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— CH. 1 · INTRODUCTION —

Columbia University

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  • Columbia University received its first royal charter on the 31st of October 1754, when George II of Great Britain signed King's College into existence on the grounds of Trinity Church in Manhattan. That founding made it the fifth-oldest institution of higher education in what would become the United States. What is harder to absorb is what happened to that college in the two and a half centuries that followed: a shutdown during the American Revolution, a renaming as the republic took shape, a campus move through Manhattan, a front-row seat to the Manhattan Project, student uprisings that toppled a university president, and a rankings scandal that cost the institution its place in one of the most-watched college lists in the country. How does a college founded under a British monarch become one of the most consequential research universities on earth? And what does it mean to study at an institution whose buildings bore witness to the first splitting of the uranium atom in the Americas?

  • Samuel Johnson presided over the very first classes in July 1754, making him King's College's founding president. His successor, Myles Cooper, was a graduate of The Queen's College at Oxford and a committed Tory, which made him poorly suited to the atmosphere of the 1770s. His chief antagonist on campus was an undergraduate in the class of 1777: Alexander Hamilton. When Continental Army forces arrived in 1776, the college suspended instruction entirely. The British military requisitioned its sole building as a hospital, and the library was looted. Classes did not resume for eight years.

    The legislature moved quickly once the British departed in 1783. On the 1st of May 1784, it passed an act formally replacing the name King's College with Columbia College, a deliberate signal of loyalty to the new republic. A revision committee headed by John Jay and Hamilton drew up a new charter the following year, and in April 1787 a board of 24 trustees assumed governance of the revived institution. For a stretch in the 1790s, with New York City serving as both the federal and state capital, Columbia operated squarely within the Federalist orbit. President George Washington, Vice President John Adams, and both houses of Congress attended the college's commencement on the 6th of May 1789 to honor the alumni who had served the Revolution.

    The Irish anatomist Samuel Clossy had been appointed professor of natural philosophy back in October 1765, and later became the college's first professor of anatomy in 1767, a marker of how seriously the original institution took scientific education even under its royalist name. That early commitment to medicine would eventually seed Columbia's medical school, incorporated in 1813 with The College of Physicians and Surgeons.

  • Seth Low became university president in 1896 and moved the campus from its mid-Manhattan location at 49th Street and Madison Avenue to the neighborhood of Morningside Heights, occupying more than six city blocks, or 32 acres. The architects McKim, Mead and White laid out the grounds according to Beaux-Arts planning principles, the same firm behind many of New York City's grandest public buildings of that era.

    The centerpiece of that campus is Low Memorial Library, a National Historic Landmark. On its front steps stands Alma Mater, a sculpture by Daniel Chester French. She is draped in an academic gown and seated on a throne, a laurel wreath on her head and a scepter capped by a King's Crown in her right hand. A book rests in her lap; the arms of her throne end in lamps representing wisdom and learning. Tucked somewhere on the sculpture is a small hidden owl, and Columbia tradition holds that the first student in each freshman class to find it will become valedictorian.

    Philosophy Hall earned its place on the National Register of Historic Places as the site of the invention of FM radio. Pupin Hall, another National Historic Landmark, houses the physics and astronomy departments. It was in Pupin Hall that Enrico Fermi conducted the first experiments on uranium fission in the Americas, splitting the atom just ten days after the world's first atom-splitting in Copenhagen, Denmark. Butler Library, completed in 1934 and renamed in 1946, is the largest building in the Columbia library system, which today holds over 15 million volumes, ranking it eighth largest in the United States overall.

    The university owns over 7,800 apartments in Morningside Heights alone, housing faculty, graduate students, and staff. Beneath the campus runs an extensive tunnel system more than a century old, with the oldest portions predating the current buildings above them.

  • In the 1940s, Columbia's physics faculty became a nexus of the most consequential scientific effort of the twentieth century. John R. Dunning, Isidor Isaac Rabi, Enrico Fermi, and Polykarp Kusch were among the faculty members who began what became the Manhattan Project. Their work at Pupin Hall on uranium fission and gaseous diffusion laid critical groundwork for the atomic bomb.

    The faculty involved in those early phases extended well beyond that handful of names. Leo Szilard, Eugene T. Booth, George B. Pegram, Walter Zinn, Chien-Shiung Wu, Francis G. Slack, Harold Urey, and Herbert L. Anderson all contributed to the early phases of the project alongside Fermi and Rabi. Columbia's participation in nuclear research was so extensive that the university is credited with producing the first nuclear fission reactor in the Americas.

    That same era produced a different kind of institution-shaping moment. The Statistical Research Group, which applied statistical analysis to military problems during the war, was composed of Columbia researchers and faculty, including George Stigler and Milton Friedman. President Franklin D. Roosevelt, who had attended Columbia Law School, drew the core of his New Deal Brain Trust from the Columbia faculty: Adolf A. Berle, Raymond Moley, and Rexford Tugwell were all law professors there. Francis Perkins, principal architect of the New Deal and former U.S. Secretary of Labor, also earned her master's degree from Columbia.

    The aftermath of the war reshaped Columbia's academic identity. The discipline of international relations became a major scholarly focus, and the School of International and Public Affairs was founded in 1946. A year earlier, the university had restructured its evening programs to serve returning veterans, creating what became the School of General Studies in 1947.

  • Student activism at Columbia reached its most dramatic expression in the spring of 1968, when hundreds of students occupied buildings across campus. The protests forced the resignation of university president Grayson Kirk and led directly to the creation of the University Senate, a governance body that now includes faculty and student representatives from affiliated colleges.

    Columbia College did not admit women until the fall of 1983, after a decade of failed negotiations with Barnard College over a possible merger. Barnard, founded in 1889 specifically because the university refused to accept women, remained a separate institution and continues to operate that way. All Barnard graduates receive diplomas signed by the presidents of both Columbia University and Barnard College.

