Abdel Fattah el-Sisi
Abdel Fattah el-Sisi, the 6th president of Egypt, was born on the 19th of November 1954 in Gamaleya, a quarter of Historic Cairo beside the al-Azhar Mosque. In later life he liked to recall that neighbourhood. Muslims, Jews and Christians all lived there, and he remembered hearing church bells and watching Jewish worshippers head to synagogue without interference.
It is a tolerant picture, and it sits uneasily beside the rest of his record. The boy from that crowded corner of the old city rose through the army, helped end the rule of an elected president, and then took the presidency for himself. Today most independent observers call him a dictator.
This documentary asks how a soldier few Egyptians had heard of came to command the entire army. It asks what happened on the streets of Cairo in the summer of 2013, and why so many people cheered him afterwards. It asks what he has done with power, at home and abroad, and how Egyptians who oppose him have tried to push back.
Sisi's father ran an antiques shop for tourists in the Khan el-Khalili bazaar. Both of his parents, Said Hussein Khalil al-Sisi and Soad Ibrahim Mohamed, came from Monufia Governorate. Sisi was the second eldest of eight children, and his father, a conservative Muslim, later had six more with a second wife.
Sisi and his siblings studied at the library of al-Azhar University. One brother became a senior judge and another a civil servant. Sisi took a different road and attended a local secondary school run by the army. There he grew close to his maternal cousin, Entissar Amer. They married in 1977, the year he graduated from the Egyptian Military Academy.
That same year he received his commission in the mechanised infantry, specialising in anti-tank and mortar warfare. His commands included the 509th Mechanized Infantry Battalion and the 16th Mechanized Infantry Brigade, and he served as Egypt's military attache in Riyadh. In 2008 he took over the Northern Military Region in Alexandria. From 2010 he directed military intelligence and reconnaissance, and he was the youngest member of the Supreme Council of the Armed Forces.
Study abroad shaped him as well. After the Egyptian Command and Staff College in 1987, he attended a joint command and staff college in the United Kingdom in 1992. A war course at the Nasser Military Academy followed in 2003. In 2006 he enrolled at the United States Army War College in Carlisle, Pennsylvania.
At Carlisle, according to War College professor Sherifa Zuhur, many American officers doubted that Muslims could be democratic. Sisi disputed that view, and he and others criticised decisions made in Iraq and Libya. His term paper argued for democracy in the Middle East, pointing to its past successes. Zuhur left with the impression that he favoured a gradual move toward pluralism. He also sometimes led Friday prayers at a local mosque.
Egyptians came to call him the Quiet General. Even as a young man he was addressed as General Sisi because of his orderly manner. His family is religious, he often quotes verses of the Quran in casual conversation, and his wife wears a relaxed hijab that covers her hair but not her neck.
A darker episode belongs to his years on the Supreme Council. Soldiers were accused of forcing detained women demonstrators to undergo virginity tests. Sisi was reported to have told a state-owned newspaper that the procedure was done "to protect the girls from rape, as well as to protect the soldiers and officers from rape accusations". He was the first council member to admit that the invasive tests had happened.
On the 12th of August 2012, President Mohamed Morsi replaced the Mubarak-era Field Marshal Mohamed Hussein Tantawi with a commander still little known to the public. Morsi promoted Sisi to colonel general and made him Minister of Defense and Military Production in the Qandil Cabinet. The website of the Muslim Brotherhood-aligned Freedom and Justice Party praised its new minister as a "defense minister with revolutionary taste".
On the 30th of June 2013, crowds filled Egypt's streets to protest the policies of the elected Morsi government. Soon afterwards the army aired a 48-hour ultimatum on television. It gave the political parties until the 3rd of July to meet the demands of the protesters, and it threatened to intervene if they failed.
On the 3rd of July 2013, the armed forces carried out a coup d'etat. The army installed Adly Mansour, Chief Justice of the Supreme Constitutional Court, as interim head of state. It also ordered the arrest of many Muslim Brotherhood members on charges of "inciting violence and disturbing general security and peace". Appearing on television, Sisi said that the president had "failed to meet the demands of the Egyptian people" and that the constitution would be suspended temporarily. Anti-Morsi protesters accepted this, while Morsi's supporters at Rabaa al-Adawiya condemned it.
