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— CH. 1 · INTRODUCTION —

Tupac Shakur

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  • Tupac Amaru Shakur was born on the 16th of June 1971, in East Harlem, Manhattan, not yet carrying the name the world would know him by. He was born Lesane Parish Crooks, and was renamed at age one. By the time he died on the 13th of September 1996, he had sold more than 75 million records worldwide, been shot twice in two separate incidents, married and annulled a marriage from a prison cell, starred in six films, recorded an album in seven days that would be released after his murder, and inspired academic courses at Harvard and Berkeley. He was 25 years old.

    What made Tupac Shakur such a singular figure? How did a child raised in poverty by a mother battling addiction, whose godfather spent 27 years wrongly imprisoned and whose godmother was a convicted murderer on the FBI's most wanted list, become someone whom Nas placed beyond Shakespeare and whom the Vatican added to its online playlist? And what do we actually know about the night he was shot in Las Vegas, and the decades of legal proceedings that followed?

  • Afeni Shakur chose her son's name with intention. Tupac Amaru II, the historical figure the name honors, was a descendant of the last Inca ruler who was executed in Peru in 1781 after leading a revolt against Spanish rule. Afeni explained her reasoning plainly: "I wanted him to have the name of revolutionary, indigenous people in the world. I wanted him to know he was part of a world culture and not just from a neighborhood."

    The family surrounding young Tupac was thoroughly shaped by radical politics. His parents, Afeni and William Garland, had been active Black Panther Party members in New York in the late 1960s and early 1970s. A month before Tupac's birth, Afeni stood trial in New York City as part of the Panther 21 criminal trial. She was acquitted of over 150 charges. His stepfather, Mutulu Shakur, spent four years on the FBI's Ten Most Wanted Fugitives list before being apprehended in 1986 and convicted for a 1981 Brinks armored truck robbery in which officers and a guard were killed.

    His godfather, Elmer "Geronimo" Pratt, was a high-ranking Black Panther wrongly convicted of murdering a schoolteacher during a 1968 robbery. He spent 27 years in prison before his conviction was overturned after prosecutors were found to have concealed exculpatory evidence. His godmother, Assata Shakur, was convicted in 1977 of the first-degree murder of a New Jersey State Trooper, escaped from prison in 1979, and appeared on the FBI Most Wanted Terrorists list as late as 2013.

    At age 11, the boy named after an executed revolutionary was already writing poems dedicated to incarcerated Black Panther members at Leavenworth Prison, signing at least one with the phrase "Tupac Shakur, Future Freedom Fighter."

  • In 1984, when Tupac was 13, his family moved from New York City to Baltimore, Maryland, settling into the Pen Lucy neighborhood at 3955 Greenmount Ave, a two-story rowhouse subdivided into rental units, with the Shakur family on the first floor. His mother was struggling to find work and battling drug addiction.

    What happened in Baltimore complicated and deepened him. He moved through Roland Park Middle School, then Paul Laurence Dunbar High School, before transferring to the Baltimore School for the Arts for tenth grade. There he studied acting, poetry, jazz, and ballet, performed in Shakespeare plays, and played the Mouse King in a production of The Nutcracker. He identified patterns in Shakespeare's work that mirrored what he saw in gang warfare.

    At that school he befriended actress Jada Pinkett. He wrote poems for her, including ones titled "Jada" and "The Tears in Cupid's Eyes." His friend Dana "Mouse" Smith beatboxed while Tupac rapped, and the pair won competitions for the school's best rapper. He was known for his humor and was popular across different student crowds. The music he listened to ranged widely: Kate Bush, Culture Club, Sinead O'Connor, and U2.

    He also connected with the Baltimore Young Communist League USA and dated Mary Baldridge, daughter of the director of the local Communist Party chapter. In 1988, his family moved to Marin City, California, an impoverished community in the San Francisco Bay Area, and he attended Tamalpais High School in nearby Mill Valley, where he continued performing in theater. He never graduated from high school, but later earned his GED.

    Jada Pinkett Smith later donated $1 million to the Baltimore School for the Arts in 2006, naming the new theater in his honor. After his death, the block of Greenmount Avenue where he had lived was renamed Tupac Shakur Way.

  • Shakur debuted as 2Pac on Digital Underground's January 1991 single "Same Song", released on Interscope Records. The song appeared on the soundtrack to the film Nothing but Trouble. His own debut album, 2Pacalypse Now, arrived that November. U.S. Vice President Dan Quayle publicly criticized it, stating, "There's no reason for a record like this to be released. It has no place in our society."

    Shakur's response captured something essential about how he understood his own role: "I just wanted to rap about things that affected young black males. When I said that, I didn't know that I was gonna tie myself down to just take all the blunts and hits for all the young black males, to be the media's kicking post for young black males." The album reached No. 64 on the Billboard 200 and was certified Gold. Nas, Eminem, Game, and Talib Kweli have cited it as an influence.

