Boko Haram
Boko Haram is a self-proclaimed jihadist militant group based in northeastern Nigeria, and the conflict it began has killed more than 300,000 children. That conflict has also driven 2.3 million people from their homes and has contributed to regional food crises and famines. The group is active beyond Nigeria, in Chad, Niger, northern Cameroon and Mali. Its attacks have struck police, soldiers and ordinary civilians, and the insurgency has killed tens of thousands of people.
This documentary asks where such a movement comes from and what its famous name really means. It asks why a group that first withdrew from society turned to bombs and massacres. It asks why Nigerian officials kept announcing victory while new attacks kept arriving. And it asks how a movement that once aligned itself with the Islamic State ended up at war with a rival faction born from its own ranks.
Jama'at Ahl al-Sunna li al-Da'wa wa al-Jihad is the name the group has always used for itself. In English it is the Group of the People of Sunnah for Dawa and Jihad. The group also uses Daular Musulunci as its state name. Almost nobody outside the region calls it any of these things.
The name the world uses is Boko Haram, usually translated as "Western education is forbidden." The second word comes from the Arabic ḥarām, meaning forbidden. The first is Hausa. Boko means "fake" and was applied to secular Western schooling.
In a 2009 statement the group denounced that popular translation as the work of the "infidel media." It claimed the true meaning is "Western Civilization is forbidden." Its members, the statement said, were not "opposed to formal education coming from the West" and instead "believe in the supremacy of Islamic culture (not education)." Other English renderings include "Western influence is a sin" and "Westernization is sacrilege." Until the death of its founder, followers were also reportedly known as Yusifiyya.
The vocabulary was not the group's invention. Northern Nigerians had commonly dismissed Western education as ilimin boko, meaning fake education, and secular schools as makaranta boko, meaning fake school.
Nigeria is Africa's biggest economy, yet 60% of its 173 million people live on less than a dollar a day. Some analysts stress this gap as a reason the group found recruits, since wealth is concentrated among a small political elite. Olusegun Obasanjo, a former president, pointed instead to low literacy in the north. Speaking in a discussion organised by the Woodrow Wilson Center, he argued that uneducated children are more likely to be drawn in.
In January 2000 the state of Zamfara began imposing sharia law, and by late 2002 twelve northern states had followed. This may have created links between the group and political leaders, although the group judged the system corrupted. Some also believe the Nigerian elite benefits from the group's survival. According to that view, political leaders require the press to call its members bandits rather than terrorists, which downplays the threat.
The academic Atta Barkindo finds the group's ability to "maintain momentum" "baffling" and explains it partly through "accumulated and unaddressed grievances" about colonialism. He points to borders drawn by Europeans that bear no resemblance to "pre-colonial empires, ethnic or cultural territories." He also notes the group's use of the "historical narrative" of the Islamic Kanem-Bornu Empire. The Bornu Empire had ruled the region until Britain absorbed it into Colonial Nigeria in 1900. Independence came in 1960, and military governments then ruled from 1966 until 1999, apart from civilian rule between 1979 and 1983. Mohammad Yusuf drew on this history when he preached that "our land was an Islamic state before it was turned into a land of kafir (infidel); the current system is contrary to true Muslim beliefs."
Mohammed Marwa, known as Maitatsine, meaning "He who curses others," was a major influence on Yusuf. Born in northern Cameroon, he was a self-proclaimed prophet who condemned the reading of any book except the Quran. In 1980 his followers, the Yan Tatsine, rioted in Kano, the largest city in the north, and four or five thousand people died. A military crackdown killed Maitatsine, and the backlash spread more violence across northern cities over the next twenty years. In a 2009 BBC interview, Yusuf rejected the theory of evolution and a spherical Earth. He also rejected the idea that rain comes from evaporation caused by the sun, saying God sends it down directly.
The group demands an Islamic state and blames Westernisation for what it calls Nigeria's culture of corruption. As Sunni Salafi jihadis, its members seek to restore the Islamic caliphate and to abolish modern states and patriotic feeling toward them. Their beliefs centre on Wahhabism, a very strict form of Sunni Islam. The group has denounced Sufis, Shiites and mainstream Sunnis who fail to support its jihad as infidels.
This practice is called takfir, the accusation that a self-professed Muslim has abandoned Islam. Mainstream doctrine forbids killing or enslaving fellow Muslims, so takfir removes that obstacle and turns such killings into a "religious duty." In a speech to his commanders on the 18th of December 2016, Abubakar Shekau declared that "even if a woman is praying and fasting, once she engages in democracy I can capture her in a battle." Researchers describe a "priority scale" under which Christians, the government and Muslim preachers openly opposed to the group were targeted first. By October 2010, assassinations of Muslim religious leaders and civil servants were almost weekly. Prisons, banks, mosques, churches and beer halls all became regular targets.
In 2002, in Maiduguri, the capital of Borno State, Mohammed Yusuf founded the sect that became known as Boko Haram. He built a religious complex and school that drew poor Muslim families from across Nigeria and neighbouring countries. The centre had a political goal, an Islamic state, and it became a recruiting ground for jihadis. By denouncing the police and state corruption, Yusuf won over unemployed young men.
