Pittsburgh synagogue shooting
The Pittsburgh synagogue shooting began on the morning of the 27th of October 2018, a Saturday, inside the Tree of Life building in the Squirrel Hill neighborhood. Three separate congregations were worshipping under that one roof. Each was holding its own Shabbat service. Upstairs, Rabbi Jeffrey Myers heard a clatter and thought a coat rack had fallen. It was gunfire. Before the morning ended, eleven people were dead. It remains the deadliest attack on a local Jewish community in American history. Who were the people in that building? What led the gunman to it? How did a courtroom, a city and a country respond? The answers start with the building itself and the congregations that shared it.
Squirrel Hill sits about 5 miles east of downtown Pittsburgh and is one of the largest predominantly Jewish neighborhoods in the United States. About 26 percent of the city's Jewish population lives there. It has long been the center of Pittsburgh's Jewish community, and it has a low crime rate. It is not generally regarded as racially tense.
The Tree of Life congregation began in 1864 as an Orthodox community, founded downtown by an early group of Jewish immigrants. In 2010 it merged with the recently founded Congregation Or L'Simcha. Today it is a Conservative synagogue that calls itself a "traditional, progressive, and egalitarian congregation". The building at the corner of Wilkins and Shady avenues dates to 1953, and its main sanctuary holds 1,250 people. Two other groups rent space there. Dor Hadash is a Reconstructionist congregation, and New Light is another Conservative one.
The neighborhood's calm record had one dark exception. In 1986, a local rabbinic student named Neal Rosenblum was murdered there in an antisemitic hate crime.
The months before October 2018 were tense online. Columbia University and the Anti-Defamation League each independently reported a spike in antisemitic activity, especially on Instagram and Twitter. The rise between August and October was linked to the 2018 midterm elections, which far-right extremists treated as a rallying point. A similar surge had come with the 2016 election.
In 2017, antisemitic incidents in the United States rose by 57 percent, at a time when the FBI also reported more hate crimes against Muslims and African Americans. Hundreds of Jewish gravestones were vandalized in Pennsylvania and Missouri, and incidents on university campuses doubled. In August 2017, the Unite the Right rally in Charlottesville, Virginia, featured Nazi symbols, salutes and the slogan "Blood and Soil". Conspiracy theories about wealthy Jewish individuals, including the billionaire George Soros, spread widely online. Columbia University's Jon Albright called what he saw on Instagram the "worst sample" of hate speech he had ever encountered.
On a smaller platform called Gab, one man was posting much more than most.
Robert Gregory Bowers was born on the 4th of September 1972 and lived in Baldwin, Pennsylvania. His parents divorced when he was about one year old. When he was seven, his father, Randall, died by suicide at the age of 26 while awaiting trial on a rape charge.
Bowers attended Baldwin High School from August 1986 to November 1989 and left before graduating. He then worked as a trucker for 13 years, until 2002. Neighbors described him as "a ghost" who rarely interacted with anyone.
Coworkers recalled that in the late 1990s he was fascinated by the right-wing radio host Jim Quinn. Their accounts, together with analysis of his recent posts, suggest that his conservatism hardened into white nationalism. Later he followed what one description called "aggressive online provocateurs of the right wing's fringe." He posted constantly on Gab and promoted antisemitic conspiracy theories. One held that Jews were helping "evil Muslims" take over the United States.
HIAS, formerly the Hebrew Immigrant Aid Society, sponsored a National Refugee Shabbat on the weekend of the 19th and the 20th of October 2018. Dor Hadash, one of the congregations in the Squirrel Hill building, took part. In the weeks before the shooting, Bowers aimed antisemitic posts at the event. He claimed that Jews were helping the Central American migrant caravans heading for the United States border, and he called the migrants "invaders".
Shortly before the attack, he wrote on Gab: "HIAS likes to bring invaders in that kill our people. I can't sit by and watch my people get slaughtered. Screw your optics, I'm going in."
He also prepared his computers. At 8:57 on the morning of the attack, Bowers started his custom Linux-based computer. He set commands to wipe six hard drives after a 200-minute countdown. By the time the FBI raided his home, the countdown had finished, and 2 terabytes of data were permanently lost. He had also wiped most of the data on his cellphone, which the FBI could not recover.
Less than an hour later, a car belonging to him was parked outside the synagogue.