    Strictly 4 My N.I.G.G.A.Z..., released in February 1993, debuted at No. 24 on the Billboard 200. It carried "Keep Ya Head Up", a women's empowerment anthem that charted at No. 12 on the Billboard Hot 100, and "I Get Around", which reached No. 11. The album was certified Platinum by April 1995.

    Me Against the World was released in March 1995 while Shakur sat in prison. It debuted at No. 1 on the Billboard 200 and sold 240,000 copies in its first week, setting a record at the time for highest first-week sales for a solo male rapper. It is now considered by many critics to be his magnum opus. The album's lead single, "Dear Mama", was later added to the Library of Congress's National Recording Registry on the 23rd of June 2010, making it only the third rap song to receive that honor.

    All Eyez on Me, released on the 13th of February 1996, was rap's first double album. It sold 566,000 copies in its first week and generated the singles "California Love" and "How Do U Want It", both of which reached No. 1 on the Billboard Hot 100. Music journalist Kevin Powell noted that after his release from prison, Shakur "seemed like a completely transformed person." The album was posthumously certified 10 times Multi-Platinum in July 2014.

    The Don Killuminati: The 7 Day Theory, recorded under the name Makaveli, was written and recorded in three days, with mixing taking four more. According to George "Papa G" Pryce, Death Row Records' then director of public relations, the album was meant to be "underground" and was not intended for release before the artist was murdered. It peaked at No. 1 on the Billboard 200 and was certified 4 times Multi-Platinum in June 1999.

  • On the 17th of October 1991, two Oakland Police Department officers stopped Shakur for jaywalking. According to Shakur, officers Alex Boyovic and Kevin Rogers choked him, threw him to the ground, and slammed his head into concrete. He filed a $10 million lawsuit for police brutality. The case settled for about $43,000. The incident was later identified as the onset of Shakur's autoimmune disease alopecia, which led him to shave his head.

    On the 31st of October 1993, Shakur was arrested in Atlanta for shooting two off-duty police officers, brothers Mark and Scott Whitwell. Accounts conflict: Atlanta police said the brothers were almost struck by a car and an argument followed; witnesses said the brothers had been harassing a Black motorist and used racial slurs, and that Shakur's group fired in self-defense. Prosecutors ultimately dropped all charges against both parties. Scott Whitwell's $2 million civil lawsuit later resulted in a default judgment against Shakur's estate in 1998.

    In November 1993, Shakur and two other men were charged in New York with sexually assaulting a woman in his hotel room. On the 1st of December 1994, Shakur was acquitted of three sodomy counts but convicted of two counts of first-degree sexual abuse. He was sentenced to 18 months to years in prison. He could not post the $3 million bond and surrendered at the Bellevue Hospital Jail Ward on the 23rd of December 1994, still recovering from gunshot wounds received days earlier.

    On the 30th of November 1994, while visiting Quad Studios in Times Square, Shakur was robbed at gunpoint in the lobby and shot. Music manager James "Jimmy Henchman" Rosemond had reportedly offered him $7,000 to come by the studio that night. Shakur checked out of Metropolitan Hospital against medical advice hours after surgery and secretly went to recuperate at actress Jasmine Guy's home. The next day, he appeared at a Manhattan courthouse in a wheelchair, still bandaged, to receive the jury's verdict in his sexual abuse case.

    In a 1995 Vibe interview, Shakur accused Sean Combs, Rosemond, and the Notorious B.I.G., who had been at Quad Studios that night, of being involved in or knowing about the shooting. In June 2011, convicted murderer Dexter Isaac, incarcerated in Brooklyn, confessed that he had been one of the gunmen, acting on Rosemond's orders.

    By October 1995, Suge Knight of Death Row Records posted Shakur's $1.4 million bond, and Shakur was released from Clinton Correctional Facility in Dannemora pending appeal of his conviction.

  • On the night of the 7th of September 1996, Shakur attended the Bruce Seldon vs. Mike Tyson boxing match at the MGM Grand in Paradise, Nevada, alongside Suge Knight. Afterward, in the hotel lobby, a member of Knight's entourage spotted Orlando Anderson, a South Side Compton Crip, and told Shakur that Anderson had tried to rob them earlier that year. Surveillance footage captured what followed: an assault on Anderson in the lobby.