Yusuf's path ran through established movements. Sheik Fatahi, a Sufi imam in Borno, said Yusuf was trained by Sheik Ja'afar Mahmud Adamu, a Salafi preacher from Kano and member of the Izala movement. Adamu called him the "leader of young people." The two split at some point between 2002 and 2004. Both had preached at Maiduguri's Indimi Mosque, where the deputy governor of Borno worshipped. Yusuf reportedly used the Izala Society's existing infrastructure to recruit before breaking away to form his own faction.
For its first seven years the group operated more or less peacefully. It withdrew into remote north-eastern areas, believing it should build strength before waging jihad. The government repeatedly ignored warnings about its growing militancy. The Council of Ulama advised officials and the Nigerian Television Authority not to broadcast Yusuf's preaching, and that advice was ignored too. An arrest of Yusuf at one point only raised him to hero status.
Stephen Davis, a former Anglican clergyman who has negotiated with the group many times, offers a political explanation. He blames local politicians who back groups like it to trouble their rivals. He singles out Ali Modu Sheriff, a former governor of Borno State, who he says funded the group until the 2007 elections and then stopped. Sheriff denies the accusation.
On the 26th of July 2009, security forces arrested nine members and seized weapons and bomb-making equipment, during a police inquiry code-named Operation Flush. Either that raid or a clash with police at a funeral procession set off revenge attacks on police and rioting in Bauchi, Maiduguri, Potiskum in Yobe State and Wudil in Kano State. A joint military task force responded. By the 30th of July more than 700 people were dead, and police stations, prisons, government offices, schools and churches lay in ruins. Yusuf was arrested and died in custody "while trying to escape." His second-in-command, Abubakar Shekau, took over.
The killing of an extremist leader had brought unintended consequences once before, after the 1980 Kano riots. This time the group regrouped under Shekau. On the 7th of September 2010, it freed 105 of its members from a prison in Bauchi, along with more than 600 other prisoners. On the 24th of December it set off four bombs in Jos and attacked two churches in Maiduguri. On the 31st of December a barracks bombing in Abuja killed four civilians.
On the 16th of June 2011, a vehicle bomb killed six people at police headquarters in Abuja. It was the group's first attack of that kind, and it followed a string of improvised bombs aimed at soft targets. On the 26th of August came the bombing of the United Nations headquarters in the same city. Eleven UN staff and 12 other people died, and more than 100 were injured. It was the first time the group had struck a Western target. A spokesman warned of future attacks on American and Nigerian government interests and demanded the release of all imprisoned members.
Suicide bombing, used in both Abuja attacks, was new to Nigeria. Across Africa only al-Shabaab in Somalia and, to a lesser extent, Al-Qaeda in the Islamic Maghreb had used it. The group's growing sophistication led observers to suspect a link to that organisation, which was active in Niger.
Within hours of Goodluck Jonathan's inauguration as president on the 29th of May 2011, bombs went off in Bauchi, Zaria and Abuja. The most successful hit an army barracks in Bauchi. A spokesman told BBC Hausa that serving soldiers hoping to join the group had carried it out as a test of loyalty. An army spokesman replied, "This is not a banana republic." Yet on the 8th of January 2012 the president said the group had infiltrated the army, the police, and the executive, parliamentary and legislative branches of government.
In November 2011 the State Security Service announced that four criminal syndicates were operating under the group's name, and observers questioned its cohesion. Police were killed at work or in drive-by shootings at their homes. By mid-2012 hundreds of police were dead and more than 60 police stations had been attacked. The government spent $5.5 billion, 20 per cent of its budget, on bomb detection, communications and transport. It also spent $470 million on a Chinese CCTV system for Abuja, which failed to detect or deter terror.
The 2011 election defeat of the former military dictator Muhammadu Buhari broke a tacit agreement that the presidency would alternate between the Christian south and the Muslim north. Riots swept twelve northern states over the next three days, leaving more than 800 dead and 65,000 displaced. On Christmas Day bombs struck across the country. At a church outside Abuja, 37 people died when the roof was blown off. One resident said, "Cars were in flames and bodies littered everywhere," a line repeated across international press reports. On New Year's Eve, Jonathan declared a state of emergency in the local government areas of Jos, Borno, Yobe and Niger, and closed the international border in the north-east.
On the 20th of January 2012, the group carried out its deadliest action yet in Kano, an assault on police buildings that killed 190, including a TV reporter. Car bombs, suicide bombers and improvised explosives were combined with uniformed gunmen. Amnesty International and Human Rights Watch published reports that year criticising both the security forces and the group.
The state's response added its own toll. In Maiduguri on the 9th of October 2012, witnesses said members of the vigilante group JTF "Restore Order" went on a killing spree after a suspected bomb killed an officer. Media reported that 20 to 45 civilians died and 50 to 100 houses were razed, which the JTF commander denied. On the 2nd of November, witnesses said the JTF shot up to 40 people during raids. The army said it dismissed some officers, but no formal prosecutions in Maiduguri were known by year's end. Five police officers had been arraigned in Abuja in July 2011 for the killing of Yusuf. Four received bail, one remained in custody, and the case showed no new developments.
In 2013, Amnesty International received credible information that more than 950 inmates had died in custody in the first half of the year, mostly in Maiduguri and Damaturu. In May the state of emergency was extended to all of Borno, Adamawa and Yobe. In the following 12 months, 250,000 people fled those three states. The year also brought the killing of at least nine polio vaccinators at two clinics in Kano on the 8th of February, and a battle in Baga, Borno, on the 16th and the 17th of April that left dozens of civilians dead. On the 11th of August, the group shot 44 people dead at a mosque in Konduga.
