Scooby-Doo
Scooby-Doo, the American animated franchise about four teenagers and a talking Great Dane, owes its hero's name to a bit of scat singing. According to creators Joe Ruby and Ken Spears, executive Fred Silverman was on a red-eye flight to a development meeting. The inspiration was the "doo-be-doo-be-doo" that Frank Sinatra improvises at the end of his recording of "Strangers in the Night." Silverman renamed the dog to match, and retitled the show too.
The series that followed premiered in 1969 and has been revived, retooled and rebooted ever since, across five decades of broadcast history. Its gang rides in a brightly colored van called the Mystery Machine. It has outlasted networks, studios and many changes of voice cast.
How did an idea with a different title, different characters and a different dog become the one that networks kept returning to? What made its formula so durable? And what happened each time the people behind it tried to break that formula?
In 1968, parent-run organizations, led by a group called Action for Children's Television, began protesting violence in Saturday-morning cartoons. Hanna-Barbera action shows such as Space Ghost, The Herculoids and Birdman and the Galaxy Trio were prime targets. Virtually all of them were gone by 1969. Members of the watch groups even served as advisers to animation studios, to make sure new programs would be safe for children.
Fred Silverman, a daytime programming executive at CBS, needed a show that could revive his Saturday lineup and satisfy those groups. His answer was The Archie Show from Filmation, based on Bob Montana's teen comic. The Archies' song "Sugar, Sugar" became the biggest Billboard number-one hit of 1969. Hoping to repeat that success, Silverman asked producers William Hanna and Joseph Barbera for a show about a teenage rock group who solved mysteries between gigs. He pictured a cross between the 1940s radio serials called I Love a Mystery and either the Archie characters or the early-1960s sitcom The Many Loves of Dobie Gillis.
Joseph Barbera, who sold the studio's shows while Hanna produced them, first tried a version called House of Mystery. He then handed the job to story writers Joe Ruby and Ken Spears and to artist Iwao Takamoto. Their treatment, Mysteries Five, followed five teenagers named Geoff, Mike, Kelly, Linda and Linda's brother W.W. They were a band, and their bongo-playing dog was named Too Much. Between gigs, they chased ghosts, zombies and other spooky creatures.
The dog gave the writers trouble. Ruby and Spears could not decide whether Too Much should be a large coward or a small fighter. They chose the large coward and wrote him as a Great Dane. Just before the presentation, Ruby worried that the dog was too close to the comic strip star Marmaduke. So they changed him into a sheepdog, much like the Archies' dog, Hot Dog. Silverman rejected that first pitch. After talking with Barbera, he won permission to make Too Much a Great Dane after all.
Takamoto went to a studio colleague who bred Great Danes and learned what a prize-winning dog should look like. He then broke most of those rules. His Too Much had overly bowed legs, a double chin and a sloped back.
The second pass at the show dropped Archie as a model and used Dobie Gillis instead. Mike was cut, leaving four teenagers. Geoff became Ronnie, a name Silverman later changed to Fred. Kelly became Daphne, Linda became Velma, and W.W. became Shaggy. They now matched Dobie Gillis, Thalia Menninger, Zelda Gilroy and Maynard G. Krebs, in that order.
Silverman liked the new material but not the title Mysteries Five. He renamed it "Who's S-S-Scared?" and offered it to CBS as the centerpiece of the 1969-70 Saturday block. CBS president Frank Stanton thought the presentation artwork looked too frightening for young viewers. Assuming the show would be just as scary, he passed.
Silverman then had Ruby, Spears and the Hanna-Barbera staff rework the materials to stress comedy. The rock band was dropped, and Shaggy and the dog got more attention. The toned-down version won approval for production.
"What a Night for a Knight" opened Scooby-Doo, Where Are You! on CBS at 10:30 on the morning of Saturday the 13th of September 1969, Eastern Time. Don Messick voiced Scooby, Casey Kasem voiced Shaggy, and Frank Welker voiced Fred. Nicole Jaffe played Velma, and Indira Stefanianna played Daphne. Messick gave Scooby speech patterns much like those of Astro, the dog he had voiced on The Jetsons. Seventeen episodes were made in 1969-70, with a theme song written by David Mook and Ben Raleigh and sung by Larry Marks.
