Hezbollah has openly joined the Syrian fightNicholas Blanford et al. — 23 June 2013
- 553BookHezbollah: A History of the "Party of God"Dominique Avon et al. — Harvard University Press — 2012
- 554BookHezbollah: Mobilization and PowerAurélie Daher — Oxford University Press — 2019
- 555BookHezbollah, Islamist Politics, and International SocietyFilippo Dionigi — Springer — 2014
- 556BookReligion and Hezbollah: Political Ideology and LegitimacyMariam Farida — Routledge — 2019
- 557BookHezbollah: A Short HistoryAugustus Richard Norton — Princeton University Press — 2014
- 558BookHezbollah: Socialisation and its Tragic IroniesAdham Saouli — Edinburgh University Press — 2018
- 559BookHezbollah: From Islamic Resistance to Government: From Islamic Resistance to GovernmentJames Worrall et al. — ABC-CLIO — 2015
- 560NewsIn Hezbollah stronghold, Lebanese Christians find respect, stabilityAriel Zirulnick — 21 December 2012
- 561BookHezbollah: a short historyAugustus R. Norton — Princeton University Press — 2018
- 562BookHizb'Allah in Lebanon: The Politics of the Western Hostage CrisisMagnus Ranstorp — St. Martin's Press — 1997
- 563JournalThe strategy and tactics of Hizballah's current Lebanonization processMagnus Ranstorp — Summer 1998
- 564BookThe Shifts in Hizbullah's Ideology: Religious Ideology, Political IdeologyJoseph Alagha — Amsterdam University Press — 2006
- 565BookLightning Out of Lebanon: Hezbollah Terrorists on American SoilTom Diaz et al. — Presidio Press — 2005
- 566BookIn The Path Of HizbullahAhmad Nizar Hamzeh — Syracuse University Press — 2004
- 567BookHezbollah: The Changing Face of TerrorismJudith Palmer Harik — I.B. Tauris — 2006
- 568BookHezbollahHala Jaber — Columbia University Press — 1997
- 569BookBeacon of Hatred: Inside Hizballahs Al-Manar TelevisionAvi Jorisch — Washington Institute for Near East Policy — 2004
- 570BookHizballah of Lebanon: Extremist Ideals vs. Mundane PoliticsAugustus Richard Norton — Council on Foreign Relations — 2000
- 571BookHezbollah: A Short HistoryAugustus Richard Norton — Princeton University Press — 2007
- 572BookHizbullah: The Story from WithinNaim Qassem — Saqi Books — 2005
- 573BookHizbullah: Politics and ReligionAmal Saad-Ghorayeb — Pluto Press — 2001
- 574BookFadlallah: The Making of a Radical Shi'ite LeaderJamal Sankari — Saqi Books — 2005
- 575NewsInside Lebanese Hezbollah militiaNatalia Antelava — BBC News — 2 June 2006