Hurricane Sandy
Hurricane Sandy, unofficially called Superstorm Sandy, spread tropical-storm-force winds across 1150 miles. No Atlantic hurricane on record has been wider. It ravaged the Caribbean and the coastal Mid-Atlantic region of the United States in late October 2012. By the time it dissolved, it had killed 254 people in eight countries, from the Caribbean to Canada.
Sandy peaked as a Category 3 storm over Cuba. Yet most of its damage came later, after it had turned into an extratropical cyclone, a storm that has lost its tropical character, with Category 1 strength off the Northeastern United States.
That raises puzzles worth following. What pushed a Caribbean storm into the New Jersey coast, when most hurricanes in that position sail out to sea? Who saw it coming, and how early? What did a warming climate have to do with it? And what happened to the people who lost their homes?
On the 22nd of October 2012, a low pressure system south of Kingston, Jamaica, gathered enough organized thunderstorm activity to be classified as Tropical Depression Eighteen. Late that day it was named Tropical Storm Sandy. A ridge to the north slowed its early progress, while low wind shear and warm water let it strengthen. It would become the eighteenth named storm, the tenth hurricane and the second major hurricane of the 2012 Atlantic season.
Early on the 24th of October, an eye began to form, and an approaching trough pulled the storm steadily north. The National Hurricane Center upgraded Sandy to a hurricane about 65 miles south of Kingston. At about 1900 Coordinated Universal Time, it made landfall near Kingston with winds of about 85 mph. A few hours later it re-emerged over the Caribbean Sea and strengthened into a Category 2 hurricane.
Just offshore of Cuba, Sandy intensified rapidly into a Category 3 hurricane, with sustained winds of 115 mph and a minimum central pressure of 954 millibars. It came ashore just west of Santiago de Cuba at 0525 Coordinated Universal Time on the 25th of October. Forecasters later judged its operational peak to be a high-end Category 2, with winds of 110 mph.
After leaving Cuba, the storm grew disorganized and turned north-northwest over the Bahamas. By the 27th of October, frontal structures had appeared in its outer circulation, a sign that it was no longer fully tropical. Strong shear should have starved it. Instead, the same approaching trough that bent its track kept its storm clouds alive. Sandy briefly weakened to a tropical storm, then returned to Category 1 strength.
That morning Sandy briefly regained Category 2 strength with a central pressure of 940 millibars. The reading set records for the lowest pressure ever observed in many cities across the Northeastern United States, possibly because of the storm's sheer size. By 2100 Coordinated Universal Time it was no longer tropical. About two and a half hours later, it made landfall near Brigantine, New Jersey, just northeast of Atlantic City, with sustained winds of 80 mph.
The remnants then drifted north and northeast over Ontario for four days. On the 2nd of November, another low pressure area over Eastern Canada absorbed them.
Kevin Trenberth, a senior climatologist at NCAR, argued that asking whether climate change caused a given storm is the wrong question. In his words, "All weather events are affected by climate change because the environment in which they occur is warmer and moister than it used to be."
Martin Hoerling, a meteorologist at NOAA, saw less of a connection. He described Sandy as "little more than the coincidental alignment of a tropical storm with an extratropical storm". Trenberth agreed that natural variability produced the storm, but he said it was "enhanced by global warming".
Sea surface temperatures off the East Coast ran more than 5 degrees Fahrenheit above normal, and global warming had contributed 1 degree of that. Warmer air can hold more water, which leads to stronger storms and heavier rainfall.
Mark Fischetti of Scientific American said that melting Arctic ice had shaped the jet stream's unusual kink. Trenberth was more cautious. A negative North Atlantic Oscillation and a blocking high were in place, he said, but the default explanation remained ordinary natural variability in the weather.
The sea itself had already changed. Sea level at New York and along the New Jersey coast had risen nearly 12 inches over the previous hundred years. One group of scientists estimated that human-driven climate change accounted for about 3.5 inches of the rise in New York. By their calculation, that extra height produced about $8.1 billion of the $60 billion in reported economic damage. It also extended the flood zone to reach roughly 71,000 more people.
Harvard geologist Daniel P. Schrag pointed to Sandy's storm surge of 13 feet as a preview. By mid-century, he said, such a surge would be the "new norm on the Eastern seaboard".