At 9:45 a.m., Tree of Life worshippers were in the Pervin Chapel and New Light congregants were in the basement. Dor Hadash members had gathered near the front, ahead of their 10:00 Torah study. A Saturday morning usually brought around 75 people into the building. That day, only 22 were there.
The gunman's car sat in a disabled parking space out front. It held five guns, including a Mossberg shotgun that stayed behind, along with hearing protection, shooting glasses and bags of ammunition. At 9:49, Bowers posted his final message on Gab. Soon afterward, he fired at a window of the synagogue and climbed through the broken glass.
He carried a Colt AR-15 semi-automatic rifle and three Glock pistols. Evidence showed he fired only the rifle and one pistol, a Glock 31. Over the course of the attack he discharged the rifle 75 times and the Glock 17 times.
Jerry Rabinowitz of Dor Hadash and Daniel Leger were the first people Bowers met. Both had medical backgrounds, and both ran downstairs to see whether anyone was hurt. Bowers killed Rabinowitz on the lower mezzanine and shot Leger in the abdomen. Leger lay bleeding on the stairs for 45 minutes before he was rescued.
Irving Younger and Cecil Rosenthal left the Pervin Chapel to investigate the noise. Younger reached the lower mezzanine and was fatally shot, shouting Rosenthal's name before he died. Rosenthal ran back upstairs and was shot just as he reached a doorway to the chapel. Bowers then stepped inside and shot Sylvan Simon in the back as he sat beside his wife. Bernice Simon made the first 911 call, to report that her husband had been shot. By 9:54, police were receiving multiple calls from people barricaded inside.
Audrey Glickman, Joseph Charny, Rabbi Myers and David Rosenthal ran to the front of the chapel and moved to a hiding place above it. Rosenthal, in distress, cried out that he wanted to "go home". Glickman tried to stop him, but he ran back toward the chapel. Myers hid in a bathroom, while Glickman and Charny hid in a clothing donation room. On the stairs to the lower mezzanine, Rosenthal and Joyce Fienberg ran straight into Bowers while trying to escape. He killed them both.
In the basement at 9:55, Melvin Wax, who was leading New Light's service, hid in a pitch-black storage closet with three others. Rabbi Jonathan Perlman had led them there. Richard Gottfried and Daniel Stein hid in the kitchen, where Gottfried made a 911 call that ran from 9:55 into 9:56. Bowers shot both men through the kitchen island. Later he told a psychologist it was "ironic" that he had killed them in front of the ovens. Wax, still unaware of the danger, opened the closet door despite Perlman begging him not to. Bowers shot him twice at point-blank range and never noticed the three people left inside.
At 9:58, Bowers headed upstairs toward his car and met two police officers at the entrance doors. He opened fire at once. One officer was hit in the hand, and the other was struck in the head by shrapnel.
Bowers then went back to the Pervin Chapel. At 10:01 he found Rose Mallinger and her daughter, Andrea Wedner, who was on the phone with police. He killed Mallinger and wounded Wedner in the right arm. The injured officer saw Bowers through a lobby window and fired five times. Bowers returned fire at 10:01:35, and neither man was hit.
Twelve worshippers had gathered in the chapel when the shooting began. Rabbi Myers helped three of them leave safely. Four walked out on their own and were killed outside the chapel. Four stayed inside and were shot. Of the twelve, Bowers shot eight, killing seven and wounding one. Police sources said he shouted, "All Jews must die!"
About half an hour later, tactical teams entered the building and searched room by room. At 10:53, officers opened the door of a top-floor classroom. Bowers fired his rifle and the Glock 31 and shot two SWAT members, while the team fired back into the dark room. Two minutes later came another firefight. By then Bowers had no rifle ammunition left and used his Glock. Four officers had been wounded, one of them critically.
At 11:08, Bowers crawled out of the room and surrendered, shot multiple times. Officers found two more loaded Glock pistols in a waist holster and an ankle holster. Asked about a clock left in a hallway, he said it was a "Screaming Meanie" trucker alarm clock. While receiving medical care, he allegedly told a SWAT officer that he wanted Jews to die and that Jews were committing genocide against his people.
Rose Mallinger was 97 and had been an active congregant at Tree of Life for more than 60 years. She was the oldest of the dead. The youngest was David Rosenthal, who was 54. Four people were killed on the ground level, four in the Pervin Chapel and three in the basement. All were killed with the Colt rifle.