    In March 1917, during the approach to America's entry into World War I, president Nicholas Murray Butler had formed the Columbia Reserve Officers Training Corps. All students over 18 who passed a physical exam were enrolled. Within four months, over 1,400 students had joined. Columbia was one of twelve universities selected by the War Department to create a naval section for the Student Army Training Corps. In May 2011, following the repeal of the military's Don't Ask, Don't Tell policy, the University Senate voted 51-17 to invite ROTC back to campus after a 40-year absence.

    Protests returned to the campus beginning in fall 2023, this time centered on the war in Gaza. Student demonstrations led to police action, disciplinary measures, and eventually the resignation of university president Minouche Shafik. Katrina Armstrong was appointed interim president in August 2024, followed by Claire Shipman as acting president in March 2025. In July 2025, the university finalized a $220 million settlement to resume federal funding, agreeing to implement reforms and adopting the IHRA definition of antisemitism.

  • Columbia scientists claim credit for a striking list of firsts: the laser and maser, nuclear magnetic resonance, the first nuclear pile, the first evidence for plate tectonics and continental drift, and foundational research into brain-computer interfaces. The university is classified among doctoral universities with very high research activity, and scientists affiliated with Columbia produce roughly 175 new health sciences inventions each year.

    Philosophy Hall's connection to FM radio traces directly to Edwin Howard Armstrong, a Columbia alumnus and faculty member. WKCR-FM, the student-run radio station that broadcasts to the tri-state area, claims to be the oldest FM radio station in the world because of that affiliation with Armstrong. The station's studios sit on the second floor of Alfred Lerner Hall, with its main transmitter at 4 Times Square in Midtown Manhattan.

    On the 14th of June 2010, Mayor Michael R. Bloomberg launched the NYC Media Lab, a consortium including Columbia, New York University, and the New York City Economic Development Corporation, seeded with a $250,000 grant. Columbia engineering student Adam Goldberg created CampusNetwork in 2003, a social networking site that preceded Facebook. Mark Zuckerberg later asked Goldberg to join him in Palo Alto to work on Facebook, and Goldberg declined.

    Research facilities extend well beyond Morningside Heights. The Lamont-Doherty Earth Observatory sits on 157 acres in Palisades, New York. Nevis Laboratories, on 60 acres in Irvington, New York, focuses on particle and motion physics. The Goddard Institute for Space Studies is affiliated with NASA. Columbia is also a founding member of the Association of American Universities and was the first school in the United States to grant the MD degree.

  • In February 2022, Columbia mathematics professor Michael Thaddeus published a website arguing that data the university had submitted for U.S. News and World Report college rankings was, in his words, inaccurate, dubious, or highly misleading. U.S. News responded by removing Columbia from its rankings in July 2022, citing failed verification. Columbia acknowledged in September 2022 that it had submitted incorrect data, and in June 2023 announced it would not participate in the rankings at all.

    The legal reckoning came in July 2025, when Columbia agreed to pay $9 million to settle a class-action lawsuit brought by students in Manhattan federal court over the alleged submission of false data. That settlement arrived in the same month the university finalized the $220 million federal funding agreement.

    The rankings controversy sat alongside a longer history of reputational complexity. In 2025, the Foundation for Individual Rights and Expression ranked Columbia 250th out of 257 colleges in its Free Speech Rankings, a steep fall from 214th the previous year. The Anti-Defamation League gave the university a D on its Campus Antisemitism Report Card in both 2024 and 2025.

    Through the same period, the university continued significant physical expansion. The Manhattanville campus, stretching from 125th Street to 133rd Street in what had been an industrial neighborhood, added facilities for the Business School, the School of International and Public Affairs, the School of the Arts, and the Jerome L. Greene Center for Mind, Brain, and Behavior. The $7 billion expansion plan required the use of eminent domain, approved by New York State's Empire State Development Corporation after declaring Manhattanville a blighted area. In January 2026, Columbia announced that Jennifer Mnookin, chancellor of the University of Wisconsin-Madison, would become its next president effective the 1st of July 2026.

  • Seven of the Founding Fathers of the United States attended or were affiliated with Columbia, and the roster of U.S. presidents connected to the school includes Theodore Roosevelt, Franklin Delano Roosevelt, Barack Obama, and one other. Theodore and Franklin Roosevelt attended the law school. Ruth Bader Ginsburg, William O. Douglas, and other Supreme Court justices studied here, as did former Secretary of State Madeleine Albright, Federal Reserve chairman Alan Greenspan, and Attorney General Eric Holder.

    In science and technology, Columbia alumni include Herman Hollerith, who founded IBM; Edwin Armstrong, who invented FM radio; and Hyman Rickover, who was integral to the development of the nuclear submarine. Kai-Fu Lee, founder of Google China, also attended. The list of writers who passed through includes Jack Kerouac, Allen Ginsberg, Langston Hughes, Zora Neale Hurston, Isaac Asimov, J.D. Salinger, Upton Sinclair, Ursula K. Le Guin, and Hunter S. Thompson.

    The Varsity Show, a student musical founded in 1893, counts among its former participants Richard Rodgers, Oscar Hammerstein II, Lorenz Hart, Herman J. Mankiewicz, Herman Wouk, Greta Gerwig, and Kate McKinnon. One production, The Streets of New York from 1948, was revived three times and opened off-Broadway in 1963, winning a 1964 Drama Desk Award.

    Columbia administers the Pulitzer Prize, following the independent Pulitzer Prize Board's decisions, and has produced 125 Pulitzer Prize recipients. The university also administers the Louisa Gross Horwitz Prize, considered an important precursor to the Nobel, with 55 of its 117 recipients having gone on to win either a Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine or in Chemistry as of October 2024. The Columbia Queer Alliance traces its origins to the Student Homophile League, founded in 1967 by students including lifelong activist Stephen Donaldson, making it the oldest gay student organization in the world.

