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Hurricane Ian

Ch. 1 of 8
— CH. 1 · INTRODUCTION —

Contents

Hurricane Ian

8 sections
  • Hurricane Ian made landfall in Southwest Florida in September 2022, and even its peak strength took a post-season review to pin down. Near that peak, a NOAA weather drone measured wind gusts reaching 216 mph. Few Atlantic storms have been tracked so closely, and few have left so many questions behind.

    Ian began as a cluster of showers and thunderstorms drifting off the coast of West Africa. It ended as the third costliest weather disaster on record worldwide. How did a disturbance held back by wind shear become a Category 5 hurricane? What happened to the people in its path, from western Cuba to the Carolinas? And why were officials in Washington questioning the federal response afterward? The answers start far out over the Atlantic, where the storm first took shape.

  • On the 14th and the 15th of September 2022, a tropical wave full of showers and thunderstorms moved off the west coast of Africa. It tracked westward, passing south of the Cape Verde Islands, with only occasional bursts of convection over the next six days. By the 22nd of September it showed signs of organization. Strong wind shear, created by the upper-level outflow of Hurricane Fiona, kept it from becoming a depression. Even so, a well-defined circulation formed by 06:00 on the 23rd, and forecasters designated it Tropical Depression Nine.

    At 00:00 UTC on the 24th of September, the depression's winds reached 40 mph, and it became Tropical Storm Ian. Moderate-to-strong shear then held the storm back for another day. Rapid intensification began at 18:00 UTC on the 25th. Twelve hours later Ian was a hurricane, and after another 24 hours it was a major hurricane.

    At about 08:30 UTC on the 27th of September, Ian struck western Cuba as a high-end Category 3 hurricane. Sustained winds were 125 mph (205 km/h), and the central pressure was 947 mbar. No tropical cyclone had hit Pinar del Río Province harder since Hurricane Gustav in 2008.

    Around 14:00 UTC, Ian emerged into the southeastern Gulf of Mexico with winds down to 115 mph. An eyewall replacement cycle then kept the winds steady at 120 mph for about 12 hours. The central pressure had fallen to 947 mbar, but it rose briefly to 952 mbar by 02:00 UTC. At that moment Ian passed over the Dry Tortugas with winds of 125 mph. Soon afterward the replacement cycle finished, and rapid intensification resumed.

    By 12:00 UTC on the 28th of September, Ian peaked as a Category 5 hurricane. Sustained winds were 160 mph and the estimated pressure was 937 mbar. It was the first Category 5 in the Atlantic since Lorenzo in 2019. Moderate shear still limited its outflow in the southwestern quadrant.

    The peak was partly a later discovery. In real time, the NHC rated Ian a high-end Category 4 with winds of 135 kn. In post-season reanalysis, it raised the peak to 140 kn. That decision rested on stepped frequency microwave radiometer measurements that had been flagged as unreliable during the storm.

    Worsening conditions weakened Ian to a Category 4 as it neared the coast. At 19:05 UTC it reached Cayo Costa with sustained winds of 150 mph and an estimated pressure of 941 mbar. It was the first Category 4 hurricane to hit Southwest Florida since Charley in 2004, which came ashore at the same location. A second landfall followed at 20:35 UTC, just south of Punta Gorda near Pirate Harbor, with 145 mph winds. Ian tied with several other storms as the 5th-strongest hurricane on record to make landfall in the contiguous U.S.

    By the time Ian reached Florida, many people in its path had already been ordered to leave, and some of those orders dated back several days.

  • On the 23rd of September, the Meteorological Service of Jamaica issued tropical storm watches for the island. Flood warnings and marine warnings came at the same time.