On the 24th of July 2013, at a military parade, Sisi asked Egyptians to take to the streets and give the army and police a "mandate" against what he called violence. Supporters read this as a call for the people to show the world that the takeover reflected popular will. Opponents saw a contradiction of the pledge to hand power back to civilians, and a warning of a crackdown on Islamists. Backing came from the interim presidency and the Tamarod movement. Rejection came from the Muslim Brotherhood, the Salafi Nour Party, the Strong Egypt Party, the April 6 Youth Movement and human rights groups.
On the 3rd of August 2013, Sisi gave his first interview since removing Morsi, speaking to The Washington Post. He attacked the Obama administration for ignoring the Egyptian popular will and offering too little support while civil war loomed. "You left the Egyptians," he said. "You turned your back on the Egyptians and they won't forget that." He also joined the government formed under Hazem al-Beblawi as Deputy Prime Minister.
On the 6th of October 2013, the fortieth anniversary of the Yom Kippur War, Sisi stood before the defence ministers of the UAE, Bahrain, Morocco, Jordan and Iraq. He called for the unification of Arabs and said the bond between army and people was hard to break. "We would die before you would feel pain," he told the Egyptian people. He compared the army to the Great Pyramid of Giza, which he said could not be broken.
Egypt's State Information Services gives the 14th of August 2013 as the day police used force to clear the sit-ins at Rabaa al-Adawiya and al-Nahda squares. The government said the protesters had blockaded those squares for 46 days. Its account says the operation caused the least possible damage, though hundreds of civilians and police still fell as victims. The army under Sisi's command helped the national police carry it out.
Counts of the dead differ. Human Rights Watch and Amnesty International speak of more than 900 people killed at Rabaa. Human Rights Watch called the dispersals crimes against humanity and "one of the world's largest killings of demonstrators in a single day in recent history". A wider tally in the source puts the civilian toll across the dispersals near 3,000, with almost 19,000 arrests.
Outside commentators reacted quickly. In August 2013, Robert Fisk wrote in The Independent that the massacre, as he called it, would go down in history as an infamy. Lee Smith, writing in Time, concluded that Egypt's new leader was unfit to rule. He meant Sisi rather than the interim president, Adly Mansour. A decade later, Amnesty International marked the anniversary by arguing that impunity for the killings had fuelled an assault on peaceful dissent, weaker fair trial safeguards and cruelty in prisons.
In September 2013, Mansour decreed that ministers could award contracts without inviting tenders. The following month the government gave building contracts worth roughly one billion dollars to the Egyptian Army. In April 2014 an Investment Law barred appeals against government contracts.
Also in September 2013, the interim government lifted pre-trial detention limits for certain crimes, so some people could be held indefinitely. In November 2013 it temporarily banned protests, and police arrested thousands of Egyptians under the new law.
On the 24th of March 2014, an Egyptian court sentenced 529 Muslim Brotherhood members to death after an attack on a police station in 2013. Amnesty International called it the largest single batch of simultaneous death sentences it had seen in recent years, anywhere in the world. By May 2016, the BBC reported, about 40,000 people had been imprisoned since Morsi's overthrow, most of them Brotherhood members or loyalists.
"The Army and the People are one hand" was the chant of anti-Morsi crowds who carried posters of Sisi after the 3rd of July. Thousands of Egyptians swapped their social media profile pictures for his face. Others started campaigns to have him promoted to field marshal or nominated for president.
Cupcakes, chocolates and necklaces bearing the initials CC appeared in shops, and restaurants named sandwiches after him. Columns, television shows and interviews in the mainstream media discussed the "new idol of the Nile valley". On the 6th of December 2013, he topped Time magazine's reader poll for Person of the Year. The accompanying article said his success reflected the genuine popularity of a man who had led what was essentially a military coup.
The Kamel Gemilak campaign, whose name means Finish Your Favor, and a Sisi for President campaign gathered signatures to press him to run. Sisi said at the time that he had no desire to govern. Kamel Gemilak claimed 26 million signatures, and on the 21st of January 2014 it held a mass conference call in Cairo International Stadium. Backers of a run included Amr Moussa, Ahmed Shafik, Naguib Sawiris, Prime Minister Hazem al-Beblawi, Abdel-Hakim Abdel-Nasser, the son of Gamal Abdel Nasser, and Russian president Vladimir Putin.
On the 27th of January 2014, Sisi was promoted to the rank of field marshal. On the 26th of March 2014, he announced his candidacy. The vote in May 2014 gave him 96 percent of the votes counted, or 23,780,114 ballots. His rival Hamdeen Sabahi later doubted his commitment to democracy and said he bore direct and indirect responsibility for abuses under the interim government. The Muslim Brotherhood's Freedom and Justice Party, which had won every earlier post-Mubarak contest, did not take part, and it has stayed absent since.