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Common questions

When was Columbia University founded and what was it originally called?

Columbia University was founded on the 31st of October 1754 as King's College, by royal charter of George II of Great Britain, on the grounds of Trinity Church in Manhattan. It was renamed Columbia College in 1784 following the American Revolution, and became Columbia University in 1896 when the campus moved to Morningside Heights.

What role did Columbia University play in the Manhattan Project?

Columbia faculty including Enrico Fermi, Isidor Isaac Rabi, John R. Dunning, and Polykarp Kusch were among the key figures in the early phases of the Manhattan Project. Research at Columbia's Pupin Hall produced the first nuclear fission reactor in the Americas and advanced work on gaseous diffusion. The uranium atom was split at Pupin Hall just ten days after the world's first atom-splitting in Copenhagen, Denmark.

What happened during the 1968 student protests at Columbia University?

In the spring of 1968, hundreds of students occupied buildings across the Columbia campus. The protests forced the resignation of university president Grayson Kirk and led directly to the creation of the University Senate, a governance body including faculty and student representatives.

What was the Columbia University college rankings data scandal?

In February 2022, Columbia mathematics professor Michael Thaddeus published a website arguing that data Columbia submitted to U.S. News and World Report rankings was inaccurate, dubious, or highly misleading. U.S. News removed Columbia from its rankings in July 2022. Columbia acknowledged the incorrect data submission in September 2022, and in July 2025 agreed to pay $9 million to settle a class-action student lawsuit over the alleged false data.

Who are some famous alumni of Columbia University?

Columbia alumni include U.S. presidents Theodore Roosevelt, Franklin Delano Roosevelt, and Barack Obama; Supreme Court Justice Ruth Bader Ginsburg; writers Jack Kerouac, Allen Ginsberg, Langston Hughes, Zora Neale Hurston, and J.D. Salinger; FM radio inventor Edwin Armstrong; IBM founder Herman Hollerith; and entertainers including Greta Gerwig and Kate McKinnon.

Where is Columbia University located and how large is its main campus?

Columbia University's main campus is in the Morningside Heights neighborhood of upper Manhattan, New York City, occupying more than six city blocks, or 32 acres. The campus was designed by architects McKim, Mead and White along Beaux-Arts planning principles, and was moved to its current location in 1896 under president Seth Low.

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376 references cited across the entry