On the 23rd of October 2012, the European Centre for Medium-Range Weather Forecasts, headquartered in Reading, England, correctly predicted Sandy's path nearly eight days before it struck the American East Coast. Its computer model showed the storm turning west toward the New York and New Jersey region on the 29th of October. Most hurricanes in that position turn east toward the open Atlantic. By the 27th of October, the National Weather Service and the National Hurricane Center had confirmed the European forecast.
The National Weather Service drew criticism for not using its higher-resolution forecast models the way its European counterpart did. A hardware and software upgrade finished at the end of 2013 let the service make more accurate predictions, and make them farther in advance, than 2012 technology allowed.
One oddity complicated the warnings. The National Hurricane Center issued no tropical cyclone watches or warnings for New Jersey, because Sandy was forecast to become extratropical before landfall. Hurricane-force winds were still considered likely.
Government forecasters put the chance of an East Coast impact at 90%. Jim Cisco of the Hydrometeorological Prediction Center coined the name "Frankenstorm", because Sandy was expected to merge with a storm front a few days before Halloween. Forecasters also pointed to a Fujiwhara effect, in which two storms interact. As coverage continued, several media outlets dropped the nickname in favor of "superstorm".
Researchers at Johns Hopkins University used power outage data from earlier hurricanes to forecast, conservatively, that 10 million customers would lose electricity. President Obama signed emergency declarations on the 28th of October for several states. By that afternoon, over 5,000 commercial flights scheduled for the 28th and 29th had been canceled. The National Guard and the U.S. Air Force put as many as 45,000 personnel in at least seven states on alert.
Farther south, Jamaica shut down schools, government buildings and the airport in Kingston the day before the storm arrived. Acting Prime Minister Peter Phillips urged people to take the storm seriously and to look after their neighbors. At 1515 Coordinated Universal Time on the 26th of October, the Bermuda Weather Service issued a tropical storm watch, a reflection of the storm's enormous reach.
New York City began taking precautions on the 26th of October. Governor Andrew Cuomo ordered the subway closed on the 28th, and Mayor Michael Bloomberg announced a mandatory evacuation of Zone A, the areas near coastlines or waterways. More than 76 shelters opened. After Hurricane Irene nearly submerged subways and tunnels in 2011, entrances and grates were covered just before Sandy. They flooded anyway.
Jamaica was the first country directly hit, and Sandy was the first hurricane to make landfall there since Hurricane Gilbert in 1988. Most buildings in the eastern part of the island lost their roofs. The Jamaica Public Service Company said 70 percent of its customers were without power, and more than 1,000 people went to shelters. Police ordered 48-hour curfews in major towns to deter looting. More than 100 fishermen were stranded on the Pedro Cays. Damage reached about $100 million, and falling stones from a hillside killed a man near Kingston.
Haiti suffered far more. The country was still recovering from the 2010 earthquake and a cholera outbreak when four days of rain from Sandy killed 75 people and left about 200,000 homeless. Rivers overflowed in Port-Salut. In Port-au-Prince, a report said that "the whole south of the country is underwater". Tents and buildings in the refugee camps and in Cité Soleil flooded or leaked.
Crops were wiped out, and damage reached $750 million, making Sandy the costliest tropical cyclone in Haitian history. In the month after the storm, a cholera resurgence linked to it killed at least 44 people and infected more than 5,000.
In the Dominican Republic, two people died and 30,000 were evacuated. In Puerto Rico, one man was swept away by a swollen river in Juana Díaz.
Cuba evacuated at least 55,000 people before the storm arrived. It came ashore with waves up to 29 feet and a 6-foot storm surge. In Santiago de Cuba, 132,733 homes were damaged, 15,322 of them destroyed and 43,426 stripped of their roofs. Losses in the province were estimated as high as $2 billion. Eleven people died, most trapped inside collapsed houses. That made Sandy the deadliest hurricane to hit Cuba since Hurricane Dennis killed 16 people in 2005.
The Bahamas lost about $700 million. Cat Island and Exuma suffered the worst, and Bimini lost power islandwide. Two people died, one after falling from a roof while fixing a shutter. Bermuda, far from the center, still felt Sandy. A weak F0 tornado touched down in Sandys Parish on the 28th of October and damaged homes and businesses.