Sisi was sworn in on the 8th of June 2014, and an impromptu public holiday was declared. Around Tahrir Square, police and soldiers set up barbed wire, barricades and explosive-detection gates for the celebrations. At the Supreme Constitutional Court, deputy head Maher Sami described Sisi as a "rebel soldier" and a "revolutionary hero". A 21-gun salute greeted him at Heliopolis Palace, where he and Mansour signed a document transferring power, a first in Egyptian history. Turkey, Tunisia, Qatar and Israel were not invited to the reception.
At Koubbeh Palace, Sisi addressed 1,200 guests drawn from every province. He promised that in its next phase Egypt would see "a total rise on both internal and external fronts, to compensate for what we have missed and correct the mistakes of the past". His first presidential decree gave the Order of the Nile to Mansour.
In 2018 Sisi won 21,835,387 votes, or 97.08 percent, after other candidates were barred or boycotted. In 2023 he took 39,702,451 votes, which was 89.65 percent and 7.43 points lower than in 2018.
A 78 percent rise in fuel prices opened Sisi's economic programme. Subsidies for basic food and energy swallowed nearly a quarter of the state budget, and Egypt had spent 96 billion dollars on energy subsidies over a decade, which made petrol among the cheapest in the world. Cutting them was expected to save 51 billion Egyptian pounds. Sisi also taxed alcohol and cigarettes, introduced new property taxes and planned a value-added tax scheme. Minibus and taxi fares rose by about 13 percent, and chicken was forecast to cost 25 percent more.
International financial institutions had long urged such cuts. No Egyptian leader had dared to try, in a country where nearly 30 percent of people lived in poverty and relied on state aid. Sisi called the decision "bitter medicine" that was "50 years late". Governments, he said, had feared a backlash like the Bread Riots of 1977. He had accepted only half of his own pay and asked Egyptians to sacrifice, warning of more pain over two years.
By March 2015, after eight months of his rule, external debt had fallen to 39.9 billion dollars, a drop of 13.5 percent. Egypt also paid more than 6 billion dollars it owed to foreign oil companies. In 2015 Moody's raised its outlook for Egypt from negative to stable, and Fitch upgraded the country one step from B-minus to B. In May 2015 Egypt picked banks to handle its return to international bond markets after five years away. In February 2016 the pound was briefly allowed to float, and it slid from 7.83 to 8.95 per dollar, pushing up everyday prices.
Electricity was the other crisis. In August 2014 daily demand hit a record 27.7 gigawatts, 20 percent more than the power stations could supply. Some regions faced around six power cuts a day, each lasting up to two hours. The next month a massive outage halted parts of the Cairo Metro and took television stations off the air, after the country suddenly lost 50 percent of its generating capacity.
Egypt signed a contract with General Electric for 2.6 gigawatts, with the first phase in service by June 2015. By that month the government reported a surplus of 2.9 gigawatts. At the Egypt Economic Development Conference in March 2015, a 9 billion dollar Siemens contract for gas and wind plants and a 12 billion dollar BP energy deal followed. On the 21st of November 2017, in Nicosia, Sisi met Cyprus's president Nicos Anastasiades and Greece's prime minister Alexis Tsipras to back the EuroAfrica Interconnector, a submarine cable of around 1,619 kilometres.
Big construction projects carried his name too. In August 2014 he launched a new Suez Canal running parallel to the old one, meant to lift capacity from 49 to 97 ships a day. It cost about 60 billion Egyptian pounds, or 8.4 billion dollars, drawn only from Egyptian sources, and it opened on the 6th of August 2015. Sisi also launched a road network of more than 4,400 kilometres, a new capital east of Cairo, a pledge to eliminate unsafe slums, and the New Delta agricultural project.
A Baseera poll in August 2014 found 78 percent would vote for him if an election were held the next day. By April 2016 approval stood at 79 percent. In October 2016 support dropped to 68 percent, and the pollster blamed continuing price rises.
Algeria was Sisi's first foreign stop as president, where he sought help against Islamist insurgencies in North Africa. He then flew to Malabo, Equatorial Guinea, for an African Union summit and used his speech to blame the union for freezing Egypt's membership a year earlier. In 2021 a dispute over the Grand Ethiopian Renaissance Dam sharpened his language. "I am telling our brothers in Ethiopia, let's not reach the point where you touch a drop of Egypt's water, because all options are open," he said.