On the 25th of February 2014, at least 59 males died at the Federal Government College in Buni Yadi, Yobe. Pupils at the school were aged between 11 and 18. Some boys were burned alive in their dormitories, and those who escaped the fire were shot or knifed to death. Some female students were abducted, and others were threatened with death if they did not quit school and get married. Every building at the school was burned to the ground.
On the 14th and the 15th of April 2014, the group kidnapped 276 schoolgirls from Chibok, Borno. Shekau announced his intention to sell them into slavery. More than 50 of the girls escaped. The kidnapping brought the group extended global media attention, much of it focused on pronouncements by Michelle Obama.
President Jonathan faced condemnation for perceived incompetence, along with allegations from Amnesty International of state collusion. He responded by hiring a Washington PR firm. Parents of the missing girls and of those who had escaped were kept waiting until July to meet him, which worried them. In October the government announced that the girls would soon be released. Days later, a video message from Shekau said no meeting had taken place and that the girls had been "married off." Analysts thought the announcement had been a political ploy to raise the president's popularity before he confirmed his candidacy in the 2015 general election.
Earlier in the year, political posters carrying "#BringBackOurGirls" had appeared in the streets of the capital. The president denied knowledge of them and soon took them down after criticism. Campaigners were dismayed because the posters seemed designed to benefit from the fame of the kidnapping. In September, "#BringBackGoodluck2015" posters drew criticism in turn. On the 11th of November, before cheering crowds in Abuja, Jonathan officially announced his candidacy.
Since the Chibok kidnapping, the majority of the group's suicide bombers have been female. Many are teenagers, and the youngest was seven. A study published in February 2016 by International Alert and UNICEF found that girls and women released from captivity often face rejection from their families and communities, partly because of a culture of stigma around sexual violence.
Borno State adjoins Lake Chad, as do Niger, Cameroon and the country of Chad, and in 2013 the conflict spilled across all of those borders. In February, the group kidnapped seven French tourists in the far north of Cameroon, and in November a French priest. It also obtained ransom payments for eight French citizens taken in northern Cameroon. It often evaded the Nigerian Army by retreating into the hills along the Cameroon border. Nigeria, Chad and Niger had formed a Multinational Joint Task Force back in 1998. Cameroon signed an agreement with Nigeria in February 2012, and the resulting Joint Trans-Border Security Committee was inaugurated in November 2013.
On the 16th of May 2014, ten Chinese workers were abducted from a construction company camp in Waza, near the Nigerian border. In July, around 200 militants attacked the home village of Cameroon's deputy prime minister. They kidnapped his wife and the Sultan of Kolofata with his family, and at least 15 people were killed. The deputy prime minister's wife was released in October along with 26 others, including the ten Chinese workers. Authorities made no comment about ransom, which Cameroon's government had claimed it never pays. The Cameroonian president sacked two senior military officers and sent his army chief north with 1000 reinforcements.
On the 17th of December 2014, hundreds of militants ambushed an army convoy near Amchide, 40 miles north of the state capital Maroua. An estimated 116 militants were killed. On the 22nd of December, Cameroon's Rapid Intervention Battalion attacked a training camp near Guirdivig, arrested 45 militants and seized 84 children aged between 7 and 15 who were undergoing training. Five villages were attacked simultaneously on the 27th and the 28th of December, and Cameroon launched air attacks for the first time. Information Minister Issa Tchiroma described the strategy as one of distracting troops "on different fronts, making them more vulnerable in the face of the mobility and unpredictability of their attacks."
The violence reached the capital of Chad in 2015. On the 15th of June, two suicide bombings of police sites in N'Djamena killed 38 people. On the 11th of July, a bomber disguised in a woman's burqa detonated an explosives belt in the main market, killing 15 and injuring 80. The group later claimed the attack on Twitter, signing as "Islamic State, West Africa province." The next day in Fotokol, two female suicide bombers in burqas killed 13 people, and the governor of Far North banned the garments. In October, five suicide bombers killed 33 people in the market of Baga Sola, a camp for Nigerian refugees. Chad imposed a state of emergency in the western Lake Chad region on the 9th of November. On the 5th of December, three female bombers killed about 30 at a crowded market on the island of Koulfoua.
In Niger, Diffa province saw at least 57 attacks between February and October 2015, and more than 1,100 suspects were arrested that year. The province hosts over 150,000 Nigerian refugees and lives under a state of emergency. On the 26th of November, a night raid on Wogom village killed 18 villagers, including the chief imam, whose throat was slit by his own nephew, according to the justice minister. In March 2018, the UN Special Rapporteur Cecilia Jimenez-Damary reported that the crisis in the Diffa region had uprooted more than 129,000 people internally and brought 108,000 refugees from Nigeria.
On the 12th of October 2015, the first 90 of a proposed 300 American troops arrived in Cameroon for training, reconnaissance and drone intelligence work. A further 250 personnel were working in Chad and 85 in Niger.