    The Cayman Islands issued hurricane watches for Grand Cayman, Cayman Brac and Little Cayman at 21:00 UTC that evening. The National Emergency Operations Centre went into full activation. The Cayman Islands Regiment and the Cayman Islands Coast Guard mobilized all of their personnel. Governor Martyn Roper asked the United Kingdom for extra military assets, and HMS Medway was sent. Helicopters from the Royal Cayman Islands Police Service and the Royal Navy joined the effort. One police helicopter had been sent to the Turks and Caicos Islands, to help recovery after Hurricane Fiona. Schools and universities closed that evening. On the 24th at 18:00 UTC, the watch for Grand Cayman became a hurricane warning. The airports operated until the afternoon of the 25th, then closed, and the aircraft were evacuated.

    In Cuba, authorities ordered around 50,000 people in Pinar del Río to evacuate and opened around 55 shelters. State media said steps were being taken to protect food and crops stored in warehouses. In Havana, locals pulled fishing boats out of the water, and city workers unclogged storm drains.

    On the 24th of September, Governor Ron DeSantis declared a state of emergency for all of Florida. President Joe Biden approved a federal emergency declaration the same day. By the 27th, 55 public school districts had announced cancellations, many through the end of the week. Around 300,000 people were evacuated in Hillsborough County, which centers on Tampa. DeSantis mobilized 5,000 Florida National Guard troops and placed another 2,000 on standby in neighboring states.

    At Kennedy Space Center, officials delayed the launch of NASA's Artemis 1 and returned the rocket to the Vehicle Assembly Building. Walt Disney World and Universal Orlando closed attractions. Walmart and Waffle House closed stores and restaurants. Biscayne National Park, Dry Tortugas National Park and Everglades National Park all closed. The college football game between the East Carolina Pirates and the South Florida Bulls moved from Tampa to Boca Raton. The Tampa Bay Buccaneers moved practice to the Miami Dolphins training facility in Miami Gardens.

    Trains and planes felt the storm too. Amtrak suspended its Auto Train service for the 27th and the 28th of September, then extended suspensions on other routes through the 1st of October. The Silver Meteor had been suspended since the 24th of January 2022 because of the Omicron variant. Its planned restart on the 3rd of October slipped to the 11th, and then to the 13th, after damage along the Central Florida Rail Corridor. More than 3,500 flights were canceled, and Amazon halted warehouse operations at some facilities.

    Farther north, Georgia's Governor Brian Kemp ordered the State Operations Center activated on the 26th of September. Farmers switched off irrigation to dry out their fields and harvested what they could, since much of the state's cotton was still in the ground. Atlanta Motor Speedway, Talladega Superspeedway and Charlotte Motor Speedway opened their campgrounds to evacuees. In South Carolina, a football game between South Carolina State and the Gamecocks moved from noon on the 1st of October to 7:00 p.m. on the 29th of September.

    The storm even shifted the schedule in Washington. The ninth public hearing of the House Select Committee on the January 6 Attack, planned for the 28th of September, was postponed. Three Major League Baseball games, in Washington, Baltimore and New York City, were rescheduled.

    The warnings reached the Bahamas too. Late on the 27th of September, Ian's eastward shift and growing size prompted a tropical storm warning for Bimini and Grand Bahama.

  • Trinidad and Tobago, the ABC islands, and the northern coasts of Venezuela and Colombia saw the first effects of the disturbance. It brought gusty winds and heavy rain, causing flooding and minor damage.

    Jamaica received light to moderate rain in the south of the island, and minor flooding followed. Prime Minister Andrew Holness put the damage at J$889 million, or US$5.86 million. In the Cayman Islands the storm passed to the west. The National Emergency Operations Center called the all-clear at 3:00 pm EDT on the 26th of September. Seven Mile Beach on Grand Cayman recorded several inches of rain and gusts of up to 50 mph, with minor storm surge flooding and scattered power outages.

