Curated category
States and territories established in 1991
- UzbekistanThe 8th century BC saw Eastern Iranian nomads known as Scythians establish kingdoms across the region now called Uzbekistan.
- LatviaThe name Latvia derives from the ancient Latgalians, one of four Indo-European Baltic tribes that formed the ethnic core of modern Latvians.
- TajikistanThe territory now known as Tajikistan has been home to cultures dating back to the fourth millennium BC. Archaeologists have identified the Bronze Age…
- TurkmenistanTurkmenistan occupies a landlocked position in Central Asia, bordered by Kazakhstan and Uzbekistan to the north. Afghanistan lies to the southeast while Iran…
- MoldovaIn 1359, Prince Dragoș established the Principality of Moldavia along the Moldova River. This medieval state became a vassal to the Ottoman Empire in 1538…
- KazakhstanThe Botai culture thrived between 3700 and 3100 BC in the region now known as Kazakhstan. Archaeologists credit this group with the first domestication of…
- Georgia (country)The oldest traces of archaic humans in what is now Georgia date from approximately 1.8 million years ago. These remains belong to the Dmanisi hominins, a…
- South OssetiaIn the 13th century, a nomadic Iranian tribe known as the Alans faced destruction from Mongol armies. Survivors fled south across the Caucasus Mountains into…
- AzerbaijanThe name Azerbaijan traces back to Atropates, a Persian satrap under the Achaemenid Empire who was reinstated as the satrap of Media under Alexander the…
- EstoniaEstonia, officially the Republic of Estonia, sits at the edge of Northern Europe where the Baltic Sea meets the Gulf of Finland.
- RussiaAbout 2 million years ago, representatives of Homo erectus migrated to the Taman Peninsula in southern Russia. Flint tools discovered in the North Caucasus…
- BelarusThe name Belarus appears in German and Latin medieval literature, with the chronicles of Jan of Czarnków mentioning the imprisonment of Lithuanian grand duke…
- UkraineStone tools discovered in Korolevo, western Ukraine, date back 1.4 million years, marking the earliest securely dated hominin presence in Europe.
- CroatiaThe name Croatia emerges from a linguistic puzzle spanning centuries. Medieval Latin records show the term Croatorum on an 8th-century church inscription…
- SloveniaIn the Divje Babe cave near Cerkno, archaeologists uncovered a pierced cave bear bone in 1995. This artifact dates back to approximately 43,100 years before…