    Shakur then headed with Knight toward Death Row's Club 662 in a black BMW 750iL sedan. Bicycle-mounted police stopped the car on Las Vegas Boulevard at around 11 p.m. for its loud music and missing plates. The plates were found in the trunk, and the car was released without a ticket. At around 11:15 p.m., at a stop light, a white four-door Cadillac sedan pulled alongside the passenger side. An occupant fired rapidly. Shakur was struck four times: once in the arm, once in the thigh, and twice in the chest, with one bullet entering his right lung. Shards struck Knight's head. Frank Alexander, Shakur's bodyguard, was not in the car. He had been assigned to drive Kidada Jones, Shakur's girlfriend.

    Shakur was taken to the University Medical Center of Southern Nevada. He died in the intensive-care unit on the afternoon of the 13th of September 1996, from internal bleeding. He was pronounced dead at 4:03 p.m. Official causes of death were respiratory failure and cardiopulmonary arrest associated with multiple gunshot wounds. He was 25 years old. His body was cremated the following day.

    For decades, the killing went unsolved. On the 29th of September 2023, Las Vegas Metropolitan Police arrested Duane "Keefe D" Davis in connection with the murder. Davis pleaded not guilty on the 2nd of November 2023, in Las Vegas. As of early 2025, Davis remained incarcerated at the Clark County Detention Center, and his trial had been delayed to the 10th of August 2026. In September 2025, Davis received an additional 16-to-40-month sentence for a separate conviction stemming from a jailhouse fight.

  • Greg "Shock G" Jacobs, one of Shakur's early producers, offered a precise description of his vocal delivery in the documentary Tupac Shakur: Thug Angel: "Slick Rick rhymed from the nasal palate, Nas from the back of his throat, and Pac from the pit of his stomach, which is where his power came from." Shakur's influences included the oratory of Martin Luther King Jr. and Malcolm X.

    He was known for stacking and layering vocals, overlaying multiple vocal lines to emphasize particular words and phrases. The technique is audible on "Dear Mama", where his voice shifts from full to husky within a single line. His background in jazz, poetry, and theater gave him rhythm control that allowed the layering to stay coherent.

    Before and during his music career, Shakur wrote dozens of poems. Many were collected in the posthumous book The Rose That Grew from Concrete, released in 1999. The collection features 72 handwritten poems written when Shakur was 19. In 2021, Jada Pinkett Smith shared a previously unreleased poem titled "Lost Soulz" on Instagram, marking what would have been his 50th birthday.

    In April 2022, a collection of handwritten poems Shakur wrote at age 11 was offered for sale at $300,000 and ultimately sold for $90,000. The poems were dedicated to Jamal Joseph and three other Black Panther members incarcerated at Leavenworth Prison. The collection included a self-portrait showing Shakur asleep with a pen in his hand, dreaming of the Panthers being freed, signed with a heart.

    As an actor, he secured his first starring film role in Juice in 1992 by accompanying a friend to the audition, asking to read for the director himself, and being given 15 minutes to rehearse. Peter Travers of Rolling Stone called him "the film's most magnetic figure." Director Allen Hughes, who had Shakur removed from the cast of Menace II Society after an assault on set, later reflected in 2013 that Shakur would have outshone the other actors "because he was bigger than the movie."

  • In 1997, Afeni Shakur founded the Shakur Family Foundation, later renamed the Tupac Amaru Shakur Foundation. It launched with a stated mission to support students who aspire to develop their creative talents, sponsoring essay contests, charity events, a performing arts day camp for teenagers, and undergraduate scholarships. In June 2005, the foundation opened the Tupac Amaru Shakur Center for the Arts in Stone Mountain, Georgia. It closed in 2015.

    In 2006, on the 10th anniversary of his death, Afeni transported his ashes to Soweto, describing it as the "birthplace of his ancestors" and the "birthplace of the South African struggle for democracy and against apartheid." The City of Johannesburg Metropolitan Municipality donated a five-acre plot in the Zola area of Soweto for a memorial. Singer Macy Gray and members of the Outlawz were among the attendees.

    At Harvard University in April 2003, a symposium titled "All Eyez on Me: Tupac Shakur and the Search for the Modern Folk Hero" examined his influence across entertainment and sociology. Music scholar Emmett Price, calling him a "Black folk hero", traced his persona to Black American folklore and assessed him as having surpassed the legacies of John Coltrane and Mahalia Jackson within the tradition of Black music. The Norwegian University of Oslo organized its own course on Tupac, hip-hop, and cultural history in 2012.

    In 2017, Shakur was inducted into the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame in his first year of eligibility. On the 7th of June 2023, he received a posthumous star on the Hollywood Walk of Fame; his half-sister Sekyiwa "Set" Shakur accepted the award in his honor. That same year, Billboard ranked him fourth among the top 50 rappers of all time.

