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— CH. 1 · INTRODUCTION —

Azerbaijan

12 min listen · Ch. 1 of 8
8 sections

  • Azerbaijan sits at a crossroads so ancient and contested that even its name carries the echoes of a Persian satrap from the age of Alexander the Great. The name derives from Atropates, a governor reinstated under Alexander whose name meant "Protected by the Holy Fire" in Old Iranian. For a country that calls itself the "land of fire," that etymology feels less like coincidence and more like destiny.

    The questions this documentary sets out to answer are not simple ones. How does a place with thousands of years of layered rule, from the Achaemenid Empire to the Soviets, forge a single national identity? What happens when that identity collides with the claims of neighbors who shared the same mountains? And how does one of the world's most oil-rich republics reconcile economic growth with a government that Freedom House ranked 7 out of 100 on its global freedom scale in 2024?

  • The word Azerbaijan did not always refer to the country that bears it today. Before 1918, the name was used exclusively to identify a region of what is now northwestern Iran. When the Musavat party declared independence that year after the collapse of the Russian Empire, it adopted the name for its new republic, and Iran immediately protested.

    The linguistic journey that produced the name spans millennia. Atropates became Aturpatakan in Middle Persian, then shifted through Adharbadhaganand Adhorbaygan in New Persian before arriving at the modern form. The name was preserved in Greek sources, where Diodorus Siculus and Strabo both mentioned it. During Soviet rule, the country was spelled in Cyrillic as a transliteration from Russian, a form used from 1940 to 1991.

    What the pre-1918 territory had been called was Arran and Shirvan, names with their own long histories. The adoption of Azerbaijan as the republic's name cut across an established geographic identity and permanently tied the new state's name to a controversy that persists in Iranian-Azerbaijani relations today.

  • The earliest evidence of human settlement in the territory dates back to the late Stone Age, found at Azykh Cave and linked to the Guruchay culture. Scythians arrived during the 9th century BC. Then came the Iranian Medes, who forged a vast empire between 900 and 700 BC before being absorbed into the Achaemenid Empire around 550 BC.

    Caucasian Albania, the pre-Islamic state of the region, became a vassal of the Sasanian Empire in 252 and retained its monarchy even under heavy Sasanian control, with the Sasanian marzban holding most real authority. King Urnayr officially adopted Christianity as the state religion in the 4th century. Christianity in Caucasian Albania did not outlast the Umayyad Caliphate, which repulsed both the Sasanians and Byzantines from the South Caucasus and suppressed Christian resistance led by King Juansher in 667.

    The Seljuk Turks entered the area by 1067, and with them came a profound linguistic shift. The pre-Turkic population had spoken several Indo-European and Caucasian languages, including Armenian and Old Azeri, an Iranian language. That Old Azeri was gradually replaced by the early precursor of what is now the Azerbaijani language. Under the Seljuks, poets Nizami Ganjavi and Khaqani gave rise to a flowering of Persian literature in the region.

    From the 16th century, the Safavid dynasty of Iran converted the formerly Sunni population to Shia Islam, a transformation that shaped the country's religious character to the present day. The Safavids ultimately deposed the local Shirvanshah dynasty in 1538, making the area a province of Shirvan directly under Safavid rule.

  • In 1804, Russian forces invaded and sacked the Iranian town of Ganja, sparking the first of two devastating wars with Qajar Iran. The Treaty of Gulistan in 1813 forced Iran to cede most of the khanates along with Georgia and Dagestan. Then Russia violated the treaty and invaded again, touching off the Russo-Persian War of 1826-1828. The resulting Treaty of Turkmenchay compelled Iran to give up the Erivan Khanate, the Nakhchivan Khanate, and the remainder of the Talysh Khanate.

    Despite the military conquest, preoccupation with Iranian culture, literature, and language remained widespread throughout the 19th century among intellectuals in the Russian-held cities of Baku, Ganja, and Tiflis. An Azerbaijani national identity only emerged clearly by the late 19th century.

    The Azerbaijan Democratic Republic declared independence in 1918 and immediately achieved a series of historic firsts. It was the first modern parliamentary republic in the Muslim world and the first Muslim nation to grant women equal political rights with men. Baku State University, described as the first modern university founded in the Muslim East, was established during this brief period. That period lasted only 23 months. The Bolshevik 11th Soviet Red Army invaded on the 28th of April 1920. As many as 20,000 Azerbaijani soldiers died resisting what the source calls effectively a Russian reconquest, even as the bulk of the new army was engaged in suppressing an Armenian revolt in Karabakh.

  • During World War II, Baku supplied 80 percent of Soviet oil used on the Eastern Front. The German Wehrmacht launched Operation Edelweiss specifically to capture the city, recognizing it as the energy dynamo of the Soviet war effort. By decree of the Supreme Soviet in February 1942, more than 500 workers in Azerbaijan's oil industry were awarded orders and medals for their contributions.