Each episode followed a pattern. The group, called Mystery, Inc., arrived somewhere in a van painted in psychedelic colors and flower-power imagery. A supposed ghost or other monster was terrorizing the locals, so the teenagers and Scooby split up to hunt for clues and suspects. The monster chased them in turn. Eventually Fred would spring a Rube Goldberg-style trap, and the creature would be unmasked.
Usually the villain was an ordinary crook who wore a costume to cover up crimes. Sometimes the culprit was innocent, such as a malfunctioning robot or an owner trying to scare off thieves. Either way, the supernatural element always turned out to be fake. In this original run, no real ghost or monster ever appeared. The arrested villain often complained that the plan would have worked but for those meddling kids.
Each character had a strongly defined role. Fred was the determined leader. Velma was the clever analyst, and Daphne was the one who kept landing in danger. Shaggy was a coward driven more by hunger than by detective work. Scooby shared his fear, though a trait borrowed from Bob Hope gave him occasional bursts of courage. In 1990s and 2000s productions, Daphne knew karate and was kidnapped less often.
The borrowed ingredients showed. Shaggy and Dobie Gillis's friend Maynard shared a beatnik goatee, similar hair and a similar attitude. The premise also echoed Enid Blyton's Famous Five books, which gave four young people and a dog a mystery that always proved to be a human ruse.
Scheduled against ABC's The Hardy Boys, another show about teenage mystery-solvers, Scooby-Doo became a ratings success. Nielsen figures put as many as 65 percent of Saturday-morning viewers on CBS during its broadcast. A second season followed in 1970, with eight new episodes. Seven of them set chase scenes to bubblegum pop songs recorded by Austin Roberts, who also re-recorded the theme.
Stefanianna Christopherson had married and retired from voice acting, so Heather North stepped in as Daphne. She kept the part until 1997.
In the fall of 1972, CBS began The New Scooby-Doo Movies, a run of hour-long episodes that each brought in a guest star. Some came from other Hanna-Barbera series, such as the Harlem Globetrotters, Josie and the Pussycats and Speed Buggy. Batman and Robin appeared, as did real celebrities including Sandy Duncan, Cass Elliot, Phyllis Diller, Don Knotts and The Three Stooges. Fictional guests included The Addams Family. Hoyt Curtin, the studio's musical director, wrote a new theme song that stayed in use for much of the original broadcast run.
The New Movies format lasted two seasons and 24 episodes, from 1972 to 1973. CBS then aired reruns of the original series until its option expired in 1976.
The 1970s also filled with imitators. Hanna-Barbera and its rivals produced a string of cartoons about teenage detectives with a pet or mascot. Josie and the Pussycats ran in 1970-71, and Speed Buggy ran in 1973-74. Captain Caveman and the Teen Angels followed from 1977 to 1980.
By 1976, Fred Silverman was president of ABC, and he struck a deal with Hanna-Barbera to bring new Scooby episodes to that network. Sixteen new episodes paired with the new show Dynomutt, Dog Wonder to form The Scooby-Doo/Dynomutt Hour. Ruby and Spears now supervised ABC's Saturday programs, and they restored the original format. They added a recurring character, Scooby-Dum, a dim-witted country cousin voiced by Daws Butler. Jaffe had retired from acting in 1973, so Pat Stevens took over as Velma. Ruby and Spears left again in 1977 to start a rival studio, and they stayed away for the rest of the 1980s.
The 1977-78 season brought a two-hour block called Scooby's All-Star Laff-A-Lympics. It featured 45 Hanna-Barbera characters in parodies of Olympic events. Scooby captained a team called the Scooby-Doobies, with Shaggy and Scooby-Dum among its members. The following year it shrank to 90 minutes and became Scooby's All Stars.
The 40 episodes made between 1976 and 1978 were later bundled for syndication as The Scooby-Doo Show. They still air under that title.
On the 13th of December 1979, ABC aired a prime-time hour called Scooby Goes Hollywood. In it, Shaggy and Scooby try to persuade the network to move Scooby out of Saturday mornings and into a prime-time series. The special spoofed Happy Days, Superman: The Movie, Laverne & Shirley and Charlie's Angels.