On the 24th of August 2014, a video obtained by AFP showed Shekau announcing that the town of Gwoza was now part of an Islamic caliphate. The group had overrun the town earlier that month. Bama, 45 miles from Maiduguri, fell in early September, and soldiers refused orders to advance on it. Fifty-four deserters were later sentenced to death by firing squad. On the 17th of October, the Chief of the Defence Staff announced a ceasefire, and a video from the group on the 31st of October said no negotiations had taken place. By January 2015 the group held an estimated 20000 square miles but never captured Maiduguri, the city where it began.
On the 3rd of January 2015, the group seized Baga and the multinational military base there. Western media estimated the dead at upwards of 2000, while the Defence Ministry dismissed this as "speculation and conjecture" and put the figure near 150. It was one of the Nigerian Army's biggest defeats. General Enitan Ransome-Kuti was dismissed in October and sentenced to six months in prison for failing to counter-attack after retreating from the town.
On the 23rd of January 2015, forces from Nigeria, Chad, Cameroon and Niger began a joint campaign against the group. On the 7th of March, Shekau pledged allegiance to the Islamic State in an audio message posted on the group's Twitter account. The Nigerian army spokesman called the pledge a sign of weakness and compared Shekau to a "drowning man." On the 12th of March, the Islamic State spokesman Abu Mohammad al-Adnani welcomed the pledge as an expansion of the caliphate into West Africa. The army took Gwoza back on the 27th of March, and in April it overran four camps in the Sambisa Forest and freed nearly 300 females.
On the 9th of September 2015, Colonel Rabe Abubakar of the Defence Headquarters announced that all known camps had been wiped out. He said the group had no command and control and could never recapture lost territory. Eleven days later bombings in Maiduguri and Monguno followed an announcement by Shekau refuting the army's claims. Buhari repeated in December that the group was "technically defeated." In December 2016 he declared it ousted from its last stronghold in the Sambisa Forest.
In August 2016, Islamic State leader Abu Bakr al-Baghdadi replaced Shekau with Abu Musab al-Barnawi, the son of Yusuf. One source says the motive was to curb Shekau's tendency to apply takfir to "all mainstream Muslims." Another account says Shekau had disobeyed an order to stop targeting Muslim civilians. Shekau refused to go, and the group split. By 2017 three factions of Boko Haram origin existed. One was the West African Province, part of the Islamic State. The second was Shekau's own group. The third was Ansaru, loyal to al-Qaeda, which rejected al-Baghdadi's caliphate.
Johns Hopkins University figures showed 244 killed by the group in the second quarter of 2016, its lowest quarterly total in five years. Attacks then surged from 2018, concentrated in Borno State, and killed over 1700 people in the first half of 2019, including members of the group. Climate-driven poverty in the Lake Chad basin helped the group recruit in large numbers with small loans and promises of big rewards. It also kept kidnapping boys to force them into its ranks. It gained drones, weapons and vehicles captured from, or abandoned by, the Nigerian military. By 2019 it was believed to control four of the ten zones of Borno State. For at least four years after the split, the two rival groups sometimes cooperated in attacks.
On the 20th of May 2021, gunmen from the Islamic State faction attacked Shekau. Several of his followers were killed, and Shekau blew himself up, or tried to, rather than be captured. It was the first major clash between the two groups. In June, his loyalists, led by Sahalaba, confirmed his death. The group revived afterwards under a new leader, Bakura Doro.
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Common questions
What does the name Boko Haram mean?
Boko Haram is usually translated as "Western education is forbidden." Boko is a Hausa word meaning "fake," used for secular Western schooling, and haram is Arabic for forbidden. The group itself says its true name is Jama'at Ahl al-Sunna li al-Da'wa wa al-Jihad.
Who founded Boko Haram and when?
Mohammed Yusuf founded Boko Haram in 2002 in Maiduguri, the capital of Borno State in northeastern Nigeria. He set up a religious complex and school that drew poor Muslim families from across Nigeria and neighbouring countries.
Who led Boko Haram after Mohammed Yusuf died?
Abubakar Shekau, Yusuf's second-in-command, took over after Yusuf died in custody in 2009. Shekau led the group until May 2021, when he blew himself up, or tried to, during an attack by the Islamic State faction. The group later revived under a new leader, Bakura Doro.
What happened in the Boko Haram Chibok kidnapping?
On the 14th and the 15th of April 2014, Boko Haram kidnapped 276 schoolgirls from Chibok in Borno State, Nigeria. Shekau announced his intention to sell them into slavery, and more than 50 of the girls escaped.
Why did Boko Haram split from the Islamic State's West Africa Province?
The split came in August 2016, when Islamic State leader Abu Bakr al-Baghdadi replaced Shekau with Abu Musab al-Barnawi. One account says Shekau had disobeyed an order to stop targeting Muslim civilians. Shekau refused to step aside, and the group divided into rival factions.
Where does Boko Haram operate?
Boko Haram is based in northeastern Nigeria and is also active in Chad, Niger, northern Cameroon and Mali. Borno State, where the group began, adjoins Lake Chad, which Niger, Cameroon and Chad also border.
How many people has the Boko Haram conflict killed and displaced?
The Boko Haram conflict has killed tens of thousands of people, including more than 300,000 children, and has displaced 2.3 million people from their homes. The group alone killed over 6,600 people in 2014.