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  2. 2About the Chapel
  3. 3U.S. and Canadian 2025 NCSE Participating Institutions Listed by Fiscal Year 2025 Endowment Market ValueNational Association of College and University Business Officers (NACUBO)
  4. 4Full-time Faculty Distribution by School/Division, Fall 2013-2022Columbia University Office of Planning and Institutional Research — January 28, 2022
  5. 5Enrollment by School and Degree Level, Fall 2022Columbia University Office of Planning and Institutional Research — November 3, 2022
  6. 6Stand, Columbia: A History of Columbia University in the City of New York, 1754–2004Robert A. McCaughey — Columbia University Press — 2003
  7. 7Understanding the Affiliation Student Affairs Teachers College, Columbia University
  8. 8Columbia University
  9. 9Columbia Engineering and Amazon Announce Creation of New York AI Research CenterSeptember 21, 2020
  10. 10Columbia University and IBM Establish New Center to Accelerate Innovation in Blockchain and Data TransparencyJuly 17, 2018
  11. 11A Brief History of ColumbiaColumbia University — 2011
  12. 12History of The Pulitzer Prizes
  13. 13JournalCurating Oral Histories: From Interview to ArchiveJ. M. Nykolaiszyn — June 1, 2009
  14. 14BookLaser : the inventor, the Nobel laureate, and the thirty-year patent warNick Taylor — Simon & Schuster — 2000
  15. 15Isidor Isaac Rabi
  16. 16BookAlexander HamiltonRon Chernow — Penguin Books — 2004
  17. 17A Brief Biography of John JayColumbia University — 2002
  18. 18BookChancellor Robert R. Livingston of New York, 1746–1813George Dangerfield — Harcourt, Brace and Co — 1960
  19. 19Egbert Benson
  20. 20BookSoldier-Statesmen of the ConstitutionRobert K Jr. Wright — United States Army Center of Military History — 1987
  21. 21From Alexander Hamilton to George Clinton, 26 November 1784–17 July 1787Founders Online
  22. 22Experiences In Arab AffairsMuhammad Fadhel al-Jamali — Harvard University
  23. 23Riasat al-Wuzara' — Dawlat al-Duktur Qasim al-Riymawi
  24. 24An Interview with Giuliano AmatoDaniel Peterson — The Florentine — November 29, 2007
  25. 25BookAfghanistan: The First Five Years of Soviet OccupationBruce Amstutz — Diane Publishing — 1994
  26. 26Namibia PM is Nahas Angula ... Educated in the USOctober 13, 2009
  27. 27The Biography of Marek BelkaUnited Nations
  28. 28BookScience and Football IIIThomas Reilly — Taylor & Francis — 1997
  29. 29NewsCharlemagne: Wlodzimierz CimoszewiczNovember 1, 2001
  30. 30Honorary Degree RecipientsColumbia University
  31. 31NewsGaston Eyskens Dies at Age 82; Led Six Governments in BelgiumJanuary 5, 1988
  32. 32Ashraf Ghani: departing Afghan president who failed to make peace with TalibanThomson Reuters — August 15, 2021
  33. 33State Building Challenges in Timor LesteAlyssa Smith — Columbia Communique — October 7, 2010
  34. 34From Estonia to LeoniaHerb Jackson — Estonian Office of the President
  35. 35Columbia 250: Wellington KooColumbia University
  36. 36NewsLee Huan obituaryKerry Brown — December 12, 2010
  37. 37Benjamin Mkapa
  38. 38Historical Note on AfghanistanUnited Nations
  39. 39MagazineEducation: Prince with a PurposeJanuary 1, 1945
  40. 40Santiago Peña Palacios
  41. 41NewsProfile: Mikhail SaakashviliJanuary 25, 2004
  42. 42Juan Bautista Sacasa
  43. 43Biography of Salim Ahmed SalimUnited Nations
  44. 44U.S. Students yesterday, world leaders tomorrowU.S. Department of Education
  45. 45T. V. Soong (Song Ziwen) – A Prominent Businessman and Politician in Republic of ChinaCultural China
  46. 46BookBiographical dictionary of Republican ChinaHoward Boorman — Columbia University Press — 1970
  47. 47NewsCharles Swart Dies; South African Was First State PresidentJuly 18, 1982
  48. 48BookScience and Football IIITaylor Reilly — Taylor and Francis — 1997
  49. 49BookChina made: Consumer Culture and the creation of the nationKarl Gerth — Harvard University — 2004
  50. 50Fernando Henrique CardosoFulbright Association
  51. 51Kofi Annan named a Columbia University fellowMay 15, 2009
  52. 52Blue Velvet2012
  53. 53Lucas Papademos
  54. 54NewsRobinson to take up new Columbia University professorship next weekJanuary 15, 2004
  55. 55Boutros Boutros-GhaliAugust 4, 2016
  56. 56Member Profile Search – Columbia University
  57. 57NewsMore billionaires went to Harvard than to Stanford, MIT and Yale combinedKathleen Elkins — CNBC
  58. 58The Columbia University Athletes Who Have Medaled at the Olympics Over the Years
  59. 59BookStand, Columbia : A History of Columbia University in the City of New YorkRobert McCaughey — Columbia University Press — 2003
  60. 60BookColumbiaFredrick Paul Keppel — Oxford University Press — 1914
  61. 61BookA History of Columbia University: 1754–1904Brander Matthews — Macmillan Company — 1904
  62. 62BookAn Official Guide to Columbia UniversityNicholas Murray Butler — Columbia University Press — 1912
  63. 63BookEcclesiastical Records of the State of New YorkJ. B. Lyon Company — 1905
  64. 64JournalKing's College and the Early Days of Columbia CollegeJohn B. Pine — Fenimore Art Museum — 1919
  65. 65JournalSamuel Clossy, A.B., M.D., F.R.C.P. of Ireland: First Professor of Anatomy, King's College (Columbia), New YorkByron Stookey — 1964
  66. 66BookThe Battle for New York: The City at the Heart of the American RevolutionBarnet Schecter — Walker & Company — 2002
  67. 67Book1776David McCullough — Simon & Schuster — 2005
  68. 68Barnard Hall at Barnard College (U.S. National Park Service)
  69. 69BookSelected writings, with Introduction by Nicholas Murray ButlerAbram S Hewitt — Kennikat Press — 1965