Seven subway tunnels under the East River flooded on the 29th of October. The Metropolitan Transportation Authority called the damage the worst disaster in the 108-year history of the New York City subway. The East River overflowed its banks and flooded large sections of Lower Manhattan. Battery Park recorded a surge of 13.88 feet. Sea water also reached the Ground Zero construction site, including the National September 11 Memorial and Museum.
That day, a backup generator failed at NYU Langone Medical Center, and hundreds of patients had to be evacuated, including those in intensive care units. In Chelsea, the facade of a four-story building crumbled and left its interior on full display. Nobody was hurt.
The storm released over 10 billion gallons of raw and partially treated sewage, 94% of it into waters in and around New York and New Jersey. More than 200 wastewater treatment plants and over 80 drinking water facilities along the coast were damaged beyond function. The Environmental Protection Agency warned people to avoid contact with the water in Newark Bay and New York Harbor, because of fecal coliform bacteria.
In Hoboken, New Jersey, half of a city of 50,000 flooded. Two fire stations, the emergency medical headquarters and the hospital had to be evacuated. Cut off from area hospitals and from outside firefighting help, the mayor asked for the National Guard. A 50-foot piece of the Atlantic City Boardwalk washed away. In Bergen County, a berm overflowed in the early morning of the 30th of October, and the streets of Moonachie and Little Ferry held up to 5 feet of water.
On the 31st of October, over 6 million customers in 15 states and the District of Columbia were still without power. New Jersey had 2,040,195 of them and New York had 1,933,147. Gasoline ran short across the region. Federal trucks handed out up to 10 gallons free, which created lines up to 20 blocks long, and Mayor Bloomberg announced odd-even rationing starting on the 9th of November. After complaints that it would divert needed resources, he also canceled the New York City Marathon, scheduled for the 4th of November.
The water was only half the story. Sandy's rain turned to snow in the Appalachian Mountains as cold Arctic air pushed south. In West Virginia, 28 of the state's 55 counties received 1 to 3 feet of snow, with 36 inches near Richwood. Mount Le Conte in Tennessee was blanketed with 32 inches, an October record. A falling tree limb broken by heavy snow killed John Rose Sr., a Republican candidate for the state legislature in West Virginia. Mount Washington, New Hampshire, recorded the storm's strongest wind gust, at 140 mph.
In the United States, Sandy caused 71 direct deaths in nine states, 49 of them in New York, plus 87 indirect deaths. It was the deadliest hurricane to hit the U.S. mainland since Hurricane Katrina in 2005, and the deadliest on the East Coast since Hurricane Agnes in 1972.
One more victim was a ship. On the 29th of October, the Coast Guard answered a distress call from Bounty, a vessel built for the 1962 movie Mutiny on the Bounty. It was taking on water about 90 miles southeast of Cape Hatteras with 16 people aboard. The crew abandoned ship in two lifeboats, and Bounty sank. The Coast Guard rescued 14, and another was found hours later but later died. The search for captain Robin Walbridge ended on the 1st of November after more than 90 hours.
Damage from Sandy reached nearly $70 billion, with $65 billion of it in the United States. The first response came from celebrities and companies. A live telethon called Hurricane Sandy: Coming Together featured Bruce Springsteen, Billy Joel, Jon Bon Jovi, Mary J. Blige, Sting and Christina Aguilera. It raised around $23 million for American Red Cross relief. On the 12th of December 2012, the 12-12-12 Concert for Sandy Relief filled Madison Square Garden. Its four-hour broadcast was expected to reach over 1 billion people, and performers included Eric Clapton, Dave Grohl and Alicia Keys.
The Department of Defense had formed Joint Task Force Sandy on the 22nd of October 2012, the day the storm was classified. On the first night of the aftermath, 12,000 National Guard members across the East Coast worked on the damage. The Defense Logistics Agency supplied more than 5 million gallons of diesel fuel. President Obama said his government would not tolerate any red tape or bureaucracy.
Congress moved more slowly. On the 28th of December 2012, the Senate approved a $60 billion relief bill, but the House adjourned without voting on it. On the 28th of January 2013, the Senate passed a $50.5 billion aid bill by 62-36, and President Obama signed it into law the next day.
Recovery stayed slow. In June 2013, Governor Cuomo created the Governor's Office of Storm Recovery to centralize rebuilding in New York. Operating under the New York Rising program, it directed about $3.8 billion in federal housing and development funding toward housing, small business, infrastructure and community reconstruction. Yet an analysis of FEMA data on the 6th of December 2013 showed that fewer than half of those who requested help had received any. A total of 30,000 residents of New York and New Jersey remained displaced.