    A fifth of all Azerbaijanis served in the Second World War between 1941 and 1945. Approximately 681,000 people went to the front, including more than 100,000 women, from a total population of 3.4 million. Some 250,000 people from Azerbaijan were killed. More than 130 Azerbaijanis were named Heroes of the Soviet Union. Major-General Azi Aslanov was twice awarded the title.

    The final years of Soviet rule brought a different kind of violence. Following Mikhail Gorbachev's glasnost policies, ethnic conflict over Nagorno-Karabakh intensified. The Black January events in Baku, sparked by Moscow's indifference to the conflict, pushed the republic toward independence. In October 1991, the Supreme Council adopted a Declaration of Independence, affirmed by referendum in December that year.

  • By the end of the First Nagorno-Karabakh War in 1994, Armenians controlled 14-16 percent of Azerbaijani territory. An estimated 30,000 people were killed. More than a million people were displaced, with more than 800,000 Azerbaijanis and 300,000 Armenians uprooted from their homes. Four United Nations Security Council resolutions demanded the withdrawal of Armenian forces from occupied Azerbaijani territories.

    In 1993, elected President Abulfaz Elchibey was overthrown in a military insurrection led by Colonel Surat Huseynov, which brought former Soviet Azerbaijan leader Heydar Aliyev to power. Huseynov himself then attempted a coup against Aliyev in 1994 and was arrested for treason. A second coup attempt came in 1995, this time by the commander of the Russian OMON unit, Rovshan Javadov. That attempt was also suppressed, resulting in Javadov's death.

    dar Aliyev died in 2003 and his son Ilham Aliyev became president. He was re-elected to a third term in October 2013 and secured a fourth consecutive term in April 2018 in an election boycotted by main opposition parties as fraudulent. On the 27th of September 2020, clashes resumed in Nagorno-Karabakh. The six-week war ended with Azerbaijan making significant territorial gains. In September 2023, Azerbaijan launched an offensive against the Republic of Artsakh that resulted in the dissolution and reintegration of Artsakh on the 1st of January 2024 and the flight of nearly all ethnic Armenians from the region. On the 8th of August 2025, President Ilham Aliyev and Armenian Prime Minister Nikol Pashinyan signed a joint declaration at the White House committing to a peace deal facilitated by the Trump administration.

  • Yanar Dag, which translates as "burning mountain," blazes continuously on a hillside on the Absheron Peninsula near Baku, where flames jet from a thin, porous sandstone layer. The site draws visitors to a city already known across the ancient world as the land of fire, a reputation grounded in the natural gas seeps that have burned here for centuries.

    Nearly half of all the mud volcanoes on Earth are concentrated in Azerbaijan, and these volcanoes were among nominees for the New 7 Wonders of Nature. Mount Bazarduzu rises to 4,466 meters as the country's highest peak. The lowest point lies in the Caspian Sea. Nine of the eleven existing climate zones on Earth are present within this single country's borders.

    Two-thirds of Azerbaijan is rich in oil and natural gas. In September 1994, a 30-year contract was signed between the State Oil Company of Azerbaijan and 13 companies including Amoco, BP, ExxonMobil, Lukoil, and Equinor. The Baku-Tbilisi-Ceyhan pipeline became operational in May 2006 and extends more than 1,774 kilometers. The Southern Gas Corridor, connecting the Shah Deniz gas field in Azerbaijan to Europe, was designed to reduce the European Union's dependency on Russian natural gas. Azerbaijan extended its agreement on development of the Azeri-Chirag-Guneshli oil field until 2050 in a deal signed on the 14th of September 2017.

  • UNESCO proclaimed the Azerbaijani mugham tradition a Masterpiece of the Oral and Intangible Heritage of Humanity. The Grove Dictionary of Music and Musicians describes the Azerbaijani people as musically much closer to Iran than Turkey in terms of ethnicity, culture, and religion. Mugham is a free-form suite of poetry and instrumental interludes, often compared to jazz in its improvisational nature.

    Azerbaijan's ashiq tradition, included on UNESCO's Intangible Cultural Heritage list in 2009, combines poetry, storytelling, dance, and vocal and instrumental music. An ashiq is a mystic troubadour who plays the saz. The tradition has roots in the shamanistic beliefs of ancient Turkic peoples. In November 2010, the Azerbaijani carpet was proclaimed a Masterpiece of Intangible Heritage by UNESCO.

    Ell and Nikki won the Eurovision Song Contest 2011 with the song "Running Scared," giving Azerbaijan the right to host the contest in Baku in 2012. The country had made its debut at Eurovision only three years earlier, in 2008, and gained third place in 2009.