    On the 15th of April 2012, at Coachella, a projection of Shakur appeared alongside Snoop Dogg and Dr. Dre to perform "Hail Mary" and "2 of Amerikaz Most Wanted." The technology drew widespread attention and briefly returned his Greatest Hits album to the Billboard 200 chart, where it reached No. 129, nine years after it had left the chart. In 2008, his estate earned approximately $15 million.

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Common questions

When and where was Tupac Shakur born?

Tupac Amaru Shakur was born on the 16th of June 1971, in East Harlem, Manhattan, New York City. He was born Lesane Parish Crooks and was renamed Tupac Amaru Shakur at age one, after Tupac Amaru II, a descendant of the last Inca ruler who was executed in Peru in 1781.

How did Tupac Shakur die and when?

Tupac Shakur died on the 13th of September 1996, at the University Medical Center of Southern Nevada, six days after being shot four times in a drive-by shooting in Paradise, Nevada, on the 7th of September 1996. He was pronounced dead at 4:03 p.m. Official causes of death were respiratory failure and cardiopulmonary arrest associated with multiple gunshot wounds.

How many records did Tupac Shakur sell worldwide?

Tupac Shakur sold more than 75 million records worldwide. His Diamond-certified album All Eyez on Me was rap's first double album, and his posthumous Greatest Hits is one of only nine hip-hop albums to be certified Diamond in the United States.

What was Tupac Shakur's connection to the Black Panther Party?

Shakur's parents, Afeni Shakur and Billy Garland, were both active Black Panther Party members in New York in the late 1960s and early 1970s. His godfather, Elmer "Geronimo" Pratt, was a high-ranking Black Panther wrongly imprisoned for 27 years, and his godmother, Assata Shakur, was a former Black Liberation Army member who escaped from prison in 1979.

Who was arrested for Tupac Shakur's murder?

Las Vegas Metropolitan Police arrested Duane "Keefe D" Davis on the 29th of September 2023, in connection with Shakur's 1996 murder. Davis pleaded not guilty on the 2nd of November 2023, in Las Vegas. His trial was subsequently delayed to the 10th of August 2026, while Davis remained incarcerated at Nevada's High Desert State Prison.

What awards and honors has Tupac Shakur received posthumously?

Shakur was inducted into the Hip-Hop Hall of Fame in 2002 and into the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame on the 7th of April 2017, in his first year of eligibility. On the 7th of June 2023, he received a posthumous star on the Hollywood Walk of Fame. In 2009, the Vatican added his posthumous track "Changes" to its online playlist, and the Library of Congress added "Dear Mama" to the National Recording Registry on the 23rd of June 2010.