On the 15th of March 2014, displaced residents protested outside the Nassau Legislative building in Mineola, New York, frustrated with the timeline for aid. By then, the state's reconstruction program had paid more than $280 million to 6,388 homeowners, and it had offered over $293 million to buy out the homes of 709 more.
The storm hit one week before the 2012 United States general elections, and some news outlets called it the October surprise. Democrats and Republicans accused each other of politicizing it. Mitt Romney, Vice President Joe Biden and President Obama each canceled campaign appearances because of the storm. New Jersey Governor Chris Christie, one of Romney's leading supporters, praised the president's response and toured storm-damaged areas of his state with him.
Sandy also revived a debate over FEMA. Romney had proposed in 2011 to eliminate the agency. The next day his campaign promised to keep it funded, though it did not say what else in the federal budget would be cut.
Climate change entered the conversation too. Representative Henry Waxman of California requested a hearing on links between climate change and the storm. At a news conference on the 14th of November 2012, President Obama said no single weather event can be attributed to climate change. But he added, "I am a firm believer that climate change is real, that it is impacted by human behavior and carbon emissions."
On the 30th of January 2015, days after the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers released a post-Sandy report on flood risks along the North Atlantic coast, Obama issued an executive order. It directed federal agencies, and state and local governments using federal funds, to adopt stricter building and siting standards that reflect expected increases in flooding.
In the financial world, power outages and flooding closed the New York Stock Exchange and other markets on the 29th and the 30th of October. It was the first two-day weather closure since the Great Blizzard of 1888. Investors were relieved when markets reopened on the 31st and closed relatively flat.
The risk-modeling company EQECAT estimated that the affected regions lost between $30 billion and $50 billion in economic activity, because of power outages, fuel shortages and a near shutdown of the transportation system. Roughly 8.5 million customers lost power. Breaks in gas lines caused fires and explosions that destroyed a large number of homes. A week after the reopening, the National Association of Insurance Commissioners noted a slight uptick of 0.8% in the market, and suggested that expected rebuilding had offset some of the storm's economic harm.
Updated
Common questions
How big was Hurricane Sandy?
Hurricane Sandy was the largest Atlantic hurricane on record by diameter, with tropical-storm-force winds spanning 1150 miles. It was a Category 3 storm at its peak over Cuba.
How many people died in Hurricane Sandy?
Hurricane Sandy killed 254 people in eight countries, from the Caribbean to Canada. Haiti lost 75 people, Cuba 11, and the United States had 71 direct deaths and 87 indirect deaths.
Where did Hurricane Sandy make landfall in the United States?
Hurricane Sandy made landfall near Brigantine, New Jersey, just northeast of Atlantic City, with sustained winds of 80 mph. It was no longer a tropical cyclone at that point, having become extratropical about two and a half hours earlier.
Why did Hurricane Sandy turn left into the East Coast?
A ridge of high pressure over Greenland blocked the usual eastward push of the prevailing westerlies. The jet stream developed a kink and doubled back, so Sandy was carried along an unusual northwest path toward New Jersey.
Who correctly forecast the path of Hurricane Sandy?
The European Centre for Medium-Range Weather Forecasts predicted Hurricane Sandy's path nearly eight days before it struck, on the 23rd of October 2012. The National Weather Service and National Hurricane Center confirmed that track by the 27th of October.
How much damage did Hurricane Sandy cause?
Hurricane Sandy caused nearly $70 billion in damage, with about $65 billion of it in the United States. New Jersey damage was estimated at $36.8 billion.
Why was Hurricane Sandy called Frankenstorm?
Jim Cisco of the Hydrometeorological Prediction Center coined the name Frankenstorm because Sandy was expected to merge with a storm front a few days before Halloween. Several media outlets later switched to the term superstorm.