    Cuba took the worst of it. In San Juan y Martínez, a gauge recorded a peak gust of 208 km/h. Isla de la Juventud measured 108.3 mm of rain in 24 hours. Significant storm surge flooded coasts along the Gulf of Guanahacabibes and on Isla de la Juventud. The Cuba Institute of Meteorology in Havana reported a sustained wind of 90 km/h and a gust to 140 km/h that afternoon. Damage was extensive across Pinar del Río and Mayabeque provinces.

    The power failures were total. Pinar del Río, home to 850,000 people, lost electricity across the entire province. Early on the 28th of September, Cuba's power grid collapsed, leaving 11 million people without power.

    Five people died in Cuba. One man in San Juan y Martínez was electrocuted while disconnecting a wind turbine that irrigated his field. A 43-year-old woman died when a wall of her house collapsed. Two state technicians were killed while repairing breakdowns caused by Ian. The cause of the fifth death is unknown.

    The blackout fed public anger. At least 400 demonstrators protested, demanding that the central government restore power and Internet access. Cuba made a rare request for emergency assistance from the United States, and Biden approved it on the 30th of September. The European Union announced a package of €1 million in aid. Argentina's Ministry of Foreign Affairs and Worship sent pills to purify nearly one million liters of water, through the White Helmets Commission. Japan sent help through the Japan International Cooperation Agency. Damage in Cuba was estimated at $200 million.

  • Sanibel Island, Fort Myers Beach and Pine Island took the full force of Ian's winds and storm surge. Thousands of standing structures were leveled across the region. The Sanibel Causeway collapsed, and so did the causeway to Pine Island. Residents left on the islands were trapped for several days.

    Fort Myers, Cape Coral and Naples were also hit hard, and floodwater drove numerous inhabitants onto their roofs. Much of the destruction came from flooding. Millions of people were left without power.

    On the 29th of September, Lee County Sheriff Carmine Marceno estimated that thousands of people might still be trapped in floodwaters. His jurisdiction covers Cape Coral and Fort Myers. President Biden said the storm could prove the deadliest in Florida's history. In an interview that day, Marceno said hundreds of deaths may have occurred. He and Governor DeSantis later downplayed the remark.

    The official count was lower. As of the 3rd of February 2023, the Florida Medical Examiners Commission had confirmed 149 deaths in the state as a direct result of the hurricane. Lee County accounted for 72 of them, and neighboring Charlotte County for 9. Off Stock Island in Monroe County, seven Cuban migrants drowned when their boat capsized, and 11 others were missing. Deaths were also recorded across many other counties, including Sarasota, Collier, Volusia, Hillsborough, Manatee and Osceola.

    Some deaths came indirectly. In Sarasota County, a 94-year-old man and an 80-year-old woman died after their oxygen machines stopped working. A man in Lee County reportedly died by suicide after seeing the damage to his property.

    More than 2.4 million people in Florida lost power during the storm and its aftermath. Across the United States, over 9 million people lost power. Rainfall at Ponce Inlet reached 31.52 in. Total damage in Florida was estimated at $109.5 billion.

  • By 00:00 UTC on the 29th of September, Ian had weakened to Category 3. Continued interaction with land displaced the system, and high wind shear degraded it to a tropical storm by 12:00 UTC. It moved north-northeast off the eastern Florida coast. Once its low-level circulation had fully emerged over the water, Ian regained Category 1 strength.

    On the morning of the 30th of September, Ian turned northward and sped toward South Carolina. Deep convection redeveloped near its center, and hybrid frontal features moved away. At 18:05 UTC that afternoon, it made its final landfall near Georgetown, South Carolina, with sustained winds of 70 kn. A few hours later it became extratropical over northeastern South Carolina. It dissipated over central North Carolina by 12:00 UTC on the 1st of October.

    In South Carolina, over 210,000 customers had lost power by 3:00 pm EDT on the 30th. At Springmaid Pier in Myrtle Beach, a tidal gauge reached 10.77 ft. That beat the 9.8 ft record set two years earlier by Hurricane Isaias. Charleston received 8.14 in of rain. By 11:00 am EDT on the 1st of October, an estimated 63,000 customers remained without power, mostly in Horry, Georgetown, Charleston, Florence, Williamsburg and Berkeley Counties.