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- 130NewsNigerian fuel subsidy: Strike suspendedBBC News — 16 January 2012
- 131Nigeria: Post-Election Violence Killed 80016 May 2011
- 132BookA History of NigeriaToyin Falola et al. — Cambridge University Press — 24 April 2008
- 133NewsAl-Qaeda's hand in Boko Haram's deadly Nigerian attacksDavid Blair — 5 February 2012
- 134NewsIslamist insurgents kill over 178 in Nigeria's KanoMike Oboh — 22 January 2012
- 135NewsNigerians offer prayers in Kano for suicide bombers' victims23 January 2012
- 136NewsNigeria's Kano rocked by multiple explosionsBBC News — 21 January 2012
- 137NewsBoko Haram: Fleeing Yobe ChristiansTaye Obateru — 22 January 2012
- 138Nigeria: Boko Haram Widens Terror CampaignHuman Rights Watch — 24 January 2012
- 140NewsWith cross-border attacks, Boko Haram threat widensIRIN — 21 November 2013
- 141NewsCameroon weakest link in fight against Boko HaramTim Cocks — 30 May 2014
- 145Nigeria: Deaths of hundreds of Boko Haram suspects in custody requires investigationAmnesty International — 15 October 2013
- 146Operational Guidance NoteHome Office — December 2013
- 147650,000 Nigerians Displaced Following Boko Haram Attacks – UNInformation Nigeria — 5 August 2014
- 148NewsRefugees fleeing attacks in north eastern Nigeria, UNHCR watching for new displacementAdrian Edwards — 9 May 2014
- 149Amnesty Says 'Gruesome' Nigerian Footage Shows War CrimesEmele Onu — 5 August 2014
- 150BookWorld Report 2015: Nigeria Human Rights WatchUSA — Hrw.org — 12 January 2015
- 151NewsNigeria polio vaccinators shot dead in Kano8 February 2013
- 152NewsNigeria unrest: 'Boko Haram' gunmen kill 44 at mosque13 August 2013
- 154NewsNigerian boarding school attack by Boko Haram gunmen leaves 59 pupils dead, officials say25 February 2014
- 155Nigeria: Boko Haram's Deadly School Attack27 February 2014
- 156Michelle Obama's hashtag gambleJennifer Epstein — 13 May 2014
- 157Rewards for Justice – First Reward Offers for Terrorists in West AfricaU.S. Department of State — 3 June 2013
- 158Nigeria says 219 girls in Boko Haram kidnapping still missing24 March 2015
- 160Jonathan's PR offensive backfires in Nigeria and abroad8 July 2014
- 161Nigeria hires PR for Boko Haram falloutMegan R. Wilson — 26 June 2014
- 164NewsOne month after Chibok girls' abduction15 May 2014
- 165NewsNigeria's President Jonathan Bans 'Bring Back Goodluck' CampaignDaniel Magnowski — Bloomberg — 10 September 2014
- 166NewsNigeria's Jonathan seeks second term, vows to beat Boko HaramFelix Onuah — 11 November 2014
- 167NewsWomen freed from Boko Haram rejected for bringing 'bad blood' back homeLiz Ford — 16 February 2016
- 169MOTION FOR A RESOLUTION15 July 2014
- 170NewsChinese Workers Kidnapped by Suspected Boko Haram Militants in CameroonEmmanuel Tummanjong — 17 May 2014
- 171NewsBoko Haram releases 27 hostages including Deputy PM's wife, Cameroon saysNatasha Culzac — 11 October 2014
- 172NewsBoko Haram plans more attacks, recruits many young people8 August 2014
- 173News'Islamist militants' kill 10 in northern CameroonBBC News — 6 August 2014
- 174Boko Haram takes Nigeria town, resident saysUmar Haruna
- 175Nigerian overnight refugees worry Cameroon24 December 2013
- 178UN agency, partners appeal for $34 million for Nigerian refugees16 September 2014
- 179NewsCameroon army kills 116 Boko Haram militants, defense ministry says18 December 2014
- 180NewsCameroon army says dismantles Boko Haram training campTansa Musa — 22 December 2014
- 181NewsCameroon says fights off Boko Haram attacks, kills 41 militantsTansa Musa — 29 December 2014
- 182Boko Haram commander reportedly killed in clash with Nigerian forces13 September 2014
- 183Nigeria and neighbours hold talks on Boko Haram's rapid advance3 September 2014
- 185Hundreds flee homes in northern Nigeria as Boko Haram move in5 September 2014
- 186NewsWomen seized in Boko Haram raid on Nigerian villageMonica Mark — 18 December 2014
- 187NewsNigeria aims to have abducted girls freed by Tuesday: government sources18 October 2014
- 189NewsNigerian military, Boko Haram agree immediate ceasefire17 October 2014
- 190NewsThousands flee as Boko Haram seizes northeast Nigerian town30 October 2014
- 191Boko Haram leader appears in video ridiculing Nigerian government's1 November 2014
- 192Boko Haram denies it has agreed ceasefireChris Johnston — 1 November 2014
- 193NewsBoko Haram militants 'seize Nigerian town of Chibok'14 November 2014
- 194NewsNigerian army retakes control of key Boko Haram town16 November 2014
- 195NewsJihadism: Tracking a month of deadly attacksBBC News — 11 December 2014
