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— CH. 1 · INTRODUCTION —

New York City

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8 sections
  • An estimated 800 languages are spoken in New York City, more than in any other city on earth. That single fact captures something about the place at the southern tip of New York State, where the Hudson River meets one of the world's largest natural harbors. The city holds an estimated population of 8,584,629 as of July 2025, spread across 300.46 square miles. It has more than double the population of Los Angeles, the country's second-largest city. But the numbers only begin the story. How did a Dutch fur-trading post on a small island become the most economically powerful city in the world? Why do over 5.9 million foreign-born people choose its metropolitan region, the largest such population anywhere? What turned a wooden stockade on Wall Street into the home of the two largest stock exchanges on the planet? The answers run through riots and fires, a purchased island, a gift from France, and a skyline built on shallow bedrock.

  • Manhattan, the smallest of the five boroughs, carried a population density of 70,450.8 people per square mile in 2022, the highest of any county in the United States. It holds Central Park, most of the city's skyscrapers, the United Nations headquarters, and Wall Street. Locals sometimes simply call it The City. Each borough is coextensive with its own county, making New York one of the rare American municipalities spread across multiple counties.

    Brooklyn, on the western tip of Long Island, is the most populous borough, known for its independent art scene and distinctive architecture. Its beachfront includes Coney Island, established in the 1870s as one of the earliest amusement grounds in the country. Brooklyn is also home to Fort Hamilton, the only active-duty military installation in the city, founded in 1825 on the site of a Revolutionary War battery.

    Queens is geographically the largest borough and the most ethnically diverse county in the United States. It hosts Citi Field, home of the New York Mets, and the annual US Open tennis tournament at the USTA Billie Jean King National Tennis Center. Two of the region's three busiest airports, John F. Kennedy International and LaGuardia, sit within its bounds.

    The Bronx is the only borough mostly on the U.S. mainland, the location of Yankee Stadium and the birthplace of hip hop music. Its Bronx Zoo spans 265 acres and houses more than 6,000 animals. Staten Island, the most suburban borough, is connected to Brooklyn by the Verrazzano-Narrows Bridge and to Manhattan by the free Staten Island Ferry. It is nicknamed the Borough of Parks, with over 170 parks and the highest natural point on the eastern seaboard south of Maine: Todt Hill, at 409.8 feet above sea level.

  • In 1524, the explorer Giovanni da Verrazzano became the first documented European to visit New York Harbor, claiming the area for France and naming it Nouvelle Angouleme. A year later, in January 1525, a Spanish expedition led by the Portuguese captain Estevao Gomes charted the mouth of the Hudson, naming it Rio de San Antonio. The first non-Native American inhabitant of what became the city was Juan Rodriguez, a merchant from Santo Domingo who arrived in Manhattan during the winter of 1613 to 1614 to trap for pelts.

    In 1626, Peter Minuit, director of New Netherland, purchased Manhattan from the Canarsie, a small Lenape band, for the value of 60 guilders, about $900 in 2018 terms. A frequently told but disproved legend claims the island was bought for $24 worth of glass beads. The settlement was named New Amsterdam that same year and chartered as a city in 1653, the year a 12-foot wooden stockade rose along what is now Wall Street.

    Peter Stuyvesant began his tenure as the last director-general of New Netherland in 1647, during which the colony's population grew from 2,000 to 8,000. He improved law and order but earned a reputation as a despotic leader who blocked rival religious groups from building houses of worship. In 1664, unable to mount resistance, Stuyvesant surrendered to English troops led by Colonel Richard Nicolls without bloodshed. The settlement was renamed New York after the Duke of York, the future King James II. The Dutch briefly retook it in 1673 and called it New Orange, before returning the island to England under the Treaty of Westminster in November 1674.

  • By 1730, an estimated 42 percent of households in New York enslaved Africans, most as domestic workers, tying the institution to the port's banking and shipping trade with the American South. During 1990s construction in Foley Square, the African Burying Ground was discovered, holding 10,000 to 20,000 graves of colonial-era Africans, some enslaved and some free.