    In Virginia, 95,000 people lost power. Gusts reached 69 mph at Cape Henry and 68 mph at the Chesapeake Bay Bridge Tunnel. Dewey Beach, Delaware, saw gusts of 48 mph. On the 3rd of October, flooding shut Delaware Route 1 between Bethany Beach and Dewey Beach. In Lewes, Delaware, the storm surge reached 3.48 ft, the seventh highest on record.

    As Ian dissipated on the 1st of October, a separate low-pressure area formed to its northeast. It stalled off the coast of New Jersey for nearly a week. AccuWeather described it as a nor'easter whose storm surge rivaled Hurricane Sandy's. Sea Isle City received 8.14 in of rain between the 1st and the 3rd of October. Philadelphia set a daily precipitation record of 1.99 in on the 2nd.

    The system also brought cold. Trenton reached a high of only 53 F on the 4th of October, one degree shy of the record lowest daily high for that date. John F. Kennedy International Airport set a record for the coldest daily high on the 3rd, at 52 F. The rain eased drought conditions across much of New Jersey, which logged its tenth wettest October on record. Ferries between Cape May and Lewes were canceled on the 3rd. Seastreak suspended service on the 2nd, though the Staten Island Ferry and NYC Ferry kept running. Nearly 1,500 customers across Connecticut lost power, including 11% of those in Weston.

  • The tally of the dead reached 161: 5 in Cuba, 150 in Florida, 5 in North Carolina and 1 in Virginia. The Florida figure includes seven Cuban migrants who died offshore. On the 10th of January 2023, NOAA estimated total losses at $112 billion. That made Ian the costliest hurricane in Florida's history, surpassing Irma of 2017. It was also the third costliest in U.S. history, behind only Katrina of 2005 and Harvey of 2017. Ian was the 15th billion-dollar disaster for the country in 2022.

    Early estimates varied widely. CoreLogic reported potential insured losses of $28-47 billion. Verisk Analytics indicated $42-57 billion, and potentially over $60 billion with losses not covered by the National Flood Insurance Program. Moody's Analytics calculated $45-55 billion in Florida alone. Enki Research estimated total economic losses at $56 billion. Karen Clark & Co. placed insured damage at nearly $63 billion, with total economic losses over $100 billion. On the 10th of October, Risk Management Solutions put private market damage at $53-74 billion, plus $10 billion from the flood program. The Triple-I Corporation expected litigation costs in Florida to reach $10-20 billion.

    Critics pointed to the National Flood Insurance Program as one reason people keep moving to hurricane-prone parts of Florida. Millions have settled in areas along Ian's path over the past 50 years, helped in part by subsidized coverage. NBC News described most of the deaths as preventable, blaming a lack of communication by government and a lack of care by citizens. Many insurance companies went out of business, and 200,000 claims could not be paid.

    The warm water left behind carried a hidden danger. By the 18th of October 2022, Lee County had recorded 29 cases and four deaths from Vibrio vulnificus, a flesh-eating bacterium that thrives in warm brackish water. At least one of the dead was from out of state. A Lee County man was also infected with Mycobacterium haemophilum.

    The storm hit bees as well. Around 15% of the bees in the United States were in Florida and were affected. Upwards of 150,000 hives were destroyed. Surviving bees were malnourished, because Brazilian peppertrees, which bloom in autumn, had been stripped.

    In Lee County, officials enforced a curfew after sporadic reports of looting and burglaries, including alleged thefts of sports apparel and athletic shoes. Door-to-door scams posing as charities appeared across the nation. DeSantis said Florida was working with SpaceX CEO Elon Musk to use Starlink satellite Internet to restore communication. Lee County and DeSoto County schools reopened on the 17th of October, and Charlotte County followed on the 18th. Sarasota County classes resumed on the 10th for most of the county.