  70. 70In 1917, Columbia's Clampdown Remade the Antiwar Movement
  71. 71Ask Alma's Owl: Over Here, Columbia Mobilized for World War I2025-10-16
  72. 72NewsWho Made That College Application?Gross, Jessica — November 10, 2013
  73. 73Seth Low College Added to ColumbiaApril 3, 1928
  74. 74Columbia for Jews? The Untold Story of Seth Low Junior CollegeLeeza Hirt — Fall 2016
  75. 75NewsWhy They Called It the Manhattan ProjectWilliam J. Broad — October 30, 2007
  76. 76Looking Out on a City and a World
  77. 77History
  78. 78Columbia University faces pressure to help impoverished students
  79. 79NewsColumbia Removing 116th St. PavementAugust 19, 1953
  80. 80Book1968: The Year That Rocked The WorldMark Kurlansky — Random House — 2005
  81. 81BookHarlem vs. Columbia University: Black Student Power in the Late 1960sStefan Bradley — University of Illinois — 2009
  82. 82NewsColumbia plans to take women beginning in '83Edward B. Fiske — January 23, 1982
  83. 83Reception honors anniversary of CC coeducation | Columbia Daily Spectator . Columbiaspectator.com. Retrieved on September 7, 2013.
  84. 84Our Partnership with Columbia University
  85. 85NewsFIRST COED CLASS ENTERS COLUMBIA COLLEGELisa Belkin — 1983-08-30
  86. 86GSAS at a Glance – Columbia University – Graduate School of Arts and Sciences
  87. 87University Senate
  88. 88Columbia Daily Spectator 29 May 2002 — Columbia Spectator
  89. 89Columbia Daily Spectator 5 March 2001 — Columbia Spectator
  90. 90Presidents of the University of Michigan
  91. 91Lee Bollinger, Columbia University’s Invisible Man - Arts & Letters2023-01-24
  92. 92Candid insights Showing 1146 results sorted by date
  93. 93Gerry Lenfest Pledges $30 Million to Fund New Arts Center on Manhattanville Campus
  94. 94Economic Crisis Might Affect Columbia; Bollinger Says Endowment Will Remain Stable
  95. 95Executive Summary
  96. 96Kravis Donates $100 Million for Facilities in Manhattanville; Gift Is Largest Ever to Columbia Business School
  97. 97Columbia University to Allow ROTC Program for 1st Time Since 19692011-05-26
  98. 98Columbia to Naval ROTC: Welcome Back
  99. 99BERKELEY'S NEW APPROACH TO GLOBAL ENGAGEMENTNicholas B. Dirks — December 2015
  100. 100Announcing the Columbia Climate School
  101. 101NewsU.S. News Ranked Columbia No. 2, but a Math Professor Has His DoubtsAnemona Hartocollis — 2022-03-17
  102. 102Columbia Is Ranked No. 2 by 'U.S News.' A Professor Says Its Spot Is Based on False Data.2022-03-16
  103. 103Columbia and U.S. News
  104. 104NewsColumbia Loses Its No. 2 Spot in the U.S. News RankingsAnemona Hartocollis — 2022-07-08
  105. 105Columbia University acknowledges submitting inaccurate data for consideration in college rankingsArtemis Moshtaghian — 2022-09-12
  106. 106Columbia University no longer submitting data to US News college rankingJulia Mueller — June 7, 2023
  107. 108Columbia to pay $9 million to settle lawsuit over US News college ranking2025-07-02
  108. 109NewsColumbia Will Pay $9 Million to Settle Lawsuit Over U.S. News RankingSharon Otterman — 2025-07-01
  109. 110NewsA Timeline of Nemat Shafik’s Tenure as President of Columbia UniversityAdeel Hassan — 2024-04-26
  110. 111ReportResistance and Repression at Columbia: Students in Struggle for PalestineSam Falcone — Spectre — 2024-05-23
  111. 112JournalPalestine is the Vanguard for Our Liberation: Insights from the Students’ Intifada at Columbia UniversityDasha M. — 2024-07-02
  112. 113A Letter to ColumbiaMahmoud Khalil
  113. 114Here's what to know about Claire Shipman, Columbia's new acting president
  114. 115NewsColumbia University disciplines at least 70 students who took part in campus protestsMatt Lavietes et al. — July 3, 2025
  115. 117Columbia University Locked Its Campus and Unleashed a Contentious DebateAnna Kodé et al. — March 27, 2025
  116. 118Columbia University to pay $200M in settlement with Trump administrationKatersky Aaron
  117. 119Columbia University formally adopts controversial antisemitism definition Higher Ed Dive
  118. 120Columbia University Names Jennifer Mnookin President-Designate Office of the Secretary
  119. 121UW-Madison Chancellor says her role prepared her for Columbia University jobCorrinne Hess — 2026-01-29
  120. 122Gen Digital overturns $481 million patent award in Columbia University lawsuit
  121. 123Unearthing the Underground
  122. 124Butler Library: Self-Guided TourColumbia University
  123. 125BookARL Statistics 2018–2019Anam Mian et al. — Association of Research Libraries — 2020
  124. 126National Register of Historic Places Inventory-Nomination: Low Memorial Library, ColumbiaCarolyn Pitts — National Park Service — 1987
  125. 127National Register of Historic Places Inventory-Nomination: Pupin Physics Laboratories, Columbia University—Accompanying photosNational Park Service — 1983
  126. 128BookNew York SP Delta Psi, Alpha Chapter1996
  127. 129Earl Hall at Columbia University Listed on National Register of Historic Places
  128. 130BookNew York SP Union Theological Seminary1980
  129. 131BookOutdoor Monuments of Manhattan: A Historical GuideDianne L. Durante — NYU Press — February 2007
  130. 132Alma Mater (sculpture)Smithsonian American Art Museum's Inventories of American Painting and Sculpture — The Smithsonian Institution
  131. 133The Myth of the College SweetheartMeredith Foster — Columbia Spectator — February 11, 2011
  132. 134What Is the Mace? A Guide to Columbia's IconsColumbia University Record — May 19, 1999
  133. 135The Steps at Low LibraryRichard P. Dober — Dober, Lidsky, Craig and Associates, Inc.
  134. 136Manhattanville Columbia
  135. 137Manhattanville in West Harlem