That same year brought Scooby's tiny nephew, Scrappy-Doo, added to the series and its billing in an effort to lift slipping ratings. The half-hour show Scooby-Doo and Scrappy-Doo revived interest. Lennie Weinrib voiced Scrappy at first, then Don Messick took over. Marla Frumkin replaced Pat Stevens as Velma midway through the season.
In 1980, the show was overhauled around Scrappy. Scooby began walking and running on two feet more often, where before he had moved on four like an ordinary dog. Fred, Daphne and Velma were dropped. A single half-hour mystery gave way to three seven-minute comic adventures starring Scooby, Scrappy and Shaggy. Most of the supernatural villains were now real, not criminals in costume.
This version ran from 1980 to 1982 inside The Richie Rich/Scooby-Doo Show. From 1982 to 1983 it moved to The Scooby-Doo/Scrappy-Doo/Puppy Hour, made with Ruby-Spears Productions. That hour added Scrappy and his Western deputy uncle, Yabba-Doo. Fans disliked it for abandoning the mystery format and the missing characters. From 1980 on, ABC also ran a half-hour of older Scooby episodes under names such as Scooby-Doo Classics and Scooby's Mystery Funhouse, until the end of the 1986 season.
In 1983, The New Scooby and Scrappy-Doo Show returned Scooby to a standalone half-hour, built from two 11-minute mysteries. Heather North came back as Daphne, who now worked undercover as a reporter for a teen magazine. A second season, called The New Scooby-Doo Mysteries, brought Fred and Velma back for occasional visits in 1984-85, voiced again by Frank Welker and Marla Frumkin.
The 13 Ghosts of Scooby-Doo arrived in 1985. Daphne, Shaggy, Scooby and Scrappy traveled the globe with two new characters to capture thirteen ghosts. One was Flim-Flam, voiced by Susan Blu. The other was Vincent Van Ghoul, who was based on Vincent Price and voiced by him. The last first-run episode aired in December 1985, and its reruns left the schedule the next March. ABC then went two years without a new Scooby series.
By 1988, ABC's attempt to aim its Saturday mornings at preschoolers had failed badly. The network blamed this partly on people meters, which children that young could not operate. So ABC set out to revive classic properties that older children, and parents of younger ones, would remember.
The result was A Pup Named Scooby-Doo, which debuted in 1988 and showed the original gang as elementary school students. It drew on the cartoons of Tex Avery and Bob Clampett and had a looser, Looney Tunes-like look. In one episode, Scooby's parents appear and reveal that his real name is Scoobert. The series also went back to unmasking human villains. It named the group's hometown Coolsville, a setting later productions kept. It lasted four seasons, until 1991.
Tom Ruegger developed and produced it. He had been head story editor on Scooby-Doo since 1983. After the first season, Ruegger and much of his team left Hanna-Barbera for Warner Bros. Animation, where they developed Tiny Toon Adventures, Animaniacs, Pinky and the Brain and Freakazoid!.
Ownership was shifting in the background. Turner Broadcasting bought Hanna-Barbera in 1991. By 1994, the franchise was exclusive to the Turner networks. Cartoon Network had started rerunning A Pup Named Scooby-Doo in 1993, and the Canadian network Teletoon began showing Where Are You! in 1997. After TBS and TNT dropped Hanna-Barbera cartoons in 1998, the franchise belonged to Cartoon Network and its sister station Boomerang alone.
Those rerun ratings led Warner Bros. Animation and Hanna-Barbera to make one direct-to-video film a year from 1998. The first four were Scooby-Doo on Zombie Island, Scooby-Doo! and the Witch's Ghost, Scooby-Doo and the Alien Invaders and Scooby-Doo and the Cyber Chase. They gave the characters older looks, a darker tone and real supernatural enemies. In Zombie Island, the reunited 1969 gang faces voodoo-worshiping cat creatures in the Louisiana bayou. The Witch's Ghost introduced a goth rock band, the Hex Girls, who returned in later stories.
The voices changed again. Don Messick died in 1997, and Welker was the only original cast member to return. Casey Kasem, a strict vegetarian, gave up Shaggy after voicing a 1995 Burger King commercial. Scott Innes took over both Scooby and Shaggy, apart from Billy West's turn as Shaggy in Zombie Island. B. J. Ward became Velma. Mary Kay Bergman voiced Daphne until her death in November 1999, and Grey DeLisle replaced her.