Joyce Fienberg, 75, was a retired University of Pittsburgh research specialist. Richard Gottfried, 65, was a dentist, and Jerry Rabinowitz, also 65, was a family physician. Daniel Stein, 71, was a retired salesman and substitute school teacher. Melvin Wax, 87, was a retired accountant. Irving Younger, 69, had owned a real estate company and served as a greeter at the synagogue.
Cecil Rosenthal, 59, and his brother David lived together at a community home for people with disabilities. Bernice Simon, 84, and her husband Sylvan, 86, were a retired couple. They had celebrated their wedding at Tree of Life in 1956.
Seven others were wounded, and four of them needed surgery. They included three congregants and four police officers. Two of the officers were on patrol and two were SWAT members. Three were hurt by ricocheting gunfire and one by fragments of glass.
The Rosenthal brothers, who were intellectually disabled, had a sister who once worked for the Pittsburgh Steelers. Members of the team attended the joint funeral on Tuesday, the 30th of October. That is a day when NFL teams are traditionally off.
On the 29th of October 2018, Bowers appeared in federal court in Pittsburgh and was ordered held without bail. Two days later a federal grand jury indicted him on 44 counts. The charges carried a maximum penalty of death or 535 years in federal prison. On the 1st of November he pleaded not guilty. A further 19 counts followed on the 29th of January 2019-13 of them for hate crimes, bringing the total to 63.
The defense team included two public defenders and Judy Clarke, a well-known death penalty expert appointed by the court as co-counsel. The defense offered a guilty plea in exchange for life in prison without parole. Federal prosecutors declined and sought the death penalty.
Pretrial rulings took years. In April 2020, Senior U.S. District Judge Donetta Ambrose denied a challenge to the federal death penalty. In October 2020 she refused to dismiss the hate crime charges. In November 2021 the defense said it would not pursue an insanity defense or an intellectual disability defense. In January 2022 she denied a motion to suppress statements Bowers made after his arrest.
Judge Ambrose retired in February 2022, and the case passed to U.S. District Judge Robert J. Colville. In March 2022 he denied a change of venue. In September 2022 he set the trial for April 2023 and rejected a defense request to wait until December 2023.
Jury selection began on the 24th of April 2023, with twelve jurors and six alternates chosen. The trial opened on the 30th of May. Prosecutors called sixty witnesses, including survivors and Rabbi Myers. The defense called none. Jurors heard recordings of 911 calls made as the attack unfolded, some from people who were killed. They also saw body-worn camera footage and photographs of bloodstains, bullet fragments and shell casings. Bowers's antisemitic posts were entered as evidence.
After 11 days of testimony, prosecutors told the jury that Bowers had made "cold, calculated, deliberate choices". The defense conceded that he had shot all the victims. It argued that there was doubt about his specific intent, "why he did what he did and what he thought he would accomplish by doing so." On the 16th of June 2023, the jury found the 50-year-old Bowers guilty on all 63 federal counts after five hours of deliberation over two days.
The sentencing phase began the same day. Defense lawyers argued that Bowers had significant brain damage and was shaped by mental illness or delusions. Three physicians from the University of Pittsburgh Medical Center reviewed brain scans taken in 2021 and 2022, including an EEG, a PET scan and an MRI. They found the results largely normal. Two defense experts disagreed and linked his condition to schizophrenia.
A forensic psychologist from the University of North Texas had spent 20 hours with Bowers over four days in 2022. He testified that Bowers was proud of his attack, showed no remorse, and thought he deserved medals and a parade. He called Bowers "blatantly psychotic" but agreed under cross-examination that he was "goal-oriented" and had planned the attack as much as six months ahead. A defense neurologist said Bowers had schizophrenia and epilepsy, yet conceded that he was not "incapable" of plotting the shootings.
The defense also described a long history of serious mental illness. It included multiple suicide attempts since his teenage years and an incident at age thirteen in which he threw flammable liquid on his mother and tried to ignite it. He had also been involuntarily committed three times, most recently in 2004.
At the defense's request, sentencing was split into two parts. On the 13th of July 2023, after two hours of deliberation, the jury found Bowers eligible for a death sentence. After two more days of deliberation, it unanimously chose death on the 2nd of August. He was formally sentenced to death by lethal injection on the 3rd of August. He was the first and only person sentenced to death by the federal government during the presidency of Joe Biden.