    The Battle of Long Island in August 1776, the largest battle of the American Revolutionary War, was fought within modern-day Brooklyn. After defeats there and at Fort Washington that November, George Washington retreated across the Hudson, and the British made the city their base in North America. As many as 10,000 escaped slaves crowded into the city during the British occupation, the largest such community on the continent. When British forces evacuated in 1783, they transported thousands of freedmen to Nova Scotia, England, and the Caribbean.

    In January 1785, the Congress of the Confederation made New York City the national capital. It hosted the inauguration of George Washington and the first Congress at Federal Hall on Wall Street, where the Bill of Rights was drafted. In 1790, the city surpassed Philadelphia to become the nation's largest, and the Supreme Court held its first sessions there. At the end of that year, the capital moved to Philadelphia. Slavery was not completely abolished in the state until 1827.

  • The Draft Riots of 1863 erupted over Civil War conscription laws that spared wealthier men who could hire a substitute. The most visible participants were ethnic Irish working-class New Yorkers, and the unrest turned into attacks on the city's elite and then on Black residents. Rioters burned the Colored Orphan Asylum to the ground. At least 120 people were killed, eleven Black men were lynched over five days, and the Black population in Manhattan fell below 10,000 by 1865. It was one of the worst incidents of civil unrest in American history.

    In 1904, the steamship General Slocum caught fire in the East River, killing 1,021 people. Seven years later, in 1911, the Triangle Shirtwaist Factory fire killed 146 garment workers, the city's worst industrial disaster, spurring the growth of the International Ladies' Garment Workers' Union and major improvements in building safety.

    The September 11 attacks in 2001 brought the largest loss of human life the city had ever suffered in a single event. Two hijacked airliners struck the Twin Towers of the World Trade Center, and their collapse killed 2,753 people, including 343 firefighters and 71 law enforcement officers. The site was rebuilt with One World Trade Center, now the tallest skyscraper in the Western Hemisphere, its spire reaching a symbolic 1,776 feet. Hurricane Sandy struck on the evening of the 29th of October 2012, killing at least 43 people in the city and causing roughly $19 billion in losses, with flooding that forced a days-long subway shutdown.

  • The New York metropolitan area is the largest metropolitan economy in the world, with a gross metropolitan product exceeding US$2.44 trillion, larger than all but nine countries. Anchored by Wall Street in Manhattan's Financial District, the city has been called the most economically powerful in the world. It is home to the New York Stock Exchange and the Nasdaq, the world's two largest stock exchanges by market capitalization of their listed companies.

    Fifth Avenue in Midtown Manhattan commands the highest retail rents in the world, at 2,000 dollars per square foot in 2023. New York City holds the highest number of billionaires of any city on earth, with 110 counted in 2024, alongside the most ultra-high-net-worth individuals and millionaires by a wide margin. It is also the most expensive city in the world for expatriates and carries the highest residential rents of any American city.

    Manhattan contained over 500 million square feet of office space in 2018, making New York the largest office market in the world. Midtown Manhattan alone, with 400 million square feet, is the largest central business district anywhere. Housing tells a different story of scarcity. In 2023, among 2.3 million rentable apartments, only 33,000 were available, a vacancy rate of 1.4 percent, the lowest since 1968. Median one-bedroom rents in Manhattan reached US$4,443 that year, and the city's median house price climbed past $1 million.

  • The New York metropolitan region holds the largest foreign-born population of any metropolitan region on earth, roughly 5.9 million as of 2023, and serves as the premier gateway for legal immigration to the United States. No single country dominates. The largest self-reported ancestries in 2022 ranged from Dominican at 8.7 percent and Chinese at 7.5 percent to Puerto Rican, Italian, Mexican, and Irish.

    The Statue of Liberty, a gift from France, was dedicated in New York Harbor in 1886 and welcomed 14 million immigrants arriving through Ellis Island in the late 19th and early 20th centuries. Queens today holds the largest Tibetan population outside Asia, and Manhattan's Chinatown has the highest concentration of Chinese people in the Western Hemisphere. With 960,000 Jewish inhabitants as of 2023, the city has the highest Jewish population of any city in the world.