    Damage kept unfolding. When Hurricane Nicole approached on the 10th of November, several coastside condominiums and hotels in Volusia County were declared unsafe and evacuated. Many structures fell into the ocean. On the 10th of February 2024, a fire station in Sanibel was demolished after suffering wind and flood damage. The crew moved into a mobile home that month.

    In 2023, Florida senator Rick Scott introduced the Hurricane Tax Relief Act in the 118th Congress. It would let victims of Ian, Nicole and Fiona claim damage relief on their 2022 tax bills more easily. In August 2023, the House Committee on Oversight and Government Reform launched an investigation into the government's response and recovery efforts. Witnesses came from FEMA, the Small Business Administration and the Department of Housing and Urban Development. Testimony exposed numerous problems with FEMA's response. On the 3rd of October, The Guardian had reported 10,000 people unaccounted for, but FEMA's statement the next day gave no such numbers.

  • On the 28th of September, the Weather Channel held eight of the top ten cable spots with its continuous coverage of Ian. Fox Weather averaged 552,000 viewers between 1:00 and 4:00 pm ET, as the storm made landfall in Florida. That was by far its most ever daily views. On the 29th, internet personality Ryan Hall, Y'all ranked number three on YouTube during a livestream of the landfall.

    Social media filled with the storm. By the 28th of September, videos under #HurricaneIan on TikTok had about 3.5 billion views. Instagram carried more than 65,000 posts with the same hashtag. Many Floridians found humor in preparing for the hurricane, riding it out and cleaning up afterward. Some people sheltering at Walt Disney World livestreamed the storm and monetized the videos, which drew criticism. One Floridian YouTuber's video was disliked more than twice as often as it was liked.

    There was a darker use. Many people asked for help online, looking for loved ones after losing contact or relaying pleas for aid. Florida authorities urged residents to use official emergency channels and to limit the personal information they shared. Many instead discovered informal digital networks, or relied on ones built during earlier disasters, to deliver aid and find the missing.

    In March 2023, the World Meteorological Organization retired the name Ian from its rotating list because of the destruction and deaths, particularly in Florida. It will never be used again for an Atlantic tropical cyclone. The replacement is Idris, which will first appear on the list for the 2028 season.

Updated

Common questions

When did Hurricane Ian make landfall in Florida?

Hurricane Ian made landfall on Cayo Costa at 19:05 UTC on the 28th of September 2022, with sustained winds of 150 mph. A second landfall followed at 20:35 UTC just south of Punta Gorda, near Pirate Harbor, with 145 mph winds.

How strong was Hurricane Ian at its peak?

Hurricane Ian peaked as a Category 5 hurricane at 12:00 UTC on the 28th of September 2022, with sustained winds of 160 mph and an estimated pressure of 937 mbar. The NHC rated it a Category 4 with 135 kn in real time, then raised the peak to 140 kn in post-season reanalysis.

How many people died in Hurricane Ian?

Hurricane Ian caused 161 deaths: 5 in Cuba, 150 in Florida, 5 in North Carolina and 1 in Virginia. The Florida figure includes seven Cuban migrants who died offshore.

How much damage did Hurricane Ian cause?

NOAA estimated total losses from Hurricane Ian at $112 billion on the 10th of January 2023. That made it the costliest hurricane in Florida's history and the third-costliest in U.S. history, behind Katrina of 2005 and Harvey of 2017.

What happened in Cuba during Hurricane Ian?

Hurricane Ian struck western Cuba on the 27th of September 2022 as a high-end Category 3 hurricane. Pinar del Río lost power entirely, and the national grid collapsed early on the 28th, leaving 11 million people without power. Five people died.

Why was the name Ian retired after Hurricane Ian?