  136. 138NewsIn West Harlem Land Dispute, It's Columbia vs. ResidentsTimothy Williams — November 20, 2006
  137. 139News2 Gas Stations, and a Family's Resolve, Confront Columbia Expansion PlanTimothy Williams — September 21, 2008
  138. 140NewsM'ville Expansion Clears Last Major Hurdle, State Approves Eminent DomainMaggie Astor et al. — December 18, 2008
  139. 141NewsColumbia Manhattanville ProjectMay 20, 2009
  140. 1422020–21 Best Hospitals Honor Roll and Medical Specialties RankingsBen Harder — July 28, 2020
  141. 143NYP: WeschsterNewYork-Presbyterian Hospital
  142. 144Manhattanville in West HarlemColumbia University
  143. 145Projects: Green BuildingsColumbia Environmental Stewardship
  144. 146Columbia GreenmarketGrowNYC — September 30, 2007
  145. 147Columbia University Green Report CardThe College Sustainability Report Card
  146. 148U.S. Potential Natural Vegetation, Original Kuchler Types, v2.0 (Spatially Adjusted to Correct Geometric Distortions)
  147. 149Columbia Transportation
  148. 150Class of 2025 ProfileColumbia University
  149. 151Common Data Set 2015–2016Columbia University
  150. 152Financial Aid StatisticsColumbia University
  151. 153How Aid Works – Columbia Financial Aid and Educational Financing
  152. 154NewsColumbia to Receive $400 Million for Student AidTamar Lewin — April 11, 2007
  153. 155NewsColumbia University to Offer Financial Aid to More StudentsMarch 11, 2008
  154. 156NewsColumbia, Michigan and Connecticut Among 25 Colleges to Add Common ApplicationJacques Steinberg — March 23, 2010
  155. 157Structure: Faculty Handbook
  156. 158"Columbia University In The City Of New York" ProPublica. Retrieved February 28, 2024.
  157. 159Centers for Medicare & Medicaid Services Data
  158. 160JTS Joint Program
  159. 161Columbia-Juilliard Program
  160. 162NewsCrossing Boundaries from Past to Future: Pianist Conrad Tao on CrossoverJoe Patti et al.
  161. 163Charters and Statutes
  162. 164Election packet2017
  163. 165Elections
  164. 167Fact Sheet – Barnard College
  165. 168Joint LLB/Juris Doctor (JD) with Columbia University, New YorkUniversity College London
  166. 169Dual BA Program Between Columbia University and Sciences Po
  167. 170Joint Bachelor's Degree Program between City University of Hong Kong and Columbia University
  168. 171Dual BA Program: Trinity College Dublin
  169. 172Columbia-Juilliard Exchange
  170. 173Columbia University Global CentersColumbia University
  171. 174Columbia, Trinity College Dublin start new dual B.A. programElizabeth Redden — April 4, 2018
  172. 175Oxford/Cambridge Scholars Program: Academic Year | Undergraduate Global Engagement
  173. 176MagazineColumbia University – U.S. News Best Grad School Rankings
  174. 177MagazineColumbia University – U.S. News Best Global University Rankings
  175. 178Columbia University
  176. 179Free Speech Rankings
  177. 1802024 College Free Speech Rankings
  178. 1812022-2023 College Free Speech Rankings
  179. 182Columbia University
  180. 183Columbia University: Federal government threatens to pull more than $50 million in contracts over 'harassment of Jewish students'Michelle Watson — March 4, 2025
  181. 184US colleges are making substantial progress on campus antisemitism, but work remains, ADL saysJohn Towfighi — March 3, 2025
  182. 185The ADL's new 'report card' for campus antisemitism gets an F from Hillel and some Jewish studentsAndrew Lapin — April 12, 2024
  183. 186Live updates: Shafik testifies before Congress on Columbia's handling of antisemitism on campusNoah Bernstein
  184. 187Havemeyer HallOctober 9, 1998
  185. 188Columbia To GoColumbia University
  186. 189BookLocalization and Its Discontents: A Genealogy of Psychoanalysis and the Neuro DisciplinesKatja Guenther — University of Chicago Press — 2015
  187. 190NewsBiotech's Glowing BreakthroughMatthew Herper — July 26, 2001
  188. 191New Inventions / New DiscoveriesColumbia University Science and Technology Ventures
  189. 192Incredible New Brain-Computer Interface Can Translate Thoughts Into SpeechDanny Paez — January 29, 2019
  190. 193NewsArtificial intelligence translates thoughts directly into speech in scientific firstJanuary 29, 2019
  191. 194Columbia Researchers Developed Technology That Can Translate Brain Activity Into Words
  192. 195Columbia University in the City of New YorkCenter for Postsecondary Education
  193. 196NASA, Columbia U. Enact Collaborative Space Act Agreement - NASA
  194. 197U.S. Military Veterans
  195. 198About – Teachers College, Columbia University
  196. 199Become a Tactical Officer U.S. Military Academy West Point
  197. 200History of The Pulitzer PrizesSeymour Topping — Columbia University — 2008
  198. 201The Bancroft Prizes
  199. 202Prizes
  200. 203The Louisa Gross Horwitz PrizeJune 14, 2018
  201. 20440th Annual W. Alden Spencer Lecture and AwardAugust 1, 2018
  202. 205The Vetlesen Prize
  203. 206Donald Keene Center of Japanese Culture
  204. 207Edwin Howard Armstrong Memorial Award. Columbia University Electrical Engineering Department.
  205. 208Columbia Calling for Nominees: The Frank A. Calderone Prize in Public Health — Deadline June 30
  206. 209NewsColumbia Receives Trust to Aid MusicMay 16, 1940
  207. 210College Scorecard: Columbia UniversityUnited States Department of Education
  208. 211Headcount Enrollment by School, Race/Ethnicity, and Citizenship, Fall 2020January 12, 2021
  209. 212Facts and Figures
  210. 213Quick Fact: First Generation
  211. 214Office of Undergraduate Admissions site about Campus Life . Retrieved September 12, 2007.
  212. 215The Alpha Delta Phi Society: About Us
  213. 216Fraternity and Sorority Life at ColumbiaColumbia University