    The Stonewall riots, a series of protests against a police raid at the Stonewall Inn in Greenwich Village in the early morning of the 28th of June 1969, are widely considered the single most important event leading to the gay liberation movement. Same-sex marriage in New York was legalized on the 24th of June 2011. The annual NYC Pride March, which runs south down Fifth Avenue, is the largest pride parade in the world. In 2019, Stonewall 50 WorldPride NYC drew 150,000 participants and five million spectators in Manhattan alone, the largest international Pride celebration in history.

  • Forty-one theaters in Midtown Manhattan's Theater District, each with at least 500 seats, are classified as Broadway theaters, named after the thoroughfare crossing Times Square that is sometimes called The Great White Way. The 2018 to 2019 Broadway season set records with attendance of 14.8 million and gross revenue of $1.83 billion. After pandemic closures, the 2022 to 2023 season rebounded to $1.58 billion and attendance of 12.3 million.

    New York is the birthplace of cultural movements that reshaped art and sound: the Harlem Renaissance in literature and visual art, abstract expressionism known as the New York School, and hip-hop, punk, salsa, and certain forms of jazz in music. The city has been called the dance capital of the world. Its fast pace gave rise to the term New York minute, and residents were voted the world's most resilient in both 2021 and 2022.

Common questions

What is the population of New York City?

New York City had an estimated population of 8,584,629 as of July 2025, distributed over 300.46 square miles, making it the most populous and most densely populated major city in the United States. It has more than double the population of Los Angeles, the second-largest American city.

What are the five boroughs of New York City?

The five boroughs of New York City are Manhattan, Brooklyn, Queens, the Bronx, and Staten Island. Each is coextensive with its own county of New York State, and the modern city was formed by their consolidation in 1898.

Why was New York City originally called New Amsterdam?

The Dutch settlement was named New Amsterdam in 1626 after the Dutch capital and was chartered as a city in 1653. It was renamed New York in 1664 after the Duke of York, the future King James II, when England took control.

How much was Manhattan purchased for?

In 1626, Peter Minuit, director of New Netherland, purchased Manhattan from the Canarsie, a small Lenape band, for the value of 60 guilders, about $900 in 2018 terms. A frequently told but disproved legend claims it was bought for $24 worth of glass beads.

Why is New York City considered the financial capital of the world?

New York City is anchored by Wall Street and is home to the New York Stock Exchange and the Nasdaq, the world's two largest stock exchanges by market capitalization. Its metropolitan area is the largest metropolitan economy in the world, with a gross metropolitan product exceeding US$2.44 trillion.

How many languages are spoken in New York City?

An estimated 800 languages are spoken in New York City, making it the most linguistically diverse city in the world. Its metropolitan region is home to the largest foreign-born population of any metropolitan region in the world, roughly 5.9 million as of 2023.