The World Meteorological Organization retired the name Ian in March 2023 because of the destruction and loss of life it caused, particularly in Florida. The name will be replaced by Idris, which first appears on the list for the 2028 season.

All sources

187 references cited across the entry

  1. 1Billion-Dollar Weather and Climate DisastersNational Centers for Environmental Information
  2. 3JournalTurbulent Characteristics in the Eye and Eyewall of Hurricane Ian (2022)Guo Lin et al. — American Meteorological Society — August 2025
  3. 4NewsFlorida faces grim reality: Hurricane Ian is deadliest storm in state since 1935Allison Finch — AccuWeather — October 3, 2022
  4. 5The U.S. had 18 different billion-dollar weather disasters in 2022Jeff Masters et al. — Yale Climate Connections — January 10, 2023
  5. 7ReportTropical Cyclone Report: Hurricane IanLisa Bucci et al. — National Hurricane Center — April 3, 2023
  6. 8Ian smashes into southwest Florida with historic forceJeff Masters et al. — September 28, 2022
  7. 12Ian evacuees return to mud, rubble as death toll hits 101Stephen Smith et al. — Associated Press — October 7, 2022
  8. 14How sea level rise contributes to billions in extra damage during hurricanesJeff Masters — Yale Climate Connections — October 27, 2022
  9. 15WMO's hurricane committee retires Fiona and Ian from list of namesWorld Meteorological Organization — March 29, 2023
  10. 16Cat 4 Fiona steams toward Canada; Caribbean disturbance 98L a major concernJeff Masters et al. — Yale Climate Connections — September 22, 2022
  11. 18Damaging 2022 Atlantic hurricane season draws to a closeNational Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration — November 29, 2022
  12. 19ReportHurricane Ian Tropical Cyclone UpdatePhilippe Papin et al. — National Hurricane Center — September 28, 2022
  13. 20Hurricane Charley Tropical Cyclone ReportRichard J. Pasch — National Hurricane Center — September 15, 2011
  14. 22ReportHurricane Ian Discussion Number 32Eric Blake — National Hurricane Center — September 30, 2022
  15. 23ReportTropical Depression Nine Advisory Number 3Reinhart, Brad — National Hurricane Center — September 23, 2022
  16. 24ReportTropical Storm Ian Intermediate Advisory Number 6AReinhart, Brad — National Hurricane Center — September 24, 2022
  17. 25Storm-related closures and postponementsNorma Connolly — September 23, 2022
  18. 26NewsHurricane Ian nears Cuba on path to strike Florida as Cat 4Cristiana Mesquita et al. — September 26, 2022
  19. 38Gov. McMaster issues state of emergency for the stateSouth Carolina Office of the Governor
  20. 41NewsLive updates: Hurricane Ian on path to make landfall in FloridaAdrienne Vogt et al. — CNN — September 28, 2022
  21. 46NewsHurricane Ian school closings in Central FloridaWESH — September 26, 2022
  22. 48Hurricane Ian InformationFlorida Department of Education — September 26, 2022
  23. 49NewsArtemis 1 will roll off launch pad to ride out Hurricane IanHowell, Elizabeth — September 26, 2022
  24. 51NewsFlorida scrambles to prepare as Hurricane Ian churns toward coastShannon Stapleton et al. — September 26, 2022
  25. 52NewsSt. Pete-Clearwater International set to close Tuesday at 1 p.m.Wooddell, Brody — September 26, 2022
  26. 53NewsLive updates: Hurricane Ian aims for Cuba, as Florida preparesHayes, Mike — CNN — September 26, 2022
  27. 54UPDATE @USCG Capt. of the Port for #KeyWest set Port Condition Zulu ahead of #TropicalStormIan. Follow @NWSKeyWest for the latest storm updates & @monroecounty for updates in your area. Port updates: https://t.co/hs6ev6NzgQ… https://t.co/nwXZFlRZGZUSCGSoutheast (US Coast Guard Southeast) — September 26, 2022