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All sources

323 references cited across the entry

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  30. 30webDr. Mutulu Shakur given special honors after prison releaseEarnest McBride — January 31, 2023
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  38. 38newsElmer G. Pratt, Jailed Panther Leader, Dies at 63Douglas Martin — June 3, 2011
  39. 39newsNotorious fugitive on FBI terrorist list dies in Cuba decades after N.J. cop killing, prison escapeJeff Goldman — September 26, 2025
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  43. 43webThe colourful life of Tupac's mother Afeni ShakurKemi Alemoru — May 4, 2016
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  45. 45webTupac Shakur's teenage home in Baltimore up for saleCameron McMillian — 2022-11-18
  46. 46newsTupac Shakur's childhood home lists for $179K. Look at 'a piece of Baltimore history'TJ Macias — November 20, 2022
  47. 47webTupac Shakur's Baltimore childhood home listed for sale2022-11-21
  48. 48newsArt and Activism in Charm City: Five Baltimore Collectives That Are Facing RaceJamilah King — ARC — November 15, 2012
  49. 49newsTupac Shakur in Baltimore: Friends, teachers remember the birth of an artistWesley Case — March 31, 2017
  50. 50newsTupac Shakur: 'I am not a gangster'Chuck Philips — October 25, 1995
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  52. 52bookBack in the Day: My Life and Times with Tupac ShakurDarrin Keith Bastfield — Da Capo Press — 2002
  53. 53bookTupac ShakurCarrie Golus — Lerner Publications — December 28, 2006
  54. 54webHappy birthday to our brother and comrade, #TupacShakur! This is his Young Communist League membership card from when he lived in Baltimore, Maryland. #RestInPower #SolidarityForeverCommunist Party USA — June 17, 2019
  55. 55webThe Hip-Hop Road to SocialismDean Van Nguyen — May 18, 2021
  56. 56bookHow Long Will They Mourn Me?Candace Sandy et al. — Random House Publishing Group — 2010
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  59. 59webTupac Shakur's Life in MarinZack Ruskin — 2019-08-23
  60. 60newsShots Silence Angry Voice Sharpened by the StreetsMichel Marriott et al. — September 16, 1996
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  62. 62newsTupac Shakur, 25, Rap Performer Who Personified Violence, DiesJon Pareles — September 14, 1996
  63. 63webThese Were Tupac's Startling Last WordsJames Chung — February 25, 2020
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  69. 69magazineShakur Estate Settles With Chopmaster J; Lil Mo's 'True Story' Finally Comes To LightJune 9, 2001
  70. 70newsRapper slain after chase in QueensCharisse Jones — December 1, 1995
  71. 71journalTupac's Law: Incarceration, T.H.U.G.L.I.F.E., and the Crisis of Black MasculinitySeneca Vaught — Spring 2014
  72. 72webRevisiting 2Pac's Debut Album '2Pacalypse Now' (1991) TributeJustin Chadwick — November 8, 2021
  73. 73webQuayle Calls for Pulling Rap Album Tied to Murder CaseJohn Broder — September 23, 1992
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  75. 75news20 Years Ago, Tupac Broke ThroughYenigun Sami — July 19, 2013
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  83. 83webRevisiting 2Pac's 'Strictly 4 My N.*.*.*.*.Z...' (1993) Retrospective Tribute
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  85. 87webStrictly 4 My N.I.G.G.A.Z... RIAA Status
  86. 88newsJohn Singleton on That Tupac AIDS Test: 'That Was a Joke!'Stereo Williams — February 3, 2019
  87. 89webA look back at 'Above the Rim' on its 25th anniversaryJustin Tinsley — March 22, 2019
  88. 90newsTupac Would Have 'Outshined' 'Menace II Society,' Director AdmitsRob Markman — MTV — May 30, 2013
  89. 91webRevisit Tupac's April 1995 Cover Story: 'READY TO LIVE'Kevin Powell — February 14, 2021
  90. 92webMichael Rapaport Reveals Tupac, Leo & More Were Part Of The Original "Higher Learning" Cast (Video)Jake Paine — December 1, 2017
  91. 93webSex & Negrocity by Greg TateGreg Tate — Villagevoice.com — June 26, 2001
  92. 94webFILMrapbasement.com — April 10, 2008
  93. 95webHow Tupac and B.I.G. went from friends to deadly rivalsBen Westhoff — September 12, 2016
  94. 96webThe Moment Tupac and Biggie Went From Friends to EnemiesJoel Anderson — October 30, 2019
  95. 97web'Me Against The World': How 2Pac Transcended Hip-Hop's TrappingsPatrick Bierut — March 14, 2021
  96. 98magazineTupac's 'Me Against the World' Topped Billboard 200 20 Years Ago Today: A RetrospectiveErika Ramirez — April 1, 2015