All sources

619 references cited across the entry

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  78. 126Why New York City Is a Major Destination for LGBT TravelersJulia Goicichea — The Culture Trip — August 16, 2017
  79. 129BookReader's Guide to Lesbian and Gay StudiesTimothy Murphy — Routledge — 2013
  80. 131Feature: How the Stonewall riots started the LGBT rights movementNell Frizzell — PinkNews — June 28, 2013
  81. 133Civil Rights at Stonewall National MonumentNational Park Service — June 2016
  82. 134Obama inaugural speech references Stonewall gay-rights riotsNorth Jersey Media Group — January 21, 2013
  83. 135So, what was Stonewall?Cristan Williams — The TransAdvocate — January 25, 2013
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  87. 146BookBattle for Ground Zero: Inside the Political Struggle to Rebuild the World Trade CenterElizabeth Greenspan — St. Martin's Press/Harvard University — 2013
  88. 147World Trade Center Transportation HubPort Authority of New York and New Jersey
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  96. 163Remnants of an Ice Age, The Wisconsin Ice Sheet Continues Its JourneyNew York City Department of Parks and Recreation
  97. 164The Hudson River EstuaryStony Brook University
  98. 165NewsReclaimed Jewel Whose Attraction Can Be PerilousJoseph Berger — July 19, 2010
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  102. 170BookStaten Island: Isle of the BayMargaret Lundrigan — Arcadia Publishing — 2004
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  117. 192NewsHow Big Is That Park? City Now Has the AnswerFoderaro, Lisa W. — May 31, 2013
  118. 195Staten Island GreenbeltNew York–New Jersey Trail Conference
  119. 198Average monthly hours of sunshine in New York City (NY)World Weather & Climate Information
  120. 200New York, NYUnited States National Weather Service
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  123. 204Summary of Monthly Normals 1991–2020National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration
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  126. 213Adaptation: Political support for a sea wall in New York Harbor begins to formRobert S. Eshelman — Environment & Energy Publishing, LLC — November 15, 2012
  127. 221Mayor Giuliani Announces Amount of Parkland in New York City has Passed MarkNew York City Mayor's Office — February 3, 1999
  128. 222Pelham Bay ParkNew York City Department of Parks and Recreation
  129. 226NewsNew York City is sinking due to its million-plus buildings, study saysJacopo Prisco — Earth's Future — May 23, 2023
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  134. 234The Summer Bicycles Took ControlJames Hamblin — The Atlantic Monthly Group — June 28, 2013
  135. 236Current Reservoir LevelsNew York City Department of Environmental Protection
  136. 237NewsCity's Drinking Water Feared Endangered; $10B Cost SeenAbrahm Lustgarten — August 6, 2008
  137. 238NewsA Billion-Dollar Investment in New York's WaterWinnie Hu — January 18, 2018
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  142. 267Facts about Asians in the U.S.Carolyne Im — Pew Research Center
  143. 268NewsIndictment of New York Officer Divides Chinese-AmericansVivian Yee — February 22, 2015
  144. 271Asian American StatisticsAméredia Incorporated
  145. 272NewsAsian New Yorkers Seek Power to Match NumbersKirk Semple — June 23, 2011
  146. 273Chinatown New York City Fact Sheetwww.explorechinatown.com
  147. 280City lauds Armenian culture in QueensVictoria Zunitch — 2018-10-04
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  149. 283American FactFinder—ResultsU.S. Department of Commerce
  150. 285NewsAstoria, a Greek Isle in the New York City SeaRichard F. Shepard — November 15, 1991
  151. 286Astoria: The Ever-Changing Greektown of New YorkKerry Kolasa-Sikiaridi — Greek Reporter — June 18, 2022
  152. 288ReportWorld Jewish PopulationBerman Jewish DataBank — 2021