Cyber Chase was the last Hanna-Barbera production. The studio was absorbed into Warner Bros. Animation after William Hanna died in 2001. The direct-to-video line continued with at least one entry every year through 2023.
On the 14th of June 2002, Warner Bros. Pictures released a live-action Scooby-Doo directed by Raja Gosnell. Freddie Prinze Jr. played Fred, Sarah Michelle Gellar played Daphne, Matthew Lillard played Shaggy and Linda Cardellini played Velma. Scooby, voiced by Neil Fanning, was created with computer-generated effects. Critics were unkind, but the film grossed more than 130 million dollars domestically. A sequel with the same cast and director, Scooby-Doo 2: Monsters Unleashed, arrived in March 2004 and earned about 84 million dollars in the United States. Warner Bros. was disappointed, and a planned third film was scrapped.
The 2002 television season brought the gang back to Saturday mornings after a decade away. What's New, Scooby-Doo? ran on Kids' WB until 2006 and moved the setting into the 21st century, with computers, DVDs, the Internet and cell phones. Welker took over as Scooby while continuing as Fred. Kasem returned as Shaggy on one condition: that Shaggy be a vegetarian, as Kasem was. Mindy Cohn voiced Velma, and Chuck Sheetz, who had worked on The Simpsons, produced it.
Shaggy & Scooby-Doo Get a Clue! followed in September 2006 on The CW. Shaggy inherits a mansion and money from an inventor uncle in hiding. Villains led by Dr. Phibes, modeled mostly on Dr. Evil from the Austin Powers films, try to steal the secret invention. Scott Menville voiced Shaggy, and the show ran two seasons.
On the 13th of September 2009, the 40th anniversary of the debut, Cartoon Network aired the live-action film Scooby-Doo! The Mystery Begins. A second live-action film, Curse of the Lake Monster, followed on the 16th of October 2010.
Scooby-Doo! Mystery Incorporated premiered on the 5th of April 2010 and was the first Scooby series made for cable. It rebuilt the characters' relationships and gave them parents, a high school and neighbors. Told as a 52-chapter animated novel, it built a larger mystery around the gang's hometown of Crystal Cove, California. Critics saw echoes of Buffy the Vampire Slayer and Lost. Matthew Lillard became the new voice of Shaggy. The three-part finale aired on the 4th and the 5th of April 2013, exactly three years after the debut. Be Cool, Scooby-Doo! then ran from the 5th of October 2015 to the 18th of March 2018.
Scooby-Doo and Guess Who? premiered on Boomerang's streaming service on the 27th of June 2019, pairing the gang with guest stars. Real ones included Halsey, Sia, Bill Nye and Mark Hamill. Fictional ones included Batman, voiced by Kevin Conroy, and Sherlock Holmes.
The animated feature Scoob! was meant for theaters on the 15th of May 2020. After theater closures during the COVID-19 pandemic, Warner Bros. canceled the theatrical run. It reached premium video on demand that same day, and a limited theatrical release followed in 2021. Will Forte, Gina Rodriguez, Zac Efron and Amanda Seyfried voiced Shaggy, Velma, Fred and Daphne. Jason Isaacs voiced the villain, Dick Dastardly.
Velma, an adult-oriented prequel with no Scooby-Doo in it, premiered on HBO Max on the 12th of January 2023. Netflix announced in April 2026 that the live-action series Scooby-Doo: Origins had entered production in Atlanta. Eight episodes are planned, and Welker will again voice Scooby. In May 2026, Tubi acquired a spin-off anime, Yokoso Scooby-Doo!, in which Scooby and Shaggy visit Japan under director Itsuro Kawasaki.
Science advocate Carl Sagan praised the show's skeptical formula when compared with most television about the paranormal. He thought an adult version would be a great public service.