- 196NewsBoko Haram Kano attack: Loss of life on staggering scaleBBC News — 30 November 2014
- 198NewsBoko Haram seizes army base in Nigeria town of Baga4 January 2015
- 199NewsBoko Haram massacre thousands, says Amnesty International10 January 2015
- 200NewsBoko Haram crisis: Nigeria estimates Baga deaths at 15012 January 2015
- 201Anatomy of a Boko Haram MassacreSamer Muscati — 10 June 2015
- 202Nigerian general jailed over Boko Haram attack on Baga16 October 2015
- 203NewsNigeria postpones elections, focuses on major offensive against Boko Haram7 February 2015
- 204NewsNYT
- 205NewsChadian jets bomb Nigerian town in anti-Boko Haram raid5 February 2015
- 206NewsBoko Haram conflict: Nigerian allies launch offensiveBBC News — 8 March 2015
- 207IS welcomes Boko Haram allegiance: tapeAFP — 12 March 2015
- 208NewsBoko Haram kidnapped hundreds in northern Nigeria town: residentsPenney, Joe — 24 March 2015
- 210NewsBoko Haram kills 41 as millions of Nigerians vote in close presidential electionMichelle Faul and Haruna Umar — 28 March 2015
- 216NewsBoko Haram claims June suicide bombings in Chad capital8 July 2015
- 217NewsChad police killed in N'Djamena weapons raid29 June 2015
- 218NewsSuicide bomber in burqa kills 15 people in Chad capitalMadjiasra Nako et al. — 11 July 2015
- 220NewsCasualties reported as bombs found at abandoned Boko Haram camp explode | World newsAgencies in Bauchi and Kano — 17 June 2015
- 221Bombs Found in Boko Haram Camp Kill 63 in Nigeria - Al Jazeera AmericaAmerican Aljazeera
- 224NewsCameroon bans Islamic face veil after suicide bombings16 July 2015
- 225NewsNigeria Opposition Leader Vows to Improve Security12 December 2014
- 226NewsDHQ: Nigerian Troops Have Destroyed All Boko Haram Camps10 September 2015
- 227NewsNigeria Boko Haram: Militants 'technically defeated' – Buhari24 December 2015
- 228NewsBoko Haram 'crushed' by Nigerian army in final forest stronghold24 December 2016
- 229Nigeria's Boko Haram crisis: Maiduguri blasts kill dozens21 September 2015
- 230NewsBoko Haram kills 27 in fresh Monguno bombingKayode Idowu et al. — 23 September 2015
- 23120 shot dead by suspected Islamists in NE Nigeria: localsAFP — 21 October 2015
- 232Mosque blasts kill 55 in NE NigeriaAFP — 23 October 2015
- 234NewsNigerian military: 338 captives rescued from Boko Haram30 October 2015
- 235Boko Haram: Nigerian army rescues 338 captives28 October 2015
- 236Boko Haram Has Lost Territory in Nigeria, U.S. General SaysJulian Barnes — 29 October 2015
- 237Boko Haram kill at least 14 in Christmas Day attack in NigeriaAFP — 26 December 2015
- 238Boko Haram attacks in Nigeria leave 52 deadAminu Abubakar et al. — 29 December 2015
- 239NewsSuspected Boko Haram Attacks Kill Scores in NigeriaIbrahim Sawab — 28 December 2015
- 240NewsNigerian army repels Boko Haram attack near state capital: witnesses27 December 2015
- 241NewsAt least 48 killed in bombings in north Nigeria28 December 2015
- 242Boko Haram claims Abuja bombings5 October 2015
- 243NewsOctober 1 Tragedy: Boko Haram strikes in Adamawa, slaughters 51 October 2015
- 244NewsBoko Haram storms Adamawa village, kills 12Iro Dan Fulani — 18 October 2015
- 245News30 Members of Boko Haram Killed in AdamawaDaji Sani — 20 October 2015
- 246Nigerian troops, hunters kill 150 Boko Haram extremistsIBRAHIM ABDULAZIZ — 21 October 2015
- 248NewsBlast at market in northeastern Nigeria's Yola kills 32Emmanuel Ande — 17 November 2015
- 249Suicide bombing in Nigeria blamed on Boko Haram extremists18 November 2015
- 25015 Killed in Nigeria Suicide Bombing7 October 2015
- 251NewsNigerian Troops Claim They Killed 100 Boko Haram Militants in YobeCOLONEL SANI KUKASHEKA USMAN — 7 October 2015
- 252Nigeria Army Repels Boko Haram Attack8 October 2015
- 253NewsBoko Haram claims responsibility for Kano suicide bomb: SITESami Aboudi — 28 November 2015
- 254NewsCameroon repels Boko Haram attack, says 143 militants killed12 January 2015
- 256Cameroon Says Army Kills 10 Boko Haram Fighters in Far NorthPius Lukong — 19 October 2015
- 257NewsObama sends U.S. troops, drones to Cameroon in anti-Boko Haram fightWARREN STROBEL — 14 October 2015
- 258US Sending Troops, Vehicles To Cameroon To Combat Boko HaramJen Judson — 20 October 2015
- 259NewsCameroon army drives Boko Haram militants back across northern border23 October 2015
- 260Boko Haram Jihadists Briefly Seize Town on Cameroon BorderAFP — 24 October 2015
- 261Boko Haram Militants Kill 8 Villagers in Cameroun23 October 2015
- 262Boko Haram seizes town on Cameroon-Nigeria border: security sourcesAFP — 23 October 2015