  153. 289New York – The World's Gay CapitalPeter Minkoff — Your LGBTQ+ Voice — April 5, 2018
  154. 290Same-sex Couples and the Gay, Lesbian, Bisexual Population: New Estimates from the American Community SurveyGary J. Gates — The Williams Institute on Sexual Orientation Law and Public Policy — October 2006
  155. 291BookFrommer's New York City 2013Brian Silverman et al. — John Wiley & Sons — 2013
  156. 293NewsNew York Allows Same-Sex Marriage, Becoming Largest State to Pass LawNicholas Confessore et al. — June 24, 2011
  157. 298NewsHow a March for Black Trans Lives Became a Huge EventAnushka Patil — June 15, 2020
  158. 300Major U.S. metropolitan areas differ in their religious profilesMichael Lipka — Pew Research Center — July 29, 2015
  159. 302NewsNearly one in four Brooklyn residents are Jews, new study findsSimone Weichselbaum — June 26, 2012
  160. 303Brooklyn, the Most Jewish Spot on EarthHilary Danailova — January 11, 2018
  161. 304NewsNew York City Adds 2 Muslim Holy Days to Public School CalendarMichael M. Grynbaum et al. — March 4, 2015
  162. 308America's Oldest Surviving Mosque Is in WilliamsburgZuha Siddiqui — December 26, 2018
  163. 310NewsDoes New York Still Want to Be the Capital of the World?Kenneth T. Jackson — April 2, 2021
  164. 317NewsBeijing Breaks into Top Ten in Rankings by A.T. KearneySimon Kennedy — Bloomberg L.P — April 13, 2014
  165. 318NewsNew York City Tops Global Competitiveness Rankings, Economist Report SaysMichelle Kaske — Bloomberg L.P. — March 12, 2012
  166. 328U.S. Cities That Levy Income TaxesTonya Moreno — The Balance — February 2, 2017
  167. 329Personal Income Tax & Non-resident NYC Employee PaymentsNew York City Department of Finance
  168. 330New York City tax rate scheduleNew York State Department of Taxation and Finance — 2016
  169. 331NYSE Listings DirectoryNew York Stock Exchange
  170. 3322013 WFE Market HighlightsWorld Federation of Exchanges — January 28, 2014
  171. 333DiNapoli: Wall Street Bonuses Edge Up in 2014Office of the New York State Comptroller — March 11, 2015
  172. 334ReportSustaining New York's and the US' Global Financial Services LeadershipNew York City Economic Development Corporation
  173. 335Total debt securitiesBank for International Settlements — June 2013
  174. 336NewsRanking the Biggest U.S. Banks: A New Entrant in Top 5Saabira Chaudhuri — September 15, 2014
  175. 337Q3 2018 U.S. Office Market OutlookCynthia Foster — Colliers International — December 7, 2018
  176. 338NewsLaw firm Paul Weiss signs biggest US office lease of 2023 in ManhattanJoe Miller and Joshua Chaffin — December 21, 2023
  177. 341Magazine'Silicon Alley' Provides Path To Prosperity For New York CityBrad Thomas — September 11, 2021
  178. 342SA 100 2013: The Coolest People In New York TechMegan Rose Dickey et al. — October 24, 2013
  179. 343NewsThe History of New York's Silicon AlleyPeter Ward — March 8, 2018
  180. 347NewsEven Without Amazon, Tech Could Keep Gaining Ground in New YorkBen Casselman et al. — February 15, 2019
  181. 349City AI firms bucked the VC downturn, raised a whopping $483.6M in 2022Cara Eisenpress — Crain Communications — March 22, 2023
  182. 352'Game-changing' Tech Campus Goes to Cornell, TechnionAnne Ju — Cornell University — December 19, 2011
  183. 355NewsDepartment of Finance Publishes Fiscal Year 2017 Tentative Assessment RollNew York City Department of Finance — January 15, 2016
  184. 364The Most Photographed Places In The World Based On Traveler DataJamie McNeely — Expedia — June 25, 2018
  185. 365NewsThe world's most photographed placesAna Swanson — August 26, 2015
  186. 367I Love New York LogoNew York State Education Department — September 26, 2013
  187. 375Broadway Season StatisticsThe Broadway League
  188. 376BookNew York City SkyscrapersRichard Panchyk — Arcadia Publishing — 2010
  189. 378ABC will broadcast New York's pride parade live for the first timeDawn Ennis — LGBTQ Nation — May 24, 2017