Over 20 billion dollars flowed to Egypt from Saudi Arabia, Kuwait and the United Arab Emirates after Morsi's fall, Sisi said in 2014. In April 2016 King Salman made a five-day visit, and the countries signed deals worth about 25 billion dollars. They also agreed to return the islands of Tiran and Sanafir to Saudi control, which provoked a backlash even in some firmly pro-Sisi outlets. An Egyptian court rejected the transfer in January 2017, but the Supreme Constitutional Court froze that ruling and let Sisi ratify the deal.
Turkey took the opposite course. Recep Tayyip Erdogan was the only major world leader to call Morsi's removal a coup, and he later called Sisi an "illegitimate tyrant". In November 2013 Egypt told the Turkish ambassador to leave, and it later cancelled a roll-on/roll-off shipping agreement. By March 2021, however, Erdogan said Turkey was keen to strengthen relations, and Egypt answered that words must be followed by action.
Russia moved closer. Putin was the first leader to congratulate Sisi on his inauguration, and Sisi made Russia his first destination abroad after becoming field marshal, to discuss arms. On the 11th of December 2017, during Putin's visit to Cairo, the countries signed agreements for Russia to build Egypt's first nuclear reactor and supply its fuel. They also agreed on a Russian industrial zone along the Suez Canal.
Washington was colder at first. The Obama administration delayed the sale of four F-16 fighter jets and cancelled the Bright Star military exercise. Egyptian security even screened Secretary of State John Kerry with a metal detector and wand before a meeting. Yet the United States released 575 million dollars in frozen military aid. After Donald Trump's election, relations warmed. At the G7 summit in Biarritz on the 26th of August 2019, Trump called Sisi his "favorite dictator". In February 2021 the Biden administration, while pressing on human rights, approved a 197 million dollar sale of Rolling Airframe Missiles.
Relations with Israel improved after Morsi's removal. Sisi said he had spoken a lot with Prime Minister Benjamin Netanyahu, and The Economist called him "the most pro-Israeli Egyptian leader ever". Egypt still brokered the ceasefire that ended the 2014 Gaza War on the 26th of August 2014. In October 2023 he said Israel's bombing of Gaza had become collective punishment of 2.3 million people.
Roughly 60,000 political prisoners were held in Egypt as of January 2020, according to estimates from Human Rights Watch and Amnesty International. Human Rights Watch has also accused the government of torture and enforced disappearances, and it says the military carried out extrajudicial killings in its campaign against an ISIS affiliate in North Sinai. It further reports arbitrary arrests and torture of children as young as twelve. Freedom House concluded in 2021 that meaningful political opposition was virtually nonexistent.
In September 2019, from exile in Spain, the building contractor Mohamed Ali posted videos accusing Sisi of corruption and mismanagement of public funds. Protests broke out on the 20th of September 2019. Police dispersed them quickly and arrested more than 4,000 people. Sisi responded in several speeches, and he has blamed political Islam for instability.
In November 2019 the parliamentarian Ahmed Tantawi submitted a formal proposal asking Sisi to finish his term in 2022 rather than 2024 so reforms could proceed. Tantawi later declared himself a candidate in the 2023 presidential election, but he withdrew after failing to gather enough endorsements. On the 28th of December 2019, Mohamed Ali issued an Egyptian Consensus Document. The next day the Egyptian National Action Group, with Ayman Nour as spokesperson, launched a similar programme of replacing Sisi's system.
Egyptians critical of the president gave him the nickname "the Mexican". It plays on the closeness of his name to the word El-Meksiki, and on Joe Biden once wrongly calling him president of Mexico. In June 2025 border guards clashed violently with participants in the Global March to Gaza after refusing them entry, drawing criticism at home and abroad.
In 2024 activists organised an online "Dignity Revolution", and widespread protests against the government followed. Authorities arbitrarily detained hundreds in a heavy crackdown. Some analysts now describe Egypt under Sisi as "The Sick Man of the Middle East" because of economic turbulence and a fragile hold on power.
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Common questions
Who is Abdel Fattah el-Sisi?
He is a retired Egyptian military officer born on the 19th of November 1954 in Cairo. He became the 6th president of Egypt after the 2014 election.
How did Sisi come to power?
President Mohamed Morsi appointed him defense minister in August 2012. After mass protests, the army removed Morsi on the 3rd of July 2013, and Sisi won the May 2014 election with 96 percent of the votes counted.
What was the Rabaa massacre?