The awards were modest, but the polls were generous. Scooby-Doo earned a Daytime Emmy nomination for A Pup Named Scooby-Doo and another in 2003 for Mindy Cohn's performance on What's New, Scooby-Doo? From 2004 to 2005, it held the Guinness World Record for most episodes of any animated series, a title that otherwise belongs to The Simpsons. In 2002, TV Guide placed Scooby-Doo twenty-second among the 50 Greatest Cartoon Characters of All Time. Animal Planet ranked him thirteenth among TV animals. In 2013, TV Guide called the series the fifth-greatest TV cartoon.
Critics pointed to the mix of comedy and horror as the reason for its reach. David Kleeman of the American Center for Children and Media said in 2002 that it gives children fun without frightening them. Jamie Malanowski of The New York Times was harsher that year, saying the mysteries were not mysterious. In 2020, Christopher Orr of The Atlantic argued that the franchise lasts because the gang's relationships can be read in so many different ways.
Some older viewers enjoy supposedly subversive readings, such as the idea that Shaggy uses cannabis or that Velma is a lesbian. The 2002 film hinted at both, and some scenes were edited to earn a PG rating. Ruby and Spears said they took umbrage and denied that Shaggy was meant as a drug user. In 2022, the 34th direct-to-video entry, Trick or Treat Scooby-Doo!, showed Velma with a crush on a female guest character.
A popular legend among students at the Five Colleges in Massachusetts claims the gang represents the five schools. In it, Velma and Daphne stand for Smith and Mount Holyoke, Fred for Amherst, Shaggy for Hampshire and Scooby for UMass Amherst. Hanna-Barbera, Silverman and writer Mark Evanier have said it is false. Hampshire College also opened a year after the 1969 debut.
By 1999, the brand made 800 million dollars in retail sales. Early goods included a 1973 Milton Bradley board game, lunch boxes and coloring books. The first arcade video game appeared in 1986, and Bayer has made Scooby-Doo vitamins since 2001. Del Monte makes real Scooby Snacks dog treats. Gold Key published the first comic books in March 1970, and DC Comics has published the series since taking over the rights in 1997.
Pop culture kept borrowing the gang. Buffy the Vampire Slayer has a group that calls itself the Scooby Gang. The British rhyming slang phrase "don't have a Scooby" means having no clue. In October 2025, the gang arrived in Fortnite for the Fortnitemares event, each member as a skin and the Mystery Machine as a drivable vehicle.
Updated
Common questions
Who created Scooby-Doo and when did it premiere?
Scooby-Doo was created in 1969 by writers Joe Ruby and Ken Spears for Hanna-Barbera. The first episode of Scooby-Doo, Where Are You, titled "What a Night for a Knight," aired on CBS on Saturday the 13th of September 1969.
How did Scooby-Doo get its name?
According to Ruby and Spears, CBS executive Fred Silverman took the name from Frank Sinatra's scat singing at the end of "Strangers in the Night." He renamed the dog Scooby-Doo and retitled the show Scooby-Doo, Where Are You.
Who are the main characters in Scooby-Doo?
The main characters are Fred Jones, Daphne Blake, Velma Dinkley, Shaggy Rogers and the talking Great Dane Scooby-Doo. They travel in a van called the Mystery Machine and solve mysteries involving supposedly supernatural creatures.
Why were Fred, Daphne and Velma removed from Scooby-Doo in 1980?
The 1980 overhaul of Scooby-Doo focused on Scrappy-Doo, so Fred, Daphne and Velma were dropped. The format changed to three seven-minute adventures starring Scooby, Scrappy and Shaggy, and fans disliked the loss of the mystery format.
Is the monster in Scooby-Doo ever real?
In the original 1969 series, no monster was ever real, and the supernatural element was always revealed to be a hoax. Later productions from the 1980s onward, including the 1998 film Scooby-Doo on Zombie Island, used actual supernatural forces.
What is the Scooby-Doo Five Colleges legend?
The Five Colleges legend claims the Scooby-Doo characters represent five Massachusetts colleges, including Smith, Mount Holyoke, Amherst and Hampshire. Hanna-Barbera, Fred Silverman and writer Mark Evanier have said it is false, and Hampshire College opened a year after the 1969 debut.
Is there a new live-action Scooby-Doo series?
Netflix announced in April 2026 that the live-action series Scooby-Doo: Origins had entered production in Atlanta. It will have eight episodes, and Frank Welker is set to voice Scooby-Doo again.
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