  190. 379Press releaseTampa Bay 12th Largest Media Market NowTampa Bay Partnership — August 26, 2005
  191. 388New York Film Academy, New York CityNew York Film Academy
  192. 389Request for Expressions of InterestGovernors Island Preservation and Education Corporation — 2005
  193. 390About NYC MediaCity of New York
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  195. 396Private School Universe SurveyNational Center for Education Statistics
  196. 398NewsAmerica's Biggest College TownsSeptember 8, 2016
  197. 400Academic Ranking of World Universities 2019Shanghai Ranking Consultancy
  198. 403Academic Ranking of World Universities 2017Shanghai Ranking Consultancy Consultancy
  199. 404CWUR 2016—World University RankingsCenter for World University Rankings
  200. 406The Doctor Is In: New York's Increasing Number of DoctorsBlair Horner et al. — New York City Economic Development Corporation — August 2014
  201. 408Consulate General of Iceland New York CultureConsulate General of Iceland New York
  202. 409Consulate of Latvia in New YorkConsulate of Latvia
  203. 410Introduction to Chapter 14: New York City (NYC) CultureThe Weissman Center for International Business Baruch College/CUNY 2011
  204. 412NewsHarlem in the Jazz AgeFebruary 8, 1987
  205. 413NewsART; A 1920's Flowering That Didn't DisappearHolland Cotter — May 24, 1998
  206. 414NewsWill Gentrification Spoil the Birthplace of Hip-Hop?David Gonzalez — May 21, 2007
  207. 415BookSonic Cool: The Life & Death of Rock 'N' RollJoe S. Harrington — Hal Leonard — 2002
  208. 416MagazineSurvival of the StreetsSam McPheeters et al. — September 1, 2009
  209. 418Free To Dance—About The FilmPublic Broadcasting Service
  210. 419Group VisitsAlvin Ailey Dance Foundation, Inc
  211. 421MagazineThe City That EnduresSeptember 7, 2021
  212. 423NewsOn Subways as Riders Return: Odes to Their ResilienceColin Moynihan — May 3, 2020
  213. 424BookThe History of North American Theater: From Pre-Columbian Times to the PresentFelicia Hardison Londré et al. — Continuum — 1998
  214. 425News2 plays + 9 nominations = good odds for localsAnne Marie Welsh — June 6, 2004
  215. 426The Great White WayVR McBeth — September 25, 2006
  216. 427BookTimes Square Spectacular: Lighting Up BroadwayDarcy Tell — HarperCollins — 2007
  217. 428BookThe City in Slang: New York Life and Popular SpeechIrving Lewis Allen — Oxford University Press — 1995
  218. 434BookAmerican VoicesMichael Newman — Blackwell — 2005
  219. 435NewsOy Gevalt! New Yawkese: An Endangered Dialect?Deborah Sontag — February 14, 1993
  220. 441BookHistory of Housing in New York City: Dwelling Type and Change in the American MetropolisRichard A. Plunz — Columbia University Press — 1990
  221. 442BookNew York: Old & New: Its Story, Streets, and LandmarksRufus Rockwell Wilson — J.B. Lippincott — 1902
  222. 446About Summer StageCity Parks Foundation
  223. 447Creative New YorkCenter for an Urban Future — December 2005
  224. 449NewsReaching High on Upper 5th AvenueLaura Kusisto — October 21, 2011
  225. 455BookMasterpieces of the Metropolitan Museum of ArtPhilippe de Montebello — Metropolitan Museum of Art — 1997
  226. 457Is Corned Beef Really Irish?Shaylyn Esposito — March 15, 2013
  227. 458NewsKebabs on the Night ShiftJennifer Bleyer — May 14, 2006
  228. 460Restaurant Inspection Results (Letter Grades)New York City Department of Health and Mental Hygiene
  229. 461$15-Per-Hour Minimum Wage Isn't What NYC Restaurant Workers OrderedJennifer Tiedemann — In Defense of Liberty — April 8, 2019
  230. 464NewsThe Economic Impact of New York Fashion WeekDiana Juarez — October 4, 2023
  231. 468Met Gala 2023: Fashion's biggest night honors Karl LagerfeldAli Bauman — CBS News — May 1, 2023
  232. 469Millions Of Revelers Marvel Over Macy's Thanksgiving Day ParadeCBS Broadcasting Inc — November 24, 2016
  233. 470Guide to the 2016 Macy's Thanksgiving Day ParadeHilarey Wojtowicz — The Independent Traveler, Inc