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  100. 102webSo Many Tears (EP) at AllMusic
  101. 103webTemptations (CD/Cassette Single) at AllMusic
  102. 104web2Pac's Pals Turn Out for Tupac-Less VideoSteve Hochman — September 24, 1995
  103. 105newsIt's a Soul Train Awards Joy Ride for TLC, D'AngeloSteve Appleford — April 1, 1996
  104. 106newsTupac Month: 2Pac's Discography
  105. 107webHow the 1995 Source Awards Changed Rap ForeverAugust 3, 2015
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  107. 109webThe Triumph and Tragedy of Tupac's 'All Eyez on Me'Justin Sayles — February 12, 2021
  108. 110newsTupac Talks Quad Studios Shooting in Kevin Powell InterviewAlexis Reese — December 15, 2021
  109. 111newsAs Associates Fall, Is 'Suge' Knight Next?Chuck Phillips — July 31, 2003
  110. 112magazineTupac's Biggest Billboard Hot 100 HitsKristin Corpuz — June 16, 2020
  111. 113newsTupac's 'Hit 'Em Up': The Most Savage Diss Track Ever Turns 20Stereo Williams — June 4, 2016
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  119. 121webTupac The Workaholic. (MYCOMEUP.COM)YouTube — February 11, 2010
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  121. 124magazineGridlock'dJanuary 31, 1997
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  123. 126inlineThe 2008 fire sustained by University Music Group lost, among archives of hundreds of other artists, some of Tupac's [Jody Rosen, "Here are hundreds more artists whose tapes were destroyed in the UMG
  124. 127webTo mark what would have been Tupac Shakur's 50th birthday, Jada Pinkett Smith remembers what a poet he wasChristi Carras — June 16, 2021
  125. 128webTupac, strippers, and Batman: Jada Pinkett Smith looks back on her most memorable rolesDerek Lawrence — August 20, 2019
  126. 129newsThursday Highlights: Prime TimeJune 13, 1993
  127. 130webThe history behind Jada Pinkett Smith and Tupac Shakur's relationshipOctober 13, 2023
  128. 131bookCheck It While I Wreck It: Black Womanhood, Hip-Hop Culture, and the Public SphereGwendolyn D. Pough — Northeastern University Press — December 1, 2015
  129. 132bookTupac Shakur: The Life and Times of an American IconTayannah Lee McQuillar et al. — Hachette Books — January 26, 2010
  130. 133journalJada Pinkett Gives $100,000 To Help Rapper Tupac ShakurFebruary 13, 1995
  131. 134newsBig SplurgeLinda Stasi — January 20, 1995
  132. 135webJada Pinkett Smith dishes on marriage to Will Smith, 'The Slap' — and Baltimore in her new memoir 'Worthy'October 15, 2023
  133. 136webJada Pinkett Smith Says Tupac Shakur Had Alopecia: 'He Just Wouldn't Talk About It' (Exclusive)
  134. 137webJada Pinkett-Smith reflects on Tupac proposing to her in prisonKyann-Sian Williams — October 13, 2023
  135. 138bookTupac: Resurrection, 1971–1996Tupac Shakur — Simon and Schuster — 2003
  136. 139bookThe intimate sex lives of famous peopleIrving Wallace — Feral House — 2008
  137. 140newsTupac rememberedMolly Monjauze — 2008
  138. 141bookI Am Hip-Hop: Conversations on the Music and CultureAndrew J. Rausch — Scarecrow Press — April 1, 2011
  139. 142webTreach Flies To L.A. & Wages War To Protect Tupac's LegacyBandini — May 20, 2017
  140. 143webSlow Burn Season 3, Episode 1: Against the WorldJoel Anderson — February 14, 2020
  141. 144webNonfiction Book Review: Afeni Shakur: Evolution of a Revolutionary by Jasmine GuyFebruary 1, 2004
  142. 145webMadonna confirms that she once dated Tupac ShakurMarch 12, 2015
  143. 146magazineTupac's Private Apology to Madonna Could Be Yours for $100,000Kory Grow — July 11, 2019
  144. 147webBulletDavid Stratton — April 6, 1997
  145. 148webMickey Rourke Is Mad About Funkmaster Flex's Tupac Conspiracy TheoryMay 21, 2017
  146. 149newsThat Time Tupac Visited Mike Tyson in PrisonPaul Meara — BET — November 4, 2015
  147. 150magazineRead Tupac Shakur's Heartfelt Letter to Public Enemy's Chuck DKory Grow — June 23, 2014
  148. 151newsJim Carrey wrote humorous letters to Tupac to cheer him up while in prisonBrad Smithfield — February 4, 2017
  149. 152web2Pac – KMEL 1996 Full Interview with SwayApril 4, 2017
  150. 153webWhat Happened (Interview by Sway)
  151. 154web2Pac's Ex-Girlfriend Desiree Smith Denies Being Underage or Intoxicated in Sex Tape with Late LegendJuly 13, 2022
  152. 155magazineTupac Shakur Sex Tape Sold to CollectorDecember 19, 2011
  153. 156newsLove is Not Enough: 2Pac's Ex-Wife, Keisha MorrisTownsquare Media — September 15, 2011