    Against this cultural richness stands a severe press environment. Azerbaijan ranked 177th out of 196 countries on a press freedom index. All foreign broadcasts are banned. In 2025, there were 375 political prisoners in Azerbaijan. Azerbaijan had the largest number of journalists imprisoned in Europe in 2015 according to the Committee to Protect Journalists. Journalists from Abzas Media, Toplum TV, and Meydan TV were prosecuted in 2024 and 2025 in trials international human rights organizations described as unfair. Leaked data revealed that Azerbaijan's leadership made more than 16,000 covert payments from 2012 to 2014, routing funds to politicians and journalists in a lobbying effort the source terms caviar diplomacy.

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Common questions

What does the name Azerbaijan mean and where does it come from?

Azerbaijan derives from Atropates, a Persian satrap under the Achaemenid Empire who was reinstated by Alexander the Great. The Old Iranian name means "Protected by the Holy Fire" or "The Land of the Holy Fire," reflecting the once-dominant religion of Zoroastrianism. The name evolved through Middle Persian and New Persian forms over millennia before arriving at its current spelling.

When did Azerbaijan gain independence and what were its early achievements?

Azerbaijan declared independence as the Azerbaijan Democratic Republic in 1918 after the collapse of the Russian Empire. It became the first modern parliamentary republic in the Muslim world and the first Muslim nation to grant women equal political rights with men. The republic lasted only 23 months before the Bolshevik Red Army invaded on the 28th of April 1920.

What happened during the Nagorno-Karabakh conflict between Azerbaijan and Armenia?

The First Nagorno-Karabakh War ended in 1994 with Armenians controlling 14-16 percent of Azerbaijani territory, displacing more than a million people and killing an estimated 30,000. The Second Nagorno-Karabakh War in 2020 returned significant territory to Azerbaijan. In September 2023, an Azerbaijani offensive ended the Republic of Artsakh, leading to its dissolution on the 1st of January 2024 and the expulsion of nearly all ethnic Armenians from the region.

How important was Baku to the Soviet Union during World War II?

Baku supplied 80 percent of Soviet oil used on the Eastern Front during World War II. The German Wehrmacht launched Operation Edelweiss specifically to capture the city. Approximately 681,000 Azerbaijanis served at the front, including more than 100,000 women, from a total population of 3.4 million, and some 250,000 were killed.

What is Azerbaijan's human rights record under the Aliyev family?

Freedom House ranked Azerbaijan 7 out of 100 on its Global Freedom Score in 2024, categorizing it as authoritarian. In 2025, there were 375 political prisoners in Azerbaijan, and all foreign broadcasts are banned. Azerbaijan had the largest number of journalists imprisoned in Europe in 2015 according to the Committee to Protect Journalists, and leaked data showed more than 16,000 covert payments from 2012 to 2014 in a foreign lobbying scheme termed caviar diplomacy.

What UNESCO cultural heritage traditions does Azerbaijan have?

Azerbaijan holds two UNESCO Masterpiece designations: the mugham music tradition, a free-form suite of poetry and instrumental interludes comparable to jazz, and the Azerbaijani carpet, proclaimed in November 2010. The ashiq tradition, a performance art combining poetry, storytelling, dance, and music rooted in ancient Turkic shamanism, was added to UNESCO's Intangible Cultural Heritage list in 2009.

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All sources

373 references cited across the entry

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  106. 108NewsAzeri rights activist says 35 imprisoned special police unit members very sick2 June 2000
  107. 109NewsAzerbaijan Coup Attempt Crushed Caucasus: Loyal forces storm a building and overcome mutinous police units, president reports.Sonni Efron — 18 March 1995
  108. 110NewsAliyev and son keep it in the familyStephen Mulvey — 14 October 2003
  109. 111Nov 2013 – Action against oppositionNovember 2013
  110. 112NewsAzerbaijan's strongman Ilham Aliyev re-elected for fourth consecutive term DW 11 April 2018Deutsche Welle (www.dw.com) — 11 April 2018
  111. 113NewsFighting over Nagorno-Karabakh goes on despite US mediation24 October 2020
  112. 114NewsFury and celebrations as Russia brokers peace deal to end Nagorno-Karabakh war11 November 2020
  113. 115Strong economic performance in Caucasus amid geopolitical turmoil
  114. 116Azerbaijan: The veneer of democracy is peeling off Baku's authoritarian political structure
  115. 117Rural Azerbaijan risks falling further behind wealthy BakuDevin Haas — 14 August 2023
  116. 118Azerbaijan's Ruling Aliyev Family and Their Associates Acquired Dozens of Prime London Properties Worth Nearly $700 MillionMiranda Patrucic, Ilya Lozovsky, Kelly Bloss, and Tom Stocks
  117. 119More than 80% of Nagorno-Karabakh's population flees as future uncertain for those who remainAvet Demourian — 29 September 2023
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  120. 122U.S. secures strategic transit corridor in Armenia-Azerbaijan peace deal – Reuters
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  122. 124JournalPresent and future Köppen-Geiger climate classification maps at 1-km resolutionHylke E. Beck et al. — 30 October 2018
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  126. 128NewsAzerbaijan's mud volcanoes on Seven Wonders of Nature shortlistNews.Az
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  129. 131Azerbaijan » Asian Mountain Outfitters
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  131. 133The climate-forming factors - Azerbaijan.az
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  146. 148Global Forest Resources Assessment 2020, Azerbaijan
  147. 149JournalUncensored journalism in censored times: Challenges of reporting on AzerbaijanArzu Geybulla — February 2023
  148. 150JournalFrom sport-for-development to sports mega-events: conflict, authoritarian modernisation and statecraft in AzerbaijanJoel Rookwood — 3 April 2022
  149. 151JournalCritically Commenting Publics as Authoritarian Input Institutions: How Citizens Comment Beneath their News in Azerbaijan, Russia, and TurkmenistanFlorian Toepfl et al. — 12 March 2021
  150. 152BookRussia, EU and the Post-Soviet Democratic FailureBidzina Lebanidze — Springer Fachmedien — 2020
  151. 153BookPolitik und Gesellschaft im Kaukasus: Eine unruhige Region zwischen Tradition und TransformationAgshin Umudov — Springer Fachmedien — 2019
  152. 154BookPolitik und Gesellschaft im Kaukasus: Eine unruhige Region zwischen Tradition und TransformationAltay Goyushov et al. — Springer Fachmedien — 2019
  153. 155JournalResisting the Irresistible: 'Failed Opposition' in Azerbaijan and Belarus RevisitedSofie Bedford et al. — October 2019
  154. 156JournalUnintended transformation? Organizational responses to regulative crackdown on civil society in AzerbaijanNajmin Kamilsoy — 1 September 2023
  155. 157NewsThe meaning behind Azerbaijan's forged electionsMateusz Bajek — 2020
  156. 158NewsAzerbaijan's 'Equal Coverage' Law Stifles Media Reports On ElectionsRon Synovitz — 7 February 2020
  157. 159NewsAzerbaijan's Election Is a FarceRichard Kauzlarich, David J. Kramer — 11 April 2018
  158. 160A small war in Central Asia is a big problem for Joe Biden's narrative about taking on Russia and ChinaChris McCallion — 22 September 2022
  159. 162freedomhouse.org: Combined Average Ratings: Independent Countries 2009
  160. 163Azerbaijan: Freedom in the World 2024 Country Report
  161. 164State power
  162. 165NewsMonitors criticize Azerbaijani electionsAl Jazeera
  163. 166Azərbaycan Prezidentinin Rəsmi internet səhifəsi
  164. 167Təhlükəsizlik Şurası
  165. 168The State Statistical Committee of the Republic of Azerbaijan, Administrative and territorial units of Azerbaijan RepublicAzstat.org
  166. 169Azerbaijan – Foreign RelationsCountry Studies
  167. 170Bilateral relationsMinistry of Foreign Affairs
  168. 17115th anniversary of Israel-Azerbaijan diplomatic relationsArthur Lenk — Ministry of Foreign Affairs of Israel — 7 March 2007
  169. 172NewsTurkey Develops Special Relationship with AzerbaijanSaban Kardas — Eurasia Daily Monitor Volume
  170. 173Azerbaijan and Turkey Coordinate Nagorno-Karabakh Negotiation PositionMevlut Katik — EurasiaNet
  171. 174Elections & Appointments – Human Rights CouncilUnited Nations
  172. 175NewsIndependence of Kosovo and the Nagorno-Karabakh IssueHasan Selim Özertem — TurkishWeekly
  173. 176National Security Concept of the Republic of AzerbaijanUnited Nations — 23 May 2007
  174. 177Rex Tillerson affirms US support for Azerbaijan's efforts to diversify its economy29 March 2017
  175. 178US Congress puts the squeeze on military aid to AzerbaijanJuly 2021
  176. 179Disgraced: Azerbaijan and the End of Election Monitoring As We Know ItEuropean Stability Initiative — 5 November 2013
  177. 180NewsPlush hotels and caviar diplomacy: how Azerbaijan's elite wooed MPsJamie Doward
  178. 181NewsEurope's caviar diplomacy with Azerbaijan must end
  179. 182NewsBaku Smooths Over Its Rights Record with a Thick Layer of Caviar
  180. 183NewsThe Azerbaijani LaundromatOrganized Crime and Corruption Reporting Project
  181. 184Azerbaijan: Short History of Statehood , Embassy of Republic of Azerbaijan in Pakistan, 2005, Chapter 3.
  182. 185Creation of National Army in 1918 .
  183. 186Law of the Republic of Azerbaijan on Armed Forces , No. 210-XII, 9 October 1991 .
  184. 187Army Day Celebrated in Azerbaijan26 June 2008
  185. 188C. W. Blandy Azerbaijan: Is War Over Nagornyy Karabakh a Realistic Option? Advanced Research and Assessment Group. Caucasus Series 08/17. – Defense Academy of the United Kingdom, 2008, p. 12
  186. 189Heydar Aliyev Heritage Research Center25 December 1996
  187. 190Azerbaijan: Baku Can Leapfrog over Ukraine, Georgia for NATO MembershipShahin Abbasov — EurasiaNet
  188. 191Military expenditure (current USD) – Azerbaijan
  189. 192Military expenditure (% of GDP) – Azerbaijan
  190. 193Military expenditure (% of general government expenditure) – Azerbaijan
  191. 194Azerbaijan to start manufacturing arms, military hardware in 2008BBC Monitoring Service
  192. 195NewsAzerbaijan to produce tanks, aviation bombs and pilotless vehicles in 2009panarmenian
  193. 196NewsUzeir Jafarov: "Azerbaijan will be unable to produce competitive military technique in the next five years"Today.Az
  194. 197NewsPresident Ilham Aliyev attends the openings of several defense-related facilitiesToday.Az
  195. 198Parliamentary Assembly of the Council of Europe, The Protection of media freedom in Europe .Background report prepared by Mr William Horsley, special representative for media freedom of the Associatio
  196. 199Freedom House, Azerbaijan 2015 Press Freedom report
  197. 200Freedom of the Press 2013Freedom House
  198. 201NewsBaku's latest 'biggest enemy' Journalist Orkhan Mammad explains how Azerbaijani propaganda weaponized the ongoing diplomatic crisis with Russia4 July 2025
  199. 202Threat to retransmission of BBC, Voice of America and Radio Liberty/Radio Free EuropeReporters Without Borders — 17 October 2006
  200. 203NewsAzerbaijan: Anti-Gay CrackdownHuman Rights Watch — 3 October 2017
  201. 204NewsAzerbaijan named most anti-LGBT+ country in Europe13 May 2019
  202. 205Azerbaijan
  203. 2062018 Report on International Religious Freedom: Azerbaijan
  204. 207Baku 2015: Press freedom, Azerbaijan, and the European GamesNina Ognianova — Committee to Protect Journalists — 11 June 2015
  205. 208NewsAzerbaijan: Crackdown on Critics Amid PandemicHuman Rights Watch — 16 April 2020
  206. 209NewsAzerbaijan abuses quarantine rules to jail critical journalists and bloggersInternational Press Institute — 23 April 2020
  207. 210NewsNew Wave of Arrests Targets Journalists and Activists in Azerbaijan6 March 2024
  208. 211NewsAzerbaijan Convicts Critics in Relentless Crackdown3 July 2025
  209. 212NewsImprisoned Meydan TV journalists begin hunger strike4 July 2025
  210. 213Azerbaijan closes its doorsNatalia Nozadze — Amnesty International — 8 October 2015
  211. 214Annual report on AzerbaijanInternational Amnesty — Amnesty International
  212. 215Amnesty International Report 2015/16 – AzerbaijanAmnesty International — 24 February 2016
  213. 216NewsUK at centre of secret $3bn Azerbaijani money laundering and lobbying schemeLuke Harding et al. — 4 September 2017
  214. 217Azerbaijan – General InformationHeydar Aliyev Foundation
  215. 218RəhbərlikInternational Bank of Azerbaijan
  216. 219Azerbaijan's Q1 inflation rate 16.6%, National Bank Chief saysToday.Az
  217. 220JournalDutch disease and the Azerbaijan economy1 December 2013
  218. 221Azerbaijan's New Manats: Design and Transition to a New CurrencySevinj Mehdizade — Azerbaijan International
  219. 222Azerbaijan's Manat Makeover: Good Times Ahead?Rovshan Ismayilov — EurasiaNet — 28 February 2006
  220. 223Bibliothek der Friedrich-Ebert-Stiftung
  221. 224Azerbaijan – General InformationHeydar Aliyev Foundation
  222. 225History of Development of Oil Industry
  223. 226NewsSouthern Gas Corridor project about to come on stream11 November 2020
  224. 227NewsNew gas pipeline could heat up Azeri-Russian rivalry6 October 2020
  225. 228Azerbaijan: EconomyglobalEDGE
  226. 229Country TrendsGlobal Footprint Network
  227. 230JournalEcological Footprint Accounting for Countries: Updates and Results of the National Footprint Accounts, 2012–2018David Lin et al. — 2018
  228. 231SOCAR plans to completed full gasification of Azerbaijan only by 2021Azerbaijan Business Center — 13 February 2010
  229. 232The Azerbaijan government and co-venturers sign amended and restated Azeri-Chirag-Deepwater Gunashli PSA Press releases Media BP14 September 2017
  230. 233Natural resourcesThe State Statistical Committee of the Republic of Azerbaijan
  231. 234Azerbaijan: Status of DatabaseCentral Asia and Caucasus Institute
  232. 235Findings on the Worst Forms of Child Labor – Azerbaijan
  233. 236IndustryStatistical Yearbook of Azerbaijan 2004
  234. 237Rapid Tourism Assessment for the Azerbaijan Tourism Sector Development Program – Organization for Security and Cooperation in Europe (OSCE)March 2004
  235. 238NewsAzərbaycan Qarabağın turizm imkanlarını təbliğ edir18 April 2007
  236. 239Azerbaijan: Baku Boom Has Yet to Hit RegionsRovshan Ismayilov — EurasiaNet — 12 August 2007
  237. 240$2 bn to be invested in Shahdag winter-summer resort in AzerbaijanNews.az — 5 April 2011
  238. 241Ministry of Culture and Tourism of Azerbaijan: GoalsTourism.az — 6 February 2004
  239. 242Global Passport Power Rank | Passport Index 2017 . Passportindex.org. Retrieved 1 July 2017.
  240. 243Home Page | The Electronic Visa System of Azerbaijan Republic . Evisa.gov.az. Retrieved 1 July 2017.
  241. 244Crotti, Robert and Misrahi, Tiffany(2015) Chapter 1.1 "The Travel & Tourism Competitiveness Index 2015: T&T as a Resilient Contribution to National Development" in The Travel & Tourism Competitiveness
  242. 245Research2017
  243. 246Where's hot? This summer's most popular holiday spotsKatie Hope — BBC — 19 July 2017
  244. 247The New Silk RoadsTaleh Ziyadov — Central Asia-Caucasus Institute Silk Road Studies Program
  245. 248JournalThe Baku-Tbilisi-Ceyhan Pipeline: Implications for TurkeyZeyno Baran — 2005
  246. 249Press releaseSCP Commissioning CommencesBP — 1 June 2006
  247. 250List of Contracting Parties to the Convention on Road TrafficUN Economic Commission for Europe
  248. 251NewsAzerbaijan aims for hi-tech stateEuronews
  249. 252Azerbaijan is in TOP 10 of countries showing dynamic growth in Internet and mobile communications penetration12 October 2012
  250. 253Global Innovation Index 2024 : Unlocking the Promise of Social Entrepreneurship
  251. 254Azerbaijan ranking in the Global Innovation Index 2025
  252. 255CIA.gov , CIA World Factbook Telephones – main lines in use, Azerbaijan 1,397,000 main lines
  253. 256CIA.gov , CIA World Factbook Internet users, Azerbaijan Internet users: 1,485,000.
  254. 257NewsAzerbaijani scientist invents earthquake-resistant buildingNews.Az — 18 March 2011
  255. 258International Station for the Forecasting of Earthquakes Atropatena-AZ3, Baku, AzerbaijanGlobal Network for the Forecasting of Earthquakes
  256. 259NewsBlackSea News28 March 2011
  257. 260NewsArianespace signs deal to launch Azerbaijani satelliteNews.Az — 5 November 2010
  258. 261Azerbaijan signs deal with Arianespace to launch satelliteSpace Travel
  259. 262Orbital Contracted to Build Azerbaijan's First SatelliteSatelliteToday — 28 November 2010
  260. 263NewsBaku developing satellite to kick off national space program3 December 2009
  261. 264NewsMeeting held to coordinate orbital slots for AzersatNews.Az — 16 November 2009
  262. 265NewsАзербайджан рассчитывает запустить спутник связи AzerSatComNews — 29 July 2009
  263. 266Population of Azerbaijan revealed15 April 2022
  264. 267Azərbaycanda demoqrafik vəziyyət
  265. 268Xaricdəki təşkilatlarState Committee on Work with Diaspora
  266. 269Ethnic minoritiesMinistry of Foreign Affairs
  267. 270Azərbaycanın əhalisi | Azərbaycan Respublikasının Dövlət Statistika Komitəsi . Stat.gov.az. Retrieved 1 July 2017.
  268. 271Azərbaycanın əhalisiAnar Samadov (www.anarsamadov.net)
  269. 272Ethnic composition of Azerbaijan 2019
  270. 273The State Statistical Committee of the Republic of Azerbaijan10 November 2013
  271. 274PopulationAnar Samadov (www.anarsamadov.net)
  272. 275BookArmenia: Portraits of Survival and HopeDonald E. Miller et al. — University of California Press — 2003
  273. 276Nagorno Karabakh Republic – Country OverviewNkrusa.org
  274. 277Ethnologue report for AzerbaijanEthnologue: Languages of the World
  275. 278Endangered languages in Europe and North Asia
  276. 279Legend of the Bibi-Heybat MosqueAzad Sharifov — Azerbaijan International
  277. 280NewsIslam and Secularism: the Azerbaijani experience and its reflection in FrancePR Web — 17 June 2013
  278. 281Mapping The Global Muslim Population
  279. 282ReligionAdministrative Department of the President of the Republic of Azerbaijan – Presidential Library
  280. 283BookThe Dialectics of Post-Soviet Modernity and the Changing Contours of Islamic Discourse in AzerbaijanMurad Ismayilov — Lexington Books — 2018
  281. 284BookWhitaker's Shorts 2015: InternationalBloomsbury — 2014
  282. 285Azerbaijan: Evaluating Islamists' Strength in Baku Eurasianet
  283. 286AzerbaijanBayram Balci et al. — Brill — 1 January 2011
  284. 287Azerbaijani Shias gather for Ashura, under close watch from the stateJoshua Kucera — 20 September 2018
  285. 288What Alabamians and Iranians Have in Common9 February 2009
  286. 289Global Christianity1 December 2014
  287. 290Catholic Church in AzerbaijanCatholic-Hierarchy
  288. 291Azerbaijan: 125 religious groups re-registeredFelix Corley — Keston News Service — 9 March 2002
  289. 292News5,000 Azerbaijanis adopted ChristianityDay.az — 7 July 2007
  290. 293NewsChristian Missionaries Becoming Active in AzerbaijanTehran Radio — 19 June 2011
  291. 294NewsJewish Life in Azerbaijan Embodies Muslim-Majority Nation's Culture of TolerancePeter Rothholz — BreakingIsraelNews — 20 November 2015
  292. 295NewsBaku gives land for Jewish cultural center, kosher restaurantJewish Telegraphic Agency — 11 December 2013
  293. 296MagazineHow I Accidentally Became a Lobbyist for AzerbaijanBethany Allen-Ebrahimian — 1 April 2016
  294. 297AzerbaijanJoanna Sloame — American-Israeli Cooperative Enterprise
  295. 298Azerbaijan . state.gov
  296. 299Azerbaijan: A Country Study, Education, Health, and WelfareCountry Studies
  297. 300Human Development Report 2009United Nations Development Program 2009 — January 2009
  298. 301Education in Azerbaijan, The Challenges of TransitionAzerbaijan International
  299. 302https://www.loc.gov/item/94045459/|title=Armenia
  300. 303What exactly is Novruz BayramZena Waters — Azerbaijan Today
  301. 304Baku's Architecture A Fusion of East and WestPirouz Khanlou — Azerbaijan International — Winter 1994
  302. 305Azerbaijan Properties inscribed on the World Heritage ListUNESCO
  303. 306World Heritage Sites in AzerbaijanWorld Heritage Site
  304. 307Over 70 underground stations to be built in BakuNews.Az — 4 November 2010
  305. 308NewsFlame Towers light up Baku's historic skylineNick Glass — CNN — 26 September 2012
  306. 309The Azerbaijan musical instruments
  307. 310AzerbaijanJean During — Macmillan — 2001
  308. 311The Baku Jazz Festival: Reviving a Tradition in AzerbaijanIshhad Duncan — EurasiaNet — 27 April 2005
  309. 312BookEncyclopaedia of the Muslim WorldTaru Bahl et al. — Anmol Publications PVT — 2003
  310. 313"ashik, shaman" – European University Institute, Florence, Italy (retrieved 10 August 2006).
  311. 314Azerbaijan's ashug art included into UNESCO list of Intangible Cultural HeritageToday.Az — 1 October 2009
  312. 315NewsAlim Qasimov: the living legend you've never heard ofDavid Hutcheon — 19 September 2008
  313. 316The Washington Post: Azerbaijan duo upset favorites Ireland for first-time win at 2011 Eurovision Song Contest14 May 2011
  314. 317NewsAzerbaijan wins the Eurovision Song Contest14 May 2011
  315. 318NewsAzerbaijan wins Eurovision Song ContestAdam Lusher — 15 May 2011
  316. 3192018 First Semi-final ScoreboardEurovision Song Contest
  317. 320Азербайджанская Советская Социалистическая Республика
  318. 321Country of the month – Azerbaijan1 September 2018
  319. 322The traditional art of Azerbaijani carpet weaving in the Republic of AzerbaijanUNESCO
  320. 323Azerbaijani carpet entered UNESCO List of Intangible Cultural HeritageAzerbaijan Press Agency
  321. 324Organización de las Naciones Unidas para la Educación, la Ciencia y la CulturaUNESCO
  322. 325Ancient Heritage of the BTC – SCP Pipeline Corridor
  323. 326Наскальные рисунки Гямигая. irs-az.com.
  324. 327Ornaments Coming from Gobustan12 May 2007
  325. 328Gobustan Rock Art
  326. 329Azerbaijani Artists
  327. 330Steps of Time & Art is not only ugly
  328. 331BookAn Oriental Biographical DictionaryThomas William Beale et al. — W.H.Allen — 1894
  329. 332BookEncyclopedia of IslamA. Caferoglu — E. J. Brill — 1986
  330. 333BookEncyclopædia Britannica
  331. 334BookAesopian Literary Dimensions of Azerbaijani Literature of the Soviet Period, 1920–1990Maliheh S. Tyrrell — Lexington Books — 2001
  332. 335BookDictionary of Oriental LiteraturesJaroslav Průšek — Basic Books — 1974
  333. 336AZERBAIJAN viii. Azeri Turkish15 December 1988
  334. 337BookThe Quatrains of Nesimi Fourteenth-Century Turkic HurufiKathleen R.F. Burrill — Walter de Gruyter GmbH & Co. KG — 1972
  335. 338JournalTransience, absurdity, dreams and other illusions: Turkish shadow playCanan Balan — 1 July 2008
  336. 339Seyid Imadeddin Nesimi2008
  337. 340Nesīmī, Seyyid ʿImād al-DīnFranz Babinger — Brill Online — 2008
  338. 341İlker Evrım Bınbaş, Encyclopædia Iranica, "Oguz Khan Narratives" Encyclopædia Iranica | Articles. Retrieved October 2010. "The Ketāb-e Dede Qorqut, which is a collection of twelve stories reflecting t
  339. 342JournalThe Poetry of Shah IsmailVladimir Minorsky — 1942
  340. 343BookTantra and Popular Religion in TibetGeoffrey Samuel et al. — International Academy of Indian Culture and Aditya Prakashan — 1994
  341. 344BookЛитературная энциклопедия. — В 11 т.; М.: издательство Коммунистической академии, Советская энциклопедия, Художественная литератураVladimir Friche et al. — 1929–1939
  342. 345Ümumrespublika Televiziya Kanalları
  343. 346NewsCinema in Azerbaijan: Pre-Soviet EraAzerbaijan International — Autumn 1997
  344. 347Celebrating 100 Years in Film, not 80 by Aydin Kazimzade. Azerbaijan International, Autumn 1997
  345. 348Azerbaijani cinema in 1920–1935: Silent filmsOCAZ.eu
  346. 349Azerbaijani show business navigates state pressures, incentivesHeydar Isayev — eurasianet.org
  347. 350IA AkhmedovИздательство "Ишыг"
  348. 351Chaihana: culture in actionAze.info
  349. 353Named the most popular kinds of sports in Azerbaijan2 August 2017
  350. 354Azərbaycanda nə qədər futbolçu var?22 June 2010
  351. 355Football in AzerbaijanFIFA
  352. 3561news.az31 August 2012
  353. 357UEFA30 August 2012
  354. 358Liverpool and Sporting make it as Qarabağ create historyUEFA — 23 August 2017
  355. 359Araz clinch third place on penaltiesUEFA — 25 April 2010
  356. 360Azerbaijan: Official Atlético sponsorClub Atlético de Madrid
  357. 361Chess with Luke McShane17 May 2009
  358. 362NewsAzerbaijan's chess team became European championToday.Az — 31 October 2009
  359. 363Azerbaijan, Russia take gold at the European Team Chess ChampionshipChessdom
  360. 364World Chess Champion: Zeynab MammadyarovaAzerbaijan International
  361. 365Carlsen beats Nakamura for perfect 2/2 start in the Gashimov MemorialMark Crowther — 21 April 2014
  362. 3661-Kalyan
  363. 367Нарды – игра, требующая сноровки и удачи
  364. 368Nards
  365. 369Press releaseMore than just Mammadova: Azerbaijan's ladies cause World Championship upset
  366. 370NewsVakıfbank women achieve historic success, winning intercontinental volleyball trophy13 October 2013
  367. 371Baku
  368. 372NewsF1 Will Race in Azerbaijan in 2016 Says EcclestoneChristian Sylt — 24 July 2014
  369. 373Azerbaijan is a country known for its love of sport and sportsmanship
  370. 374NewsBaku 2015 heralds new era in European sports movement10 December 2013
  371. 375Baku 2017
  372. 376Baku to host 2019 Summer European Youth Olympic FestivalEuropean Olympic Committees — 17 January 2017
  373. 377NewsEuro 2020 not at risk from UEFA block on Azerbaijan hostingGraham Dunbar — 20 October 2020