  234. 47911 Most Expensive Stadiums in the WorldEsteban — Total Pro Sports — October 27, 2011
  235. 481NewsOwners warm up to New York/New Jersey as Super Bowl XLVIII hostNational Football League — May 26, 2010
  236. 486Dodgers TimelineLos Angeles Dodgers
  237. 487Historical MomentsDodgers Giants
  238. 489Introducing Your Ferryhawks!!November 17, 2021
  239. 490Postseason OverviewNational Invitation Tournament
  240. 493Brooklyn FC reveal "shared identity" for USL Super League brandUnited Soccer League — April 12, 2024
  241. 497US Open 2015United States Tennis Association
  242. 501About Us: LocationsNewYork-Presbyterian Hospital
  243. 5122014 HHC Report to the CommunityNew York City Health and Hospitals Corporation
  244. 516New York State Tobacco Control LawsNew York State Department of Health
  245. 517Could New York City's right to shelter apply statewide?Annie McDonough — City & State New York — August 15, 2023
  246. 522MagazineWorst-Case ScenarioArthur Prager — February–March 2006
  247. 523CompstatCity of New York Police Department
  248. 524JournalDon't Tell New York, But Crime Is Going UpCity University of New York — December 15–31, 2013
  249. 535Youth GangsMark Berkey-Gerard — March 5, 2001
  250. 537How New York Gang Culture Is ChangingSeth Ferranti — August 18, 2015
  251. 538ReportSpecial Investigation Report: New York City Transit Authority Subway System FiresNational Transportation Safety Board — October 23, 1985
  252. 5399 Metrotech Center – FDNY HeadquartersFresh Meadow Mechanical Corp
  253. 540FDNY Fire AcademyThe City of New York
  254. 542Commuting in America III: Commuting FactsAlan Pisarski — Transportation Research Board — October 16, 2006
  255. 550NewsNew York City Subway Returns to 24-Hour ServiceWinnie Hu et al. — May 17, 2021
  256. 553NewsNew Yorkers are Top Transit UsersLes Christie — CNNMoney.com — June 29, 2007
  257. 554NHTS 2001 Highlights Report, BTS03-05Bureau of Transportation Statistics — 2001
  258. 555ReportThe Hardest Working CitiesOffice of the New York City Comptroller — March 2015
  259. 556U.S. Parking Policies: An Overview of Management StrategiesRachel Weinberger et al. — Institute for Transportation and Development Policy — 2010
  260. 557New York City's Green DividendCEOs for Cities — April 21, 2010
  261. 573Staten Island Ferry ridershilip breaks recordAnna Sanders — SILive.com — September 20, 2016
  262. 574Staten Island FerryNew York City Department of Transportation — September 18, 2017
  263. 575First of New York's citywide ferries arrives in Brooklyn Bridge ParkZoe Rosenberg — Curbed New York, Vox Media — April 17, 2017
  264. 584NewsNew York City's streets are 'more congested than ever': reportAmy Plitt et al. — August 15, 2019
  265. 585NewsSolving the city's traffic nightmaresJason M. Barr — September 5, 2019
  266. 587NewsWelcome to the Congestion Zone: New York Toll Program Is Set to BeginWinnie Hu and Ana Ley — January 4, 2025
  267. 588Chapter 4: Traffic ControlNew York State Department of Motor Vehicles — November 25, 2013
  268. 590NewsGW Bridge Painters: Dangerous Job on Top of the World's Busiest BridgeBod Woodruff et al. — November 20, 2012
  269. 592Verrazano-Narrows BridgeEastern Roads
  270. 599Holland TunnelNational Park Service
  271. 602Forms of Municipal GovernmentNational League of Cities
  272. 603About the CouncilNew York City Council
  273. 604NewsCouncil Votes, 29 to 22, to Extend Term LimitsSewell Chan et al. — October 23, 2008
  274. 605BookGibson's New York Legal Research GuideEllen M. Gibson et al. — Wm. S. Hein Publishing — 2004
  275. 615Downstate Pays More, Upstate Gets More: Does It Matter?The Nelson A. Rockefeller Institute of Government—The Public Policy Research Arm of the State University of New York — December 2011
  276. 617NYC's Partner CitiesThe City of New York
  277. 619KL's Sister Citiesposkod.my — October 21, 2010