  154. 157webRashida Jones: The I Love You, Man InterviewKam Williams — LA Sentinel — March 12, 2009
  155. 158newsRashida Jones: 'There's more than one way to be a woman and be sexy'Hadley Freeman — February 14, 2014
  156. 159bookQ: The Autobiography of Quincy JonesQuincy Jones — Broadway Books — 2002
  157. 160bookGot Your Back: Protecting Tupac in the World of Gangsta RapFrank Alexander et al. — Macmillan — January 10, 2000
  158. 161magazineTo Die Like A GangstaRobert Sam Anson — March 1997
  159. 162newsRapper Charged in Shootings of Off-Duty OfficersRonald Smothers — November 2, 1993
  160. 163newsGuns N' Rappers: 3 Arrested In ShootingsRichard Harrington — November 3, 1993
  161. 164webRedo '93: Tupac Shakur's Shootout With Police Proves Power To PeopleRhett Butler — May 28, 2020
  162. 165webShakur's Estate Hit With Default Claim Over ShootingMTV News — July 20, 1998
  163. 166newsRapper Shakur guilty of sex abuse, not guilty of sodomy and gun chargesMalcolm Gladwell — December 2, 1994
  164. 167webTupac Shakur interview with "The Arsenio Hall Show" in 1994 VIDEOTBTEntGroup on — Hip-hopvibe.com — March 7, 2012
  165. 168newsWounded Rapper Gets Mixed Verdict In Sex-Abuse CaseRichard Perez-Pena — December 2, 1994
  166. 169journalSweatin' Bullets: Tupac Shakur Dodges Death but Can't Beat the RapFebruary 1995
  167. 170magazineThe Takedown of TupacConnie Bruck — June 29, 1997
  168. 171webDoe v. Shakur (civil case)January 22, 1996
  169. 172av mediaWho Shot Biggie & Tupac? interview with "Haitian Jack"Critical Content — 2017
  170. 173magazinePit of snakesJason Rodriguez — September 2011
  171. 174webTupac believed his rape case was connected to his Quad Studios shootingJune 5, 2014
  172. 175newsShakur Spending Holiday In Jail WardSalvatore Arena — December 24, 1994
  173. 176newsSecure ShakurLinda Stasi — January 9, 1995
  174. 177newsRapper Faces Prison Term For Sex AbuseGeorge James — February 8, 1995
  175. 178newsRapper Shakur Gets Prison for AssaultHelaine Olan — February 8, 1995
  176. 179newsShakur UpstateMarch 16, 1995
  177. 180webYo, Niccolo!Wagner James Au — Salon Media Group Inc. — December 11, 1996
  178. 181webJim Carrey's Surprising Music Moments, From 2Pac to Kid Cudi
  179. 182webTony Danza Talks Friendship With TupacSeptember 21, 2012
  180. 183webAL SHARPTON PLANS TO HELP MEEK THE SAME WAY HE HELPED TUPAC IN JAILNovember 27, 2017
  181. 184newsJames Rosemond, Hip-Hop Manager Tied to Tupac Shooting, Gets Life Sentence for Drug TraffickingAlbert Samaha — October 28, 2013
  182. 185newsRap Artist Tupac Shakur Shot in RobberyNovember 30, 1994
  183. 186newsRapper, Shot and Convicted, Leaves Hospital for Secret SiteLawrence Van Gelder — December 3, 1994
  184. 187webWhat Did Sean 'Puffy' Combs Know?Alison Stewart — Npr.org — March 18, 2008
  185. 189webTupac Shakur Interview 1995 « Chuck Philips PostChuck Philips PostAugust 28, 2013
  186. 190webTupac and Biggie's battle songsMarch 17, 2008
  187. 191webGame Manager Jimmy Rosemond Recalls Events The Night Tupac Was Shot, Says Session Was 'All Business'Jayson Rodriguez
  188. 192citation2Pac (Ft. Outlawz) – Hit 'Em Up
  189. 193citationThe Notorious B.I.G. – Who Shot Ya?
  190. 194newsJames "Jimmy Henchman" Rosemond Implicated Himself in 1994 Tupac Shakur Attack: Court TestimonyChuck Philips — June 12, 2012
  191. 195newsTimes retracts Shakur storyApril 7, 2008
  192. 196newsHip hop talent agent arrested charged with operating drug ringJennifer Evans — June 21, 2001
  193. 197newsConvicted Killer Confesses to Shooting West Coast Rapper Tupac ShakurKTLA News — July 13, 2012
  194. 198newsExclusive: Jimmy Henchman Associate Admits to Role in Robbery/Shooting of Tupac; Apologizes To Pac & B.I.G.'s Mothers.Greg Watkins — June 15, 2011
  195. 199newsOakland Rapper Files Claim Against 2 CopsDon Martinez — November 13, 1991
  196. 200webRemembering the Time Tupac Shakur Sued the Oakland Police for $10 MillionJune 16, 2016
  197. 201newsRapper Sues PoliceNovember 14, 1991
  198. 202webHow Allen Hughes Unraveled the Myth of Tupac and Found Catharsis in 'Dear Mama'Julian Kimble — May 5, 2023
  199. 203newsRapper sentenced for assaultNovember 1, 1994
  200. 204newsRapper Tupac Shakur to face assault chargeSeptember 9, 1994
  201. 205magazineTupac Shakur Biography
  202. 206newsTUPAC'S TEMPER: FIVE GREATEST FREAKOUTS, FROM MTV TO JAIL TIMEVictor Gonzalez — May 10, 2012
  203. 207newsRapper Tupac Shakur chargedMay 6, 1994
  204. 208newsRapper Sentenced for Violating ProbationApril 6, 1996
  205. 209webJail Term Put On Hold For Rapper Tupac ShakurJune 8, 1996