All sources
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- 62Hurricane Sandy wreaks havoc on airline flightsThe Wall St. Journal
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- 93Tolls Waived on I-95 and Route OneState of Delaware
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- 96NewsShore towns issue voluntary evac ordersOctober 26, 2012
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- 106Phila. Airport flights to be suspended Monday6 Action News
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- 112NewsTwo key New York City tunnels closing; bridges open for now: governorPaul Thomasch — October 29, 2012
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- 135NewsWisconsin gets a taste of Sandy's furyPaul Srubas — October 31, 2012
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- 204Hurricane Sandy OverviewNational Weather Service Miami, Florida — November 30, 2012
- 205NewsHurricane Sandy forces cancellation of school athletic events in South FloridaChristina Veiga Veiga — October 25, 2012
- 207NewsSouth Florida cleans up after SandyOctober 26, 2012
- 208NewsHurricane Sandy brings rain, strong winds to Central FloridaOctober 26, 2012
- 211NewsSandy Frees Two Panthers in FloridaAnthony Castellano — 2012-11-01
- 213Hatteras, Ocracoke get worst of Hurricane Sandy in NCwral.com — October 28, 2012
- 214NewsHurricane Sandy: CT, NY, NJ And Other East Coast States Assess Region After Deadly StormNovember 3, 2012
- 217Hurricane Sandy sinks tall ship HMS BountyOctober 29, 2012
- 219NewsSearch halted for missing ship captain after 3 days scouring sea off NC; ship sank in SandyNovember 1, 2012
- 220Shenandoah National Park Digging Out Of Sandy's SnowstormKurt Repanshek — October 31, 2012
- 221Superstorm Sandy not really Virginia's storm, but it brought heavy October snow to Southwest VirginiaKevin Myatt — October 26, 2022
- 222Gov. McDonnell: Virginia 'Spared' in Hurricane Sandy DamageAnnandale Patch
- 223NewsSupreme Court won't convene on Tuesday due to storm: spokeswomanJoan Biskupic — October 29, 2012
- 224Federal Government Operating StatusUnited States Office of Personnel Management
- 225NewsMost schools, services resume after stormOctober 31, 2012
- 226Sandy leaves behind outages, flooded roadsWTOP FM — October 29, 2012
- 228NewsMd. governor: Bay Bridge closing to trafficSFGate
- 229Declaration of Civil EmergencyCity of Salisbury, Maryland
- 231NewsWEATHER U: The science behind the snowicaneCindy Day — November 2, 2020
- 232NewsSandy pummels West Virginia as grueling recovery begins on East CoastNovember 1, 2012
- 233Sandy picks up speed, may make landfall in Delaware or southern NJOctober 29, 2012
- 236NewsLevee breaks in Northern New Jersey, floods three townsOctober 30, 2012
- 237NewsFactbox: Storm Sandy blamed for at least 132 deaths in U.S., CanadaCynthia Osterman — November 16, 2012
- 238NewsHurricane Sandy Fast FactsCNN — July 13, 2013
- 239NewsPhiladelphia area highways, bridges shut downOctober 29, 2012
- 241Sandy Brings Record-High Pa. Wind GustSusan Koomar — October 31, 2012
- 242NewsDeath toll from Sandy now 96 in U.SCNN — November 2, 2012
- 245NewsHurricane Sandy closuresOctober 29, 2012
- 246NewsFollow live Hurricane Sandy updates from around the cityYoav Gonen et al. — October 30, 2012
- 247NewsStock market to remain closed TuesdayTangel Andrew — October 29, 2012
- 248NewsHurricane Sandy to keep stock markets shuttered Tuesday, Market DayOctober 29, 2012
- 249Water, fire and darkness: NYC after the superstormColleen Long — TheState.com — October 29, 2012
- 252NewsSuperstorm Sandy: flood, wind damage and travel chaos in New York CityOctober 30, 2012
- 254NewsSewage Flows After Storm Expose Flaws in SystemMichael Schwirtz — November 29, 2012
- 256NewsHurricane Sandy: Large sections of Manhattan left without powerOctober 29, 2012