On the 26th of August 2023, Bowers was moved to federal custody on death row at United States Penitentiary, Terre Haute. He sought a new trial in November 2023, and the request was denied in May 2024. In December 2024, President Biden commuted 37 of the 40 federal death sentences to life without parole. He excluded Bowers, along with Dzhokhar Tsarnaev and Dylann Roof, because of their convictions for terrorism or hate-motivated mass murder. The Department of Justice's investigative team received the Attorney General's David Margolis Award for Exceptional Service in 2024.
Bowers also faces 36 state counts, including 11 of criminal homicide and 13 of ethnic intimidation. They remain in abeyance.
From the 27th to the 31st of October, all U.S. flags on public and military grounds flew at half-staff. On the Friday after the shooting, the Pittsburgh Post-Gazette ran the opening words of the kaddish, the Jewish mourner's prayer, as a full-width front-page headline. David Shribman, the paper's executive editor, made the choice.
Jewish tradition requires that a body never be left unguarded before burial. Volunteer guards called shomrim took one-hour shifts at the Pittsburgh morgue until the bodies were moved to funeral homes. The Atlantic reported that most appeared to be Orthodox, yet felt strong solidarity with the liberal communities that were attacked.
On the evening of the shooting, over 3,000 people gathered at Murray and Forbes avenues in Squirrel Hill for an interfaith candlelight vigil. Students from Taylor Allderdice High School organized it. The next day, an overflow crowd of about 2,500 filled Soldiers and Sailors Memorial Hall. The rabbis of all three congregations spoke, along with Islamic and Christian clergy and civic leaders. Israeli president Reuven Rivlin appeared by video and led the crowd in the Kaddish.
Vigils spread worldwide that week, in cities across the United States and Canada and in London, Liverpool, Brighton and Paris. In Jerusalem, about 500 Americans and Israelis lit candles at Zion Square. Students held vigils at more than one hundred campuses. The American Jewish Committee and the Jewish Federations of North America urged Jews and non-Jews alike to attend services the following Shabbat under the hashtag #ShowUpForShabbat. Thousands did, including London's mayor, Sadiq Khan.
Landmarks went dark or changed color. The Eiffel Tower darkened its lights. The Empire State Building left its spire glowing orange to mark gun violence awareness. The University of Pittsburgh changed its Victory Lights so that a blue beam shone for 11 seconds, one for each of the dead. Tel Aviv lit its city hall in the colors of the American flag, and an image of the Israeli and American flags was projected onto Jerusalem's Western Wall.
Pope Francis denounced the "inhuman act of violence" in St. Peter's Square on the 28th of October. He asked God "to help us to extinguish the flames of hatred that develop in our societies". Israel's Prime Minister Benjamin Netanyahu condemned the attack, and Naftali Bennett flew to Pittsburgh to attend funerals. Iran's foreign minister, Javad Zarif, and Hamas also issued condemnations. Israel's Ashkenazi Chief Rabbi David Lau drew criticism when news reports said he declined to call the non-Orthodox congregation a synagogue. Prominent non-Orthodox Israeli leaders rejected his stance.
Sports followed. A moment of silence was held before Game 4 of the World Series at Dodger Stadium on the night of the attack. The Pittsburgh Penguins wore jerseys with a "Stronger Than Hate" patch on the 30th of October and auctioned them for the synagogue. The University of Pittsburgh football team put the same slogan on its helmets on the 2nd of November. A year later, NFL player Terrell Suggs wore a Star of David on his cleats.
During the long wait for trial, members of the Pittsburgh congregations received support from communities that had faced violence themselves. They included members of the Emanuel African Methodist Episcopal Church in Charleston, South Carolina, and the Sikh temple in Oak Creek, Wisconsin.
President Donald Trump called the shooting "pure evil" and said that "If there was an armed guard inside the temple, they would have been able to stop him". Cecilia Wang of the American Civil Liberties Union said Trump's rhetoric had helped inspire the unrest. Vice President Mike Pence denied any such link.
On the 30th of October, Trump flew to Pittsburgh with First Lady Melania Trump, Ivanka Trump, Jared Kushner and Steven Mnuchin. He met Rabbi Myers at the synagogue and placed stones on each of the 11 Star-of-David markers. Then he visited wounded victims at UPMC Presbyterian Hospital.
Some in the city urged him to stay away. Mayor Bill Peduto said the wounds were still raw. More than 70,000 people signed a Bend the Arc: Pittsburgh letter saying Trump was not welcome until he "fully denounces white nationalism". The survivor Dan Leger refused to meet him. About 2,000 protesters were kept a few blocks away, chanting "words have meaning". Rabbi Myers had said he would welcome the visit. Afterward he said, "The President was very warm, very consoling."