  28. 63NewsBucs moving to Dolphins' facility due to hurricaneLaine, Jenna — ESPN — September 26, 2022
  29. 75NewsCharlotte Motor Speedway opening campground for storm evacueesNathaniel Puente — WCNC-TV — September 27, 2022
  30. 85NewsJamaica spared worst as Ian's storm rains fizzleSashana Small — September 26, 2022
  31. 92NewsHurricane Ian rips into Cuba, with Florida in its sightsDave Sherwood et al. — Reuters — September 27, 2022
  32. 93Hurricane Ian Tropical Cyclone UpdatePhilippe Papin — National Hurricane Center — September 27, 2022
  33. 94NewsHurricane Ian: Cuba suffers complete blackout after stormWill Grant et al. — September 28, 2022
  34. 96NewsHurricane Ian killed at least 2 people in Cuba and wiped out power to the entire islandPatrick Oppmann, Aya Elamroussi, Heather Chen — CNN — September 28, 2022
  35. 101NewsAn Unconfirmed Death Toll Estimate From Lee County Spread WidelyAmanda Holpuch — September 29, 2022
  36. 111NewsHurricane Ian: Behind the numbers of a historic stormJohn Murphy — AccuWeather — October 7, 2022
  37. 115The Fallout of Hurricane IanOctober 20, 2022
  38. 116ReportNorth Carolina Event Report: EF0 TornadoNational Weather Service in Wilmington, North Carolina — National Centers for Environmental Information — 2022
  39. 118NewsFifth person confirmed dead after Hurricane Ian hit North CarolinaDawn Baumgartner Vaughan — October 4, 2022
  40. 123NewsCoastal flooding expected to worsen at the Jersey ShoreTrish Hartman et al. — October 3, 2022
  41. 133NewsWSJ News Exclusive Cuba Makes Rare Request for U.S. Aid After Devastation From Hurricane IanVivian Salama and José de Córdoba — September 30, 2022
  42. 137NewsNorthwest Florida volunteers prepare to assist Hurricane Ian victimsBrent Kearney — WEAR — September 29, 2022
  43. 138Louisiana sending assistance to Florida in wake of Hurricane IanDeanna B. Narveson — September 28, 2022
  44. 140Red Cross workers providing hurricane relief as Ian ragesBriana Supardi — WRGB — September 28, 2022
  45. 141How to help Florida victims of Hurricane IanRod Stafford Hagwood — September 30, 2022
  46. 152Stop Subsidizing Homes in Flood ZonesScott Beyer — July 8, 2022
  47. 157Florida flesh-eating illness cases spike after Hurricane IanMax Matza — BBC News — October 19, 2022
  48. 161NewsTropical Storm Nicole sends beachfront homes into oceanMike Schneider et al. — ABC News — November 10, 2022
  49. 165NewsInsurers may face up to $57 bln in Hurricane Ian billsNoor Zainab Hussain — Reuters — October 3, 2022
  50. 168MagazineHurricane Ian losses could hit $74 billion – RMSRyan Smith — October 10, 2022
  51. 169MagazineLegal costs could add $20bn to Hurricane Ian insured lossesJen Frost — October 7, 2022
  52. 171Ian is 15th billion-dollar disaster this year so farNational Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration — October 11, 2022
  53. 177"Weathering the Storm: Oversight of the Federal Response and Recovery Efforts in Southwestern Florida following Hurricane Ian"United States House Committee on Oversight and Government Reform — United States Congress — 10 August 2023
  54. 184You Can Watch Hurricane Ian Live on Social MediaTrish Rooney — September 28, 2022
  55. 188MagazineStrangers Are Helping Each Other Crowdsource Rescues From Hurricane IanBeatrice Dupuy — September 30, 2022
  56. 189WMO's hurricane committee retires Fiona and Ian from list of namesWorld Meteorological Organization — March 29, 2023

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