  206. 210webMarin slaying case against rapper opensNovember 3, 1995
  207. 211webSettlement in Rapper's Trial for Boy's DeathNovember 8, 1995
  208. 212webRap critic sues Shakur's estate for defamationAugust 1997
  209. 213webC. Delores Tucker; William Tucker, Her Husbandv.richard Fischbein; Belinda Luscombe; Newsweek Magazine; Johnnie L. Roberts; Time Inc.c. Delores Tucker; William Tucker, Appellants, 237 F.3d 275 (3d Cir. 2001)
  210. 214webSeptember 1996 Shooting and Deathmadeira.hccanet.org
  211. 215webTupac Shakur LV Shooting –Thugz-network.com — September 7, 1996
  212. 216webRapper Tupac Shakur Gunned Down
  213. 217webDetailed information on the fatal shooting
  214. 218webTupac Shakur: Before I Wakefilm.com
  215. 219webTupac Shakur's Death Certificate DetailsEd Koch — Las Vegas Sun — October 24, 1997
  216. 220newsTupac's life after deathSmh.com.au — September 13, 2006
  217. 221newsYes, the Outlawz smoked Tupac's ashesSean O'Neal — August 30, 2011
  218. 222newsWho Killed Tupac Shakur?Chuck Philips — September 6, 2002
  219. 223newsWho killed Tupac Shakur?: Part 2Chuck Philips — September 7, 2002
  220. 224webNotorious B.I.G.'s Family 'Outraged' By Tupac ArticleStreetgangs.com
  221. 225newsNew Theories Stir Speculation On Rap DeathsJohn Leland — October 7, 2002
  222. 226webFBI — Terrorism 2000/2001Fbi.gov
  223. 227webUnsealed FBI Report on Tupac ShakurVault.fbi.gov
  224. 228webFBI files on Tupac Shakur murder show he received death threats from Jewish gangApril 14, 2011
  225. 229webSearch warrant executed in Tupac Shakur homicide case, Las Vegas police sayJuly 18, 2023
  226. 230webLast living suspect in 1996 drive-by shooting of Tupac Shakur indicted in Las Vegas on murder chargeSeptember 29, 2023
  227. 231newsSuspect in Tupac Shakur's murder has pleaded not guiltyAnastasia Tsioulcas — November 2, 2023
  228. 232newsNevada judge reschedules trial for the suspect in Tupac Shakur's 1996 killing for next yearTy O'Neil — February 18, 2025
  229. 233newsTupac murder suspect faces new charge for allegedly fighting with inmateSasha Pezenik et al. — ABC News — January 28, 2025
  230. 234newsMan charged in Tupac Shakur killing sentenced for jail fightMatthew Seeman — KSNV — September 3, 2025
  231. 235newsJudge denies bid by the suspect in Tupac Shakur's killing for a new trial in a jailhouse fightRio Yamat — Associated Press — July 2, 2025
  232. 236newsJury finds Duane 'Keefe D' Davis guilty in jailhouse fightKTNV — April 9, 2025
  233. 237newsLas Vegas judge delays fight sentencing for Tupac murder suspect amid attorney shuffleDavid Charns — 8newsnow.com — August 7, 2025
  234. 238newsDuane 'Keffe D' Davis, 62, serving prison time for jail fightDavid Charms — KLAS — November 18, 2025
  235. 239newsTupac Shakur murder suspect's trial in Las Vegas pushed to summer of 2026Matthew Seeman — KSNV — November 19, 2025
  236. 240newsKeefe D's Tupac-Related Murder Trial Pushed To August 2026Cedric "BIG CED" Thornton — Black Enterprise — December 9, 2025
  237. 241webTupac: The Greatest Inspirational Hip Hop ArtistIke Okwerekwu — May 5, 2019
  238. 242webEminem Calls Tupac Shakur the Greatest Songwriter of All TimeMay 6, 2020
  239. 243webOn Tupac Video Set, Nas Says Rapper Better Than Shakespeare
  240. 244newsTupac was one of the greatest rappers of all time, and here's why2017-09-06
  241. 245webTupac Shakur Poems
  242. 246webTupac Shakur Poems > My poetic side
  243. 247magazineSecrets of Tupac Shakur's Unseen ArchivesAndy Greene — 2022-02-08
  244. 249webHappy Birthday 2Pac! A Look Back At His Classic Poemsstaff — 2021-06-17
  245. 250webBBC Arts – BBC Arts – 'Its name was freedom': Maya Angelou's political awakening by Martin Luther King
  246. 251webProse Pros: 5 Poetry Books From Your Favorite Hip-Hop And R&B ArtistsJessica Bennett — 2023-06-29
  247. 252webTupac Shakur once called Jada Pinkett Smith his 'heart in human form' in a moving poem dedicated to herLane Barnaby — 2023-10-24
  248. 254webJada Pinkett Smith shares unpublished Tupac Shakur poemJack Guy — 2021-06-17
  249. 255webTupac Shakur's Unseen Childhood Poetry Written For An Incarcerated Black Panther Is Up For SaleCarlie Porterfield
  250. 256magazine8 Ways Tupac Shakur Changed the WorldMosi Reeves — September 13, 2016
  251. 257inlineAdaso, Henry, "The 50 greatest rappers of all time: They've shown originality, longevity, cultural impact, vocal presence" , LiveAbout.com, Dotdash, updated December 13, 2018, formerly Henry Adaso, "5
  252. 258