By the 1st of November, a GoFundMe campaign started by an Iranian graduate student in Washington, D.C., had passed US$1 million and then its raised goal of US$1.2 million. Muslim groups opened a LaunchGood campaign for burial costs and medical bills, with funds routed through the Islamic Center of Pittsburgh. It passed its $150,000 goal with more than $225,000. The organizers said any excess would fund projects that foster Muslim-Jewish collaboration.
The Jewish Federation of Greater Pittsburgh raised $3.65 million by the 13th of November, with donations matched by the United Way of Southwestern Pennsylvania and the Pittsburgh Foundation. Campaigns for the Dor Hadash and New Light victims raised nearly $23,000 together. A separate $6.3 million fund went to survivors, the families of the 11 dead, and police officers.
The New York Times described the security response as arguably the most ambitious effort ever made to protect Jewish life in the United States. The federal Nonprofit Security Grant Program brought in $100 million. The Jewish Federations of North America raised another $62 million to secure Jewish communities across North America, overseen by the Secure Community Network. By 2023-93 Jewish federations had full-time security directors, more than four times as many as five years earlier.
Pennsylvania followed in 2019 with Act 83, creating a state Nonprofit Security Grant Fund with $5 million at the start. After antisemitism rose during the Gaza war in 2023, the General Assembly raised the funding to $10 million. In its first five years, the fund distributed $25 million to synagogues, mosques and other nonprofit organizations.
Among American neo-Nazis and white supremacists, Richard B. Spencer, Andrew Anglin and Matthew Heimbach feared that the backlash could derail their push for mainstream acceptance. On 4chan, users on the /pol/ board denied the attack had happened and called it a "false flag". Some Gab users praised the shooting and created the hashtag #HeroRobertBowers.
On the 10th of August 2023, Hardy Carroll Lloyd of Follansbee, West Virginia, was arrested for threatening jurors and witnesses in the federal trial. Prosecutors said he called himself a "reverend" of a white supremacy movement and had encouraged similar attacks. He pleaded guilty on the 19th of September 2023.
The Tree of Life building has stood vacant since the shooting. In 2022, an organization named Tree of Life was founded to build a memorial complex on the site, and the old building was partially demolished in 2024. Daniel Libeskind designed the new structure, which will hold a museum, a center devoted to combating hatred and antisemitism, and space for the Tree of Life - Or L'Simcha Congregation to worship. HBO Documentary Films released A Tree of Life: The Pittsburgh Synagogue Shooting in 2022. The new complex is scheduled to open in 2028.
Updated
Common questions
When did the Pittsburgh synagogue shooting happen?
The Pittsburgh synagogue shooting happened on the 27th of October 2018, a Saturday morning, at the Tree of Life building in the Squirrel Hill neighborhood of Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania. Shabbat services were under way when the gunman opened fire.
How many people died in the Pittsburgh synagogue shooting?
Eleven people died in the Pittsburgh synagogue shooting, and seven others were injured, including three congregants and four police officers. It was the deadliest attack on a local Jewish community in American history.
Who carried out the Pittsburgh synagogue shooting?
Robert Gregory Bowers, then 46 and a resident of Baldwin, Pennsylvania, carried out the Pittsburgh synagogue shooting. Police shot him multiple times, and he surrendered at 11:08 a.m.
Why did the Pittsburgh synagogue shooter target Tree of Life?
Before the Pittsburgh synagogue shooting, Bowers posted antisemitic attacks on Gab against HIAS and its National Refugee Shabbat, in which the Dor Hadash congregation took part. He called migrants "invaders" and wrote "Screw your optics, I'm going in."
What sentence did the Pittsburgh synagogue shooter receive?
A federal jury found Bowers guilty on all 63 federal counts on the 16th of June 2023. He was formally sentenced to death on the 3rd of August 2023 and placed on death row at United States Penitentiary, Terre Haute.
What is being built at the site of the Pittsburgh synagogue shooting?
A memorial complex designed by Daniel Libeskind is planned at the Tree of Life site. It will include a museum, a center dedicated to combating hatred and antisemitism, and space for the congregation to worship, and it is scheduled to open in 2028.