It was the dispersal of pro-Morsi sit-ins at Rabaa al-Adawiya and al-Nahda squares in Cairo in August 2013. Human Rights Watch and Amnesty International cite more than 900 killed, and Human Rights Watch calls it crimes against humanity.
What major projects did Sisi launch?
They include a new Suez Canal opened on the 6th of August 2015, a road network of more than 4,400 kilometres, a planned new capital east of Cairo, and the New Delta agricultural project.
All sources
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- 235أحمد المنصور on X: "حركة ثوار ٢٥ يناير"Ahmed al-Mansour — 11 January 2025
- 236Newsג'יהאדיסטים מצרים מארגונו של מנהיג סוריה החדש הודיעו על הקמת תנועה חדשה שמטרתה - הפלת נשיא מצריםAhud Yaeri — 13 January 2025
- 238NewsSyria detains Egyptian after videos threatening Egypt's government15 January 2025
- 243NewsThe Quiet General16 August 2013
- 244NewsEgypt's next first lady? Meet Mrs. Sisi and Mrs. SabbahiAshraf al-Hameed — 12 May 2014
- 245السيسي والسيدة انتصار - موقع الرسالة العربيةadmin-alresala — 2026-02-11
- 246NewsJihadists continue to torment Egypt2 November 2017
- 247NewsSisi's Islamist Agenda for Egypt28 July 2013
- 248JournalWhat Egypt's President Sisi Really ThinksDaniel Pipes — Fall 2014
- 249NewsAmbitious men in uniform3 August 2014
- 250NewsEgypt's path from autocracy to revolution—and back again9 August 2018
- 251The four traits Sisi, Hitler and Mussolini have in commonEmad Shahin — 12 June 2015
- 254NewsEgypt's Sisi: Authoritarian leader with penchant for bridgesAidan Lewis — 8 December 2023
- 255NewsTen years on from the Arab spring, Sisi has made life in Egypt hellishAmr Darrag — 11 February 2021
- 256NewsWhy Egypt has not fully opened its Gaza border for fleeing PalestiniansPatrick Wintour — 2 November 2023
- 259سفينة مصرية تمد إسرائيل بالغذاء بينما "المكسيكي" يخنق غزة بغلق المعبروطن — 9 February 2024
- 260Sisi, Al Khalifa hold bilateral meeting in Bahrain8 May 2017
- 261Lukashenko presents Order of Friendship of Peoples to Egypt presidentGovernment of Belarus — 18 June 2019
- 262https://www.elwatannews.com/news/details/273077420 November 2017
- 263H.E. Præsidenten for Den Arabiske Republik Egypten tildeles ElefantordenenMonarchy of Denmark — 6 December 2024
- 268Egyptian-Kuwaiti RelationsState Information Service — 4 October 2017
- 270NewsHis Majesty the Sultan, Egyptian President exchange decorations21 May 2023
- 271Real Decreto 830/2025, de 16 de septiembre, por el que se concede el Collar de la Orden de Isabel la Católica a Su Excelencia señor Abdel Fattah Al Sisi, Presidente de la República Árabe de Egipto.Ministry of Foreign Affairs — 17 September 2025
- 272NewsSheikh Mohamed bin Zayed bestows 'Order of Zayed' on Egypt presidentKhaleeji Times — 14 November 2019
- 273German opera ball in trouble for honoring Egyptian president30 January 2020
- 275NewsEgypt activist Wael Ghonim's brother ordered to remain in custody22 September 2019
- 276NewsMohamed Ali: Sisi and family toured new palace as Cairo burnedMohammad Ayesh — 16 October 2019
- 277European Parliament resolution on Egypt23 October 2019
- 279NewsEgypt: Opponents of Sisi launch anti-regime group31 December 2019
- 281NewsEgypt's choice is clear: Democracy - or chaos under SisiAyman Nour — 23 January 2020
- 282BookEgyptian Foreign Relations Under Al-sisi: External Alignments Since 2013Christian Achrainer — Routledge — 2023
- 283MagazineThe shadow general : President Sisi has unwittingly revealed more about the way Egypt now works than anyone could have imaginedHessler, Peter — 2 January 2017
- 284BookCounterrevolution in Egypt: Sisi's New RepublicHossam el-Hamalawy — Verso Books — 2026
- 285BookEgypt under El-SisiMaged Mandour — Bloomsbury Publishing — 2024
- 286BookEgypt's New Authoritarian RepublicRobert Springborg et al. — Lynne Rienner Publishers, Incorporated — 2025