- 257NYC Marathon Won't Be Held Sunday: OfficialsWNBC TV — November 2, 2012
- 258NewsFractured Recovery Divides the RegionJames Barron et al. — November 3, 2012
- 259NewsNew York City and Long Island Impose Odd-Even Gas RationingAndy Newman — November 8, 2012
- 260NewsCuomo, in Aid Appeal, Cites Broad Reach of StormThomas Kaplan et al. — November 26, 2012
- 262NewsDeaths Associated with Hurricane Sandy — October–November 2012May 24, 2013
- 263NewsNew research shows Hurricane Sandy was the worst storm to hit New York since at least 1700Rafi Letzter — October 28, 2016
- 264Highest Winds from Sandy in MassachusettsWCVB.com
- 265NewsHigh winds, rain knock out power to thousands in MassBoston.com
- 266More than 100,000 in RI without power, 600 without natural gas after SandyMaria Armental — News.providencejournal.com
- 268Mount Washington Observatory October 2012 F6 DataMountWashington.org
- 269NewsHow Sandy Became a Snowstorm
- 270NewsSuperstorm Sandy's West Virginia weapon: Killer snowOctober 31, 2012
- 275NewsWest Virginia legislative candidate killed by tree that fell in stormVictoria Cavaliere — October 31, 2012
- 276Obama approves state of emergency declaration for West VirginiaBluefield Daily Telegraph — October 30, 2012
- 277Rock Hall Damaged by SuperstormLindsay Buckingham — Fox 8 Cleveland — October 30, 2012
- 278NewsSandy brings high winds, snow to OhioOctober 30, 2012
- 281Mount LeConte sees record October snowfallNovember 2012
- 282Ontario – Special Weather Statements – Environment CanadaWeatheroffice.gc.ca — July 30, 2012
- 283NewsSandy leaves 145,000 Canadians without power, one deadOctober 30, 2012
- 28532,000 still without power in Quebec because of SandyCTV Montreal — October 30, 2012
- 288NewsABC's "Day of Giving" raises nearly $17 million for Hurricane reliefNovember 6, 2012
- 289NewsNBC Hurricane Sandy Telethon Raises $23 MillionNovember 5, 2012
- 290NewsNews Corp. Donates $1M to Hurricane Sandy ReliefTim Kenneally — October 31, 2012
- 291NewsN.Y. Sandy Fund ScrutinizedLaura Nahmias — December 9, 2013
- 293JournalNearly 30 Cable Nets Set to Air '12-12-12' Charity ConcertDecember 3, 2012
- 294JournalTHE MILITARY RESPONSE TO HURRICANE SANDYRyan Burke et al. — 2015
- 296NewsHurricane Sandy: DLA brought relief to millions following historic stormBeth Reece — October 20, 2022
- 298NewsNY lawmakers call House GOP plans to adjourn Congress without vote on Sandy aid a 'betrayal'Fox News — January 2, 2013
- 299NewsHouse leaders pledge to vote on Sandy aid bill amid bipartisan complaints over delayFox News — January 2, 2013
- 302NewsRecovery Remains Spotty 3 Months After HurricaneJanuary 21, 2013
- 304NewsDisplaced by Hurricane Sandy, and Living in LimboPatrick McGeehan — December 6, 2013
- 305Long Island storm damageNew York State Governor's Office of Storm Recovery
- 306Displaced by Sandy, LI renters long for homeVictor Ramos
- 308Press Release, Governor's Office of Storm RecoveryMarch 11, 2014
- 310NewsHurricane Sandy: Election 2012's October surprise?Boerma, Lindsey — October 28, 2012
- 311NewsThis October Surprise Could Hurt ObamaCarlson, Margaret — October 29, 2012
- 312NewsPoliticizing Hurricane Sandy: Left vs. RightGotthardt, Karl — October 31, 2012
- 313NewsChris Christie and Hurricane Sandy give Obama a timely boostDavid Horsey — October 31, 2012
- 314Hurricane Sandy effect on election could hurt DemocratsW.E. Messamore — Foundation for Independent Voter Education — October 31, 2012
- 315NewsThe politics of Hurricane SandyOctober 29, 2012
- 316Could Sandy push back Election Day?ABC News
- 317NewsDid Mitt Romney suggest eliminating FEMA?October 30, 2012
- 318NewsMitt Romney Disaster Relief Position Faces ScrutinyAndrew Taylor (AP) — October 31, 2012
- 319NewsSuperstorm Sandy Topples Traditional Notions of National SecuritySandra I. Erwin — October 31, 2012
- 320NewsTranscript of President Obama's News ConferenceNovember 14, 2012
- 322NewsAfter Hurricane Sandy, Stock Exchanges Prepare to OpenSusanne Craig et al. — October 30, 2012
- 323NewsMarket Volatility: The Impact of Hurricane Sandy on the Financial MarketsNovember 8, 2012
- 324Billion-Dollar U.S. Weather/Climate Disasters 1980–2012July 11, 2013
- 325Post-Landfall Loss Estimates – Hurricane SandyNovember 1, 2012
- 327Tropical Cyclone Report: Hurricane SandyFebruary 12, 2013
- 328NENA 2013 Conference & Expo CharlotteDavid Turetsky — June 18, 2013
- 329Hurricane Sandy Rebuilding StrategyAugust 1, 2013
- 330NewsG Subway Line Shuts Down For 5 Weeks For Superstorm Sandy RepairsCBS News New York — July 25, 2014
- 331Testimony before the Senate Banking, Housing, and Urban Affairs Committee, Subcommittee on Housing, Transportation, and Community DevelopmentPeter M. Rogoff — December 20, 2012
- 332Rebuilding the Rockaways After Hurricane Sandy: The RecoveryMay 30, 2013
- 333Transportation During and After Hurricane SandyNovember 1, 2012
- 335Sewage Overflows From Hurricane SandyApril 1, 2013
- 337PlaNYC: A Stronger, More Resilient New YorkJune 11, 2013
- 338The Hospitals of Hurricane Sandy: 1 Year LaterNovember 1, 2013
- 339Hurricane Sandy aftermath: Some N.J. schools reopen with no heat, no lunchNovember 6, 2012
- 341JournalFEMA Official Admits Fraud in Sandy Flood CasesTed Cushman — March 9, 2015
- 342JournalTexas Trial Lawyer Mostyn Changing the Game in Sandy Insurance BattleTed Cushman — February 23, 2015
- 343FEMA Opens Review To Every Single Hurricane Sandy Flood Insurance Claim After Fraud AllegationsCatherine Dunn — March 11, 2015
- 344NewsIs the post-Sandy baby boom real?Josh Levs — CNN — July 24, 2013
- 345NewsOh, baby! Sandy baby boom due at Shore this monthCarol Gorga Williams — July 23, 2013
- 346The 2018 Atlantic Hurricane Season Names List Includes One New NameJonathan Erdman — The Weather channel — May 24, 2018
- 347Sandy retired from list of Atlantic Basin tropical cyclone namesNOAA — April 11, 2013
- 348News'Sandy' Retired From Storm Names; 'Sara' Takes Its PlaceMark Memmott — NPR — April 11, 2013
- 349MagazineIt Is Time To Start Freaking Out About Snowicane SandyAmira, Dan — October 25, 2012
- 350NewsHow to Feel About a Snor'eastercaneDoll, Jen — Atlantic Wire — October 25, 2012
- 351NewsWeather Journal: When Hurricane Meets SnowstormHolthaus, Eric — October 24, 2012
- 352MagazineFrankenstorm: Why Hurricane Sandy Will Be HistoricWalsh, Bryan — October 29, 2012
- 353NewsBiggest Moments of 2012: The FrankenstormSharwood, Anthony — December 13, 2012
- 354NewsWhat's in a name? Frankenstorm vs. SandyRice, Doyle — October 26, 2012
- 355NewsPre-Halloween 'Frankenstorm' takes aim at East CoastFox News — October 27, 2012
- 356NewsAirlines offer travel waivers ahead of Hurricane SandyCBS News — October 26, 2012
- 357NewsWashington PostWemple, Erik — October 26, 2012
- 358CNN Has Banned The Term 'Frankenstorm' From Its Hurricane Sandy CoverageAlvarez, Alex — October 27, 2012
- 359NewsSuperstorm Sandy debris may hurt tourismFebruary 18, 2013
- 360NewsWhy is Sandy unusual?October 30, 2012
- 361NewsSuperstorm Sandy triggers climate blame gameBBC News — November 2, 2012
- 362NewsHurrikan "Sandy": Die tödliche Kraft des SupersturmsAxel Bojanowski — November 2012
- 363NewsOpinion:Super Storm SandyTrenberth, Kevin — October 31, 2012
- 364NewsYou can't blame the superstorm on climate change — not yetBorenstein, Seth — NBC News — October 30, 2012
- 365Tubb: Superstorm Sandy is not proof of global warmingDecember 6, 2012
- 366News Writers: Stop Trying To Scare People With Made-Up Storm LanguageNosowitz, Dan — November 1, 2012
- 367JournalHow Math Helped Forecast Hurricane SandyIan Roulstone et al. — August 1, 2013