  214. 217Columbia Daily Spectator
  215. 218Blue & White
  216. 219Bwog
  217. 220The Current: a journal of contemporary politics, culture, and Jewish affairs at Columbia University
  218. 221Columbia Political Review
  219. 222AdHoc
  220. 223The Columbia Review
  221. 224AboutOctober 8, 2014
  222. 225About Quarto
  223. 2264x4 About
  224. 227Columbia Journal of Literary Criticism
  225. 228The Mobius Strip
  226. 229Inside New York
  227. 230Columbia Undergraduate Science Journal
  228. 231Journal of Politics & Society
  229. 232Publius: About
  230. 233East Asia Review: About UsEast Asia Review
  231. 234The Birch
  232. 235History and VisionColumbia Science Review
  233. 236The Fed
  234. 237Jester of Columbia
  235. 238The ColumbianColumbia University
  236. 239The Gadfly: AboutThe Gadlfy
  237. 240The RhapsodyColumbia University
  238. 241Current Musicology
  239. 242The Journal of Philosophy
  240. 243MagazineAbout Us: Mission Statement
  241. 244JournalPure and Simple PleasureMiller Williams — 1968
  242. 245NewsRev. of The Columbia University Forum AnthologyAlexander Coleman — June 30, 1968
  243. 246"The Original FM": The Columbia University Radio ClubColumbia University — 2009
  244. 247CTV News
  245. 248CTV
  246. 249HistoryPhilolexian Society — February 1, 2010
  247. 250NewsNo, Not a Curse But a Jersey Prize For Worst VerseJaynes, Gregory — December 5, 1987
  248. 251Columbia Parliamentary Debate Team
  249. 252CIRCA – About
  250. 253NewsMecca on the Hudson?Mary Kathleen — June 7, 2010
  251. 254Square's Jack Dorsey goes recruiting in NYCJon Swartz — September 17, 2013
  252. 255Columbia's Web 3.0Cormier, Amanda — The Eye — October 7, 2010
  253. 256Engaged EntrepreneurshipColumbia University
  254. 257NewsColumbia Joins NYC Media LabAnna Kuchment — June 28, 2010
  255. 258About
  256. 259ParticipantsColumbia University World Leaders Forum
  257. 260Columbia University Orchestra
  258. 261NewsNotes and Keys LaunchedFebruary 26, 1909
  259. 262CUPAL: Member OrganizationsColumbia University of Performing Arts
  260. 263About UsColumbia Queer Alliance
  261. 264BookQueer Man on Campus: A History of Non-heterosexual College Men, 1945–2000Psychology Press — 2002
  262. 265Columbia University Hamilton Society: About
  263. 266Inside the Legal Intrigue at Columbia's Elite, Secret Campus SocietyJohn Sedgwick — October 9, 2015
  264. 267NewsQuiet Columbia Groups 'Tap' SeniorsApril 29, 1984
  265. 268NCAA Directory - Directory - Member Listing
  266. 269AthleticsColumbia University
  267. 270NewsImage is Heavy Burden – Weightlifter Karyn Marshall Feels Pressure to Project 'Femininity, Intelligence'Carft, Julie — July 29, 1989
  268. 271MagazineA Lift For Wall StreetFranz Lidz — March 21, 1988
  269. 272Baker Field: Birthplace of Sports Television . Columbia University.
  270. 27320th-Century GreatsColumbia University
  271. 274Columbia Athletics HighlightColumbia University — 2004
  272. 275Losing streak . Wikicu.com. Retrieved on September 7, 2013.
  273. 276Football Hosts Columbia in Liberty Cup Game on SaturdaySeptember 17, 2015
  274. 277Sing a Song of MorningsideThomas J. Vinciguerra
  275. 278BookThe Complete Book of 1900s Broadway MusicalsDan Dietz — Rowman & Littlefield — July 15, 2022
  276. 279Holiday Season Ushered In With Tree-Lighting CeremonyJason Hollander — Columbia University News
  277. 280The Presidents of the United States – Biographical SketchesUS National Park Service
  278. 281Columbia Arts AlumniColumbia University
  279. 282Joseph E. Stiglitz – AAPSS
  280. 283The Science of Scent Wins a Nobel PrizeLinda Buck
  281. 284Nobel Prize laureate Edmund Phelps' journey in economicsDavid Martin Davies — 2023-05-04
  282. 285Turkish Writer Wins 2006 Nobel Literature PrizeNeda Ulaby — 2006-10-12
  283. 286NewsThe Universities Churning Out The Most BillionairesNovember 29, 2016
  284. 287NewsIn Pictures: Billionaire UniversityMarie Thibault
  285. 288Columbia News AnnouncementColumbia.edu
  286. 289Tribute: The Legacy of Ruth Bader Ginsburg and WRP StaffAmerican Civil Liberties Union — March 7, 2006
  287. 290BookMadam Secretary: A MemoirMadeleine Albright — Miramax — 2003
  288. 291BookGreenspan: The Man behind MoneyJustin Martin — Basic Books — October 15, 2009
  289. 292NewsInterview with Eric H. Holder, Jr.Tucker-Hamilton, Racine et al. — The History Makers — December 17, 2004
  290. 293Alumnus, Author of Indian Constitution Honored
  291. 294Bhimrao Ambedkar
  292. 295NewsLetters To The Editor; The Interesting Career Of John Jacob Astor Ii. A Man Of Broad And Generous Sympathies Who Appreciated The Responsibilities Of WealthAugust 24, 1890
  293. 296BookGenealogical and family history of southern New York and the Hudson River ValleyCuyler Reynolds — Lewis Historical Pub. Co. — 1914
  294. 297NewsWorld's Billionaires: Warren BuffettMarch 1, 2011
  295. 298BookEncyclopedia of Television NewsMichael Murray — Greenwood Publishing — 1999
  296. 299NewsThe Waltons: Inside America's Richest FamilyAndy Serwer — November 15, 2004
  297. 300NewsBain to Manage Harvard Endowment's $3.4 Billion of Real EstateDecember 15, 2017
  298. 301Columbia College awards highest honor to Jonathan S. Lavine, CC '88 – Columbia Daily Spectator
  299. 302Tom Glocer – Thomson ReutersJuly 22, 2010
  300. 303Thomson Reuters CEO Glocer Steps Down as Smith Takes OverEdmund Lee — December 2, 2011
  301. 304New NYSE President Lynn Martin Brings Tech Background to the Big BoardFarrell Kramer — December 6, 2021
  302. 305Executive outflow may hit AllianceBernsteinMarch 9, 2009
  303. 306The Age (2009). Melbourne-raised Gorman new chief of Morgan Stanley . Retrieved September 13, 2009.
  304. 307Robert J. StevensLockheed Martin
  305. 308Business Profile: Philippe P. DaumanBloomberg Business
  306. 309At CES, Viacom CEO Bob Bakish Highlights Transformation and Opportunities
  307. 310ViacomCBS: 2021 Fortune 500
  308. 311MagazineXerox's next CEO: Ursula BurnsMay 22, 2009
  309. 312Secrets of their success: Fortune 500 CEOs discuss Union, influences and dealing with setbacksMay 11, 2019
  310. 313Office of the Secretary of The UniversityColumbia University
  311. 314New Jersey Companies, Education & Workforce Profile
  312. 315Ralph Izzo, chairman of the board, President & CEO
  313. 316Where the Fortune 500 CEOs Went to Law SchoolMenachem Wacker — June 26, 2012
  314. 317BookNotable American women: the modern period; a biographical dictionaryBarbara Sicherman et al. — Belknap Press of Harvard Univ. Press — 1993
  315. 318Herman HollerithIBM
  316. 319Edwin Armstrong: Pioneer of the AirwavesTsividis, Yannis — Spring 2002
  317. 320BookRickover: Father of the Nuclear NavyThomas Allen — Brassey's — 2007
  318. 321Google Conquers China: An Interview with Kai-Fu LeeRichmond Ezer Escolar — Columbia Business School Chazen Web Journal — June 11, 2008
  319. 322Green, Michelle (1986). "Stephen Jay Gould: driven by a hunger to learn and to write". People 25 (June 2): 109–114.
  320. 323JournalIn the Case of Robert Andrews MillikanDavid Goodstein
  321. 324Michael PupinColumbia University: Department of Physics
  322. 325William Barclay ParsonsColumbia University
  323. 326Irwin EdmanColumbia University
  324. 327Columbia University 250: Milton Friedman
  325. 328BookThe biographical dictionary of women in science : pioneering lives from ancient times to the mid-20th century.Routledge — 2000
  326. 329Local Express 10 December 1936 — Princeton Periodicals
  327. 330BookA different sort of time : the life of Jerrold R. Zacharias, scientist, engineer, educatorJack S. Goldstein — Cambridge, Mass. : MIT Press — 1992
  328. 331NewsRose L. Coser, 78; Taught Sociology At Stony BrookWolfgang Saxon — August 24, 1994
  329. 332Rose Laub CoserSuzanne Vromen
  330. 333BookThe Rodgers and Hammerstein EncyclopediaThomas Hischak — Greenwood Publishing — 2007
  331. 334Hughson Mooney, "Lorenz Hart" , PBS, Excerpted from the DICTIONARY OF AMERICAN BIOGRAPHY, SUPPLEMENT 3: 1941–1945. American Council of Learned Societies, 1973. Reprinted by permission of the American
  332. 335Herman, Jan (February 6, 1977). "TV Makes You Famous; Rock 'n Roll Makes You Rich" . Gannett News Service.
  333. 336Georgia O'Keeffe
  334. 337Literature Resource Center: "The Beat Generation". Retrieved November 13, 2013.
  335. 338Columbia University 250: Langston HughesColumbia University
  336. 339Zora Neale Hurston
  337. 340Columbia University 250: Isaac AsimovColumbia University
  338. 341BookSalinger: A BiographyPaul Alexander — Renaissance — 1999
  339. 342Encyclopædia Britannica: "Upton Sinclair". Retrieved April 15, 2011.
  340. 343Ursula K. Le Guin — Biography
  341. 344Award winning writer Danielle Evans featured in Southeastern's 'Common Read' programSoutheastern Louisiana University
  342. 345BookThe Proud Highway: Saga of a Desperate Southern GentlemanHunter Thompson — Ballantine Books — 1998
  343. 346NewsWilliam L. Stoddart, A Hotel Architect (Obituary)Brooks Barnes — October 3, 1940
  344. 347NewsFilm Obituaries; Sidney LumetApril 9, 2011
  345. 348School of the Arts Alumna Kathryn Bigelow Wins Major British Film AwardColumbia University — February 22, 2010
  346. 349NewsHoward Koch, a Screenwriter For 'Casablanca,' Dies at 93Gussow, Mel — August 18, 1995
  347. 350NewsJoseph L. Mankiewicz, Literate Skeptic of the Cinema, Dies at 83.Peter Flint — February 6, 1993
  348. 351NewsJAMES CAGNEY IS DEAD AT 86; MASTER OF PUGNACIOUS GRACEPeter Flint — March 31, 1986
  349. 352Ed Harris: Full BiographySandra Brennan — 2012
  350. 353Columbia University President Profiles
  351. 354100 Famous Columbia University Professors 2026Team DigitalDefynd — 2026-01-10
  352. 355Search Results - Columbia University
  353. 356Member Directory - Columbia University
  354. 357Directory
  355. 358The President's National Medal of Science: Recipient Search Results
  356. 359Members Directory
  357. 360Brain Trust
  358. 361Frances Perkins - FDR Presidential Library & Museum
  359. 362BookCHAPTER 35 – The Statistical Research Group of World War II – The Flaw of Averages: Why We Underestimate Risk in the Face of Uncertainty BookSam L. Savage et al. — John Wiley & Sons — June 3, 2009
  360. 363Columbia University
  361. 364Frankfurt School
  362. 365Frankfurt School and Critical TheoryClaudio Corradetti
  363. 366Critical Intimacy: An Interview with Gayatri Chakravorty SpivakSteve Paulson — July 29, 2016
  364. 367Hamid DabashiSeptember 28, 2018
  365. 368Khalidi, Rashid2016-09-02
  366. 369Joseph MassadSeptember 28, 2018
  367. 370What Is Critical Race Theory, and Why Is Everyone Talking About It?July 1, 2021
  368. 371In Memoriam: Dr. James Hal ConeApril 28, 2018
  369. 372Cornel West
  370. 373In Memoriam: The Rev. Dr. Katie Geneva CannonSeptember 15, 2018
  371. 374Emilie Townes named dean of Vanderbilt Divinity School
  372. 375Faculty Emeriti/ae
  373. 376BookThe Conservative Movement in Judaism: Dilemmas and OpportunitiesDaniel J. Elazar et al. — SUNY Press — February 1, 2012
  374. 377"How Radical Change Occurs: An Interview With Historian Eric Foner" by Mike Konczal, February 3, 2015
  375. 378BookThe Dunning School: Historians, Race, and the Meaning of ReconstructionUniversity Press of Kentucky — October 18, 2013
  376. 379Franz BoasSol Tax — December 18, 2021