All sources
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- 44Final witness in Pittsburgh synagogue shooting trial says she played dead next to her 97-year-old motherSabrina Souza et al. — June 14, 2023
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- 141News'Deadliest Attack on Jewish Community in U.S. History': Jewish Leaders Lament Pittsburgh Synagogue ShootingJudy Maltz — October 27, 2018
- 142NewsIsraeli PM Netanyahu condemns 'horrendous anti-Semitic brutality' of Pittsburgh shootingSiobhán O'Grady
- 143NewsNetanyahu: 'Heartbroken and appalled' by Pittsburgh synagogue shootingRaoul Wootliff — October 27, 2018
- 144NewsReligious Leaders, Others Express Horror at Synagogue AttackOctober 27, 2018
- 145NewsIsraeli cabinet honors victims of Pittsburgh synagogue shootingOctober 28, 2018
- 147Israel Chief Rabbi Didn't Dismiss Progressive Synagogues. Stop Twisting Words To Sow Division.Avital Chizhik-Goldschmidt — October 29, 2018
- 149NewsIsrael's Chief Rabbi Refuses to Call Pittsburgh Massacre Site a Synagogue Because It's non-OrthodoxJudy Maltz — October 28, 2018
- 150NewsPittsburgh shooting was widely reported in Israel, but not all media noted it took place in a synagogueRuth Eglash — October 28, 2018
- 151NewsSynagogue shooting suspect Robert Bowers: What we know about alleged Pittsburgh gunmanSky News — October 28, 2018
- 152NewsTel Aviv City Hall Lights Up in Solidarity with Pittsburgh Synagogue Massacre VictimsHana Julian — October 28, 2018
- 153NewsProjection on wall in Jerusalem's Old City pays tribute to Pittsburgh synagogue victimsEmily Birnbaum — October 28, 2018
- 154NewsPope Francis grieves for Jewish victims in Pittsburgh synagogue shootingOctober 28, 2018
- 156NewsHamas denounces Pittsburgh shooting, claims it's a 'victim of Israeli terror'October 30, 2018
- 157Hamas condemns terror attack on Pittsburgh SynagogueOctober 28, 2018
- 160Empire State Building goes dark to honor Squirrel Hill synagogue victimsMatt Rosenberg — October 28, 2018
- 161NewsPitt darkens Victory Lights as city mourns tragedyMike Wilson — October 28, 2018
- 162NewsPitt and UVA Honored Synagogue Shooting Victims on Friday NightNovember 3, 2018
- 163Steelers hold moment of silence for Pittsburgh synagogue shooting victimsMike Jones — October 28, 2018
- 167Moment of silence held prior to the Eagles Jaguars gameNational Football League — October 28, 2018
- 168Pittsburgh stars, teams express support in wake of deadly synagogue shootingESPN — October 28, 2018
- 169NewsPenguins to wear jersey patches to honor Squirrel Hill shooting victimsJonathan Bombulie — October 30, 2018
- 171NFL Player Wears Star of David on Cleats In Memory of Pittsburgh Shooting Victims | Jewish & Israel NewsShiryn Ghermezian — Algemeiner.com — 2019-10-29
- 172NewsThousands gather for vigil honoring victims in Squirrel Hill shootingMarylynne Pitz et al. — October 27, 2018
- 173NewsIn Pittsburgh's 'darkest hour,' 2,500 attend synagogue massacre memorialOctober 28, 2018
- 174PITTSBURGH SHOOTING: Vigil to be held in Oakland for victims of Pittsburgh synagogue shootingWPXI News — October 28, 2018
- 175VideoVigil for Pittsburgh shooting victimsNBC News — October 28, 2018
- 176NewsThe Latest: Feds seeking approval to pursue death penaltyOctober 28, 2018
- 177Rivlin: We can never afford to ignore anti-SemitismOctober 28, 2018
- 178Vigils held nationwide to honor victims of Squirrel Hill synagogue shootingOctober 28, 2018
- 179Vigils held around the Jewish world for Pittsburgh shooting victimsOctober 29, 2018
- 180Why Pittsburgh matters – Religion News ServiceOctober 28, 2018
- 181Emotional vigil in Boston brings people together to mourn Pittsburgh synagogue victimsJohn Hilliard — October 28, 2018
- 182Greater Cleveland's Jewish community denounces hatred, calls for solidarity at vigil for Pittsburgh synagogue shooting victimsEvan MacDonald — October 30, 2018