- 263NewsUPDATE 1-Suspected Boko Haram suicide bombers kill three Nigerian refugees in CameroonSylvain Andzongo — 9 November 2015
- 264NewsFemale suicide bombers in Cameroon attack that kills eightSylvain Andzongo — 21 November 2015
- 26511 killed in two Boko Haram attacks in CameroonNgala Kilian Chimtom — 29 November 2015
- 266Boko Haram crisis: Cameroon troops 'free 900 hostages'2 December 2015
- 267Cameroon says no missing girls among freed Boko Haram hostages7 December 2015
- 268News11 Chadian soldiers killed in Boko Haram attack: armyAFP — 6 October 2015
- 269NewsSuspected Boko Haram suicide bombers kill 33 in Chad10 October 2015
- 270Lake Chad clashes leave 14 Boko Haram members dead: governmentAFP — 1 November 2015
- 271NewsTwo soldiers, 11 suspected Boko Haram fighters killed in Chad attacksMadjiasra Nako — 1 November 2015
- 272NewsChad extends state of emergency over Boko Haram attacksMadjiasra Nako — 18 November 2015
- 273NewsTriple suicide blast kills around 30 people in Lake ChadM. Nako — 5 December 2015
- 274NewsBoko Haram fighters kill at least 15 in Niger village raid: sources25 September 2015
- 275NewsSuspected Boko Haram suicide attack kills two Niger soldiers21 October 2015
- 276NewsBoko Haram fighters kill two Niger soldiers, wound four in ambush2 October 2015
- 277News3 suicide bombers killed before attack in Niger6 October 2015
- 278Several dead in twin suicide bombings in Niger's Diffa5 October 2015
- 279NewsAround 25 dead in Boko Haram raid in Niger, clashes with armyAbdoulaye Massalaki — 12 November 2015
- 280Boko Haram Village Raid, Clashes With Niger Army Leave 25 Dead12 November 2015
- 281Boko Haram attack kills 18 in southeast NigerAFP — 26 November 2015
- 282NewsNiger says Boko Haram gunmen kill 18 in village bordering NigeriaAbdoulaye Massalaki — 26 November 2015
- 284NewsSuicide bombers kill 32, wound dozens in northern CameroonJosiane Kouagheu — 26 January 2016
- 285At least 65 people killed in attack in Nigeria's Maiduguri31 January 2016
- 287NewsCharting Boko Haram's Rapid DeclineNathaniel Allen — 22 September 2016
- 288Boko Haram in Nigeria: Abu Musab al-Barnawi named as new leader3 August 2016
- 289Boko Haram's Shekau vows to fight IS group rival for leadership9 August 2016
- 290Behind Boko Haram's Split: A Leader Too Radical for Islamic State15 September 2016
- 292Boko Haram leader Abubakar Shekau 'killed while praying'23 August 2016
- 293NewsAs Kerry visits Nigeria, air force says top Boko Haram fighters killedLesley Wroughton — 23 August 2016
- 294NewsNigerian president says Boko Haram leader has been wounded28 August 2016
- 295NewsNigerian Army Commander: Only Weeks Left for Boko HaramAsharq al-Awsat — 1 September 2016
- 296NewsBoko Haram Is Increasingly Using Children in Suicide Attacks12 April 2017
- 297News'Alarming' rise in Boko Haram child suicide bombers12 April 2017
- 299NewsBlasts kill 4, injure 18 in northeastern Nigeria, police say23 March 2017
- 300NewsNigeria's President vows schoolgirl with Boko Haram 'will not be abandoned'Bukola Adebayo — 2018
- 301NewsBuhari speaks on abducted Dapchi schoolgirls – Premium Times Nigeria23 February 2018
- 302NewsNigeria paid ' large ransom' to free Dapchi girls, UN says16 August 2018
- 303Boko Haram attack leaves 18 dead in northeast NigeriaAminu Abubakar et al. — 2 April 2018
- 304NewsNigerian soldiers battle Boko Haram, kill 15, rescue 49 women, children18 May 2018
- 305NewsBoko Haram launches series of attacks in north-east NigeriaRuth Maclean
- 307News11 Killed, Several Injured As Boko Haram Bombs Maiduguri MosqueOladipo Abiola — 2019-02-16
- 308Nigeria
- 309Boko Haram fighters kill 23 Chadian soldiers22 March 2019
- 310'Boko Haram' attacks Nigeria military base in Molai, near Maiduguri15 August 2019
- 314Chad says 1,000 Boko Haram killed during week of fighting10 April 2020
- 317NewsSuspected Boko Haram suicide bombers kill several in northern Cameroon6 April 2020
- 322Boko Haram claims abduction of students in northern Nigeria15 December 2020
- 323NewsBoko Haram kill villagers in Christmas Eve attack25 December 2020
- 325Boko Haram kidnaps 40 loggers and kills three in north-east Nigeria26 December 2020
- 327NewsBoko Haram Leader, Responsible for Chibok Schoolgirl Kidnappings, DiesJoe Parkinson et al. — 21 May 2021
- 328Cameroon: Boko Haram raiders devastate villages31 March 2022
- 329NewsArmy buries Captain, 4 soldiers killed during terrorists' attack in Bwari, AbujaIdowu Bankole — 11 August 2022
- 331NewsNigeria weekend suicide bomb attack toll climbs to 321 July 2024
- 332NewsBoko Haram kills dozens in 'house to house' attack in Nigeria's northeast, residents say6 September 2025
- 333NewsThousands flee to Cameroon as Boko Haram seizes Nigerian border town3 October 2025
- 334NewsSuspected Boko Haram militants kill seven Nigerian soldiers, capture 13, sources say27 January 2026
- 335Boko Haram Recent AttacksNational Consortium for the Study of Terrorism and Responses to Terrorism
- 336NewsAre Boko Haram Worse Than ISIS?Conflict News
- 337Global Terrorism Index 2014Institute for Economics and Peace
- 339Niger armed forces kill Boko Haram leader "Bakoura"2025-08-22
- 340NewsFake Charities, Drug Cartels, Ransom and Extortion: Where Islamist Group Boko Haram Gets Its CashKathleen Caulderwood — 16 May 2014
- 341NewsTracking the sect's cash flowTaiwo Ogundipe — 29 January 2012
- 342NewsBoko Haram's Bin Laden ConnectionEli Lake — 11 May 2014
- 343NewsAbduction of Girls an Act Not Even Al Qaeda Can Condone8 May 2014
- 344Security Council Al-Qaida Sanctions CommitteeUnited Nations
- 345UN adds Boko Haram to al Qaeda sanctions listlongwarjournal.org — 23 May 2014
- 346NewsHow to help Nigerians defeat Boko Haram15 January 2015
- 347NewsBoko Haram exploits Nigeria's slow military declineTim Cocks — 9 May 2014
- 348JournalSilencing Boko Haram: Mobile Phone Blackout and Counterinsurgency in Nigeria's Northeast region. Stability: InternationalJ.U.U. Jacob et al. — 2015
- 349Nigeria tops world terror attack fatality listOscar Nkala — defenseWeb — 29 July 2014
- 350NewsNigeria Islamists better armed, motivated than army: governorFelix Onuoh — 17 February 2014
- 351NewsBoko Haram: Buhari approves release of $1bn for security equipmentOlalekan Adetayo — 4 April 2018
- 352NewsAlmost 6,000 Boko Haram fighters have surrendered, Nigerian army says2 September 2021
- 353NewsBoko Haram: 500 detained suspects released in Borno15 February 2024
- 354At least 100 dead in Nigeria after air force 'misfire' on market, sources sayDyepkazah Shibayan et al. — 2026-04-12
- 358NewsIraqi government freezes assets of 93 terrorism supporting entitiesKhalid al-Taie
- 360New Zealand designates Boko Haram as a terrorist groupNew Zealand Government
- 362Proscribed Terrorist OrganisationsHome Office — 20 June 2014
- 363Daily Hansard — Debate 10 JulyParliament of the United Kingdom
- 365Foreign Terrorist OrganizationsBureau of Counterterrorism, United States Department of State
- 368NewsAfrican leaders pledge 'total war' on Boko Haram after Nigeria kidnapMartin Williams
- 369NewsMinister: Military Alliance Vs. Boko Haram Readies1 December 2014
- 372Nigeria claims Gamboru, four towns recaptured from Boko Haram2 February 2015
- 374In Pictures: Lt. General Buratai visits Colombia The NEWSThenewsnigeria.com.ng — 25 January 2016
- 376NewsNigeria drafts in foreign mercenaries to take on Boko HaramEd Cropley and David Lewis — 12 March 2015
- 377NewsChina pledges help to Nigeria's hunt for Boko Haram militantsPatrick Boehler — South China Morning Post — 8 May 2014
- 378NewsFrance, African states 'declare war' on Boko Haram18 May 2014
- 379UK government doubles Nigerian aid package to help fight Boko HaramNic Robertson — 31 August 2017
- 381NewsBoko Haram: Inside the State Department debate over the 'terrorist' labelGlenn Kessler — 19 May 2014
- 383Letter to Secretary Clinton from Nigeria Scholars21 May 2012
- 385Terrorist Designations of Boko Haram and AnsaruU.S. Department of State — 13 November 2013
- 387Boko Haram: Emerging Threat to the U.S. HomelandUnited States House Homeland Security Subcommittee on Counterterrorism and Intelligence — 2011
- 388A Stable and Secure Nigeria: An Asset to AmericaEmbassy of the Federal Republic of Nigeria, Washington, D.C. — 11 November 2014
- 389NewsBoko Haram crisis: Nigeria fury over U.S. arms refusal11 November 2014
- 390NewsWith Schoolgirls Taken by Boko Haram Still Missing, U.S.-Nigeria Ties FalterEric Schmidt — 31 December 2014
- 391NewsNigeria ends U.S. mission to counter Boko HaramJeff Schogol — 1 December 2014
- 392NewsU.S. directs up to $45 million to support countries fighting Boko Haram24 September 2015
- 393Letter From The President-- War Powers Resolution Regarding CameroonBarack Obama — 14 October 2015
- 396Boko Haram
- 397Islamic State recognizes oath of allegiance from jihadists in Mali31 October 2017
- 398MagazineThe Islamic State of Boko Haram? :The terrorist group has pledged its allegiance to ISIS. But what does that really mean?Adam Chandler — 9 March 2015
- 399JournalJAS vs. ISWAP: The War of the Boko Haram SplintersCrisis Group — 28 March 2024