- 183Thousands gather at Jewish Community Center to pray, sing for Pittsburgh shooting victimsNicole Hensley — October 28, 2018
- 184'Stronger together': Utah Jewish community, leaders unite after Pittsburgh shootingAshley Imlay — October 29, 2018
- 185St. Louis Jewish community holds interfaith vigil for Pittsburgh victimsOctober 28, 2018
- 186Vigil Held at Wilkes-Barre JCC for Synagogue Shooting VictimsPeggy Lee — October 30, 2018
- 187Support, love, candles at Knoxville vigil remembering Pittsburgh shootingOctober 30, 2018
- 188UK Jewish communal vigils to take place in response to Pittsburgh synagogue attackDaniel Sugarman — October 29, 2018
- 191Thousands across the globe #ShowUpForShabbat to honor Squirrel Hill victimsEzra Kaplan et al. — November 4, 2018
- 192This Pittsburgh rabbi lost 3 congregants in the shooting. Here's how he is observing Shabbat.Ben Sales — November 2, 2018
- 194A Tree of Life: The Pittsburgh Synagogue Shooting October 27, 4 - 6 pmOctober 9, 2024
- 195NewsTrump Arrives in Pittsburgh as Many Make Clear His Visit Isn't WelcomeOctober 30, 2018
- 196NewsPeduto to White House: Talk to shooting victims' families before presidential visitAdam Smeltz — October 29, 2018
- 197NewsPittsburgh shooting: First of 11 funerals held for victimsBBC — October 30, 2018
- 199NewsFormer synagogue president: Trump not welcomeCNN — October 29, 2018
- 200Newssynagogue says Trump not welcome: 'He is the purveyor of hate speech'Avery Anapol — October 29, 2018
- 201NewsTree of Life rabbi says nation's leaders need to 'tone down rhetoric' in fight against hateNBC News — October 30, 2018
- 202NewsPittsburgh Rabbi: President Donald Trump 'Has Become A Symbol Of Division'Hallie Jackson — NBC News — October 30, 2018
- 203NewsHere's the 'small protest' Trump says he didn't see in PittsburghAvi Selk et al. — October 31, 2018
- 204Dailey, Ruth Ann (November 4, 2018). "Rabbi, רב, teacher: Rabbi Jeffrey Myers sets an example for all of us". Pittsburgh Post-Gazette.
- 205NewsSome neo-Nazis lament the Pittsburgh massacre: It derails their efforts to be mainstreamAbigal Hauslohner et al. — October 30, 2018
- 206NewsInside the Online Cesspool of Anti-Semitism That Housed Robert BowersRita Katz — October 29, 2018
- 207News"The Jews Should Count Themselves Lucky" Extremists React to Pittsburgh Synagogue ShootingAnti-Defamation League — October 27, 2018
- 208NewsMan arrested after 'engaging in threatening conduct' toward jurors and witnesses in Pittsburgh synagogue shooter trial, prosecutors sayNicki Brown — CNN — August 10, 2023
- 209NewsWhite supremacist admits threatening jury and witnesses in Pittsburgh synagogue shooter's trialAP News — September 19, 2023
- 210NewsWhite supremacist arrested for threatening Pittsburgh synagogue jury, witnesses: FedsAaron Katersky — August 10, 2023
- 211Iranian raises $1 million for Tree of Life, gets showered with offers of Steelers, Penguins ticketsGary Rotstein — November 1, 2018
- 212U.S. Muslims Raise $190,000 for Burial of Jewish Pittsburgh VictimsSamira Sadeque — October 30, 2018
- 213Muslims Raise More Than $180K For Pittsburgh Synagogue VictimsAlyssa Fisher — October 30, 2018
- 214Muslims Unite for Pittsburgh SynagogueLaunchGood — 2018
- 215Jewish Federation readying to distribute donations to Tree of Life shooting victimsAndrew Goldstein — November 14, 2018
- 216In the wake of tragedy, more than $1 million in donations pours inGary Rotstein — October 29, 2018
- 217NewsAs Tree Of Life GoFundMe Hits $1M, Other Synagogues Affected Get Left BehindAiden Pink — 4 November 2018
- 218NewsMillions from Tree of Life donations go to survivors, congregations, and policePeter Smith — March 5, 2019
- 225News'Bringing Jewish life back' to the corner of Shady and WilkinsDavid Rullo — Pittsburgh Jewish Chronicle — May 15, 2026
- 227'A Tree of Life' Review: Synagogue Shooting Doc Goes Light on Politics, Deep on HumanityAngie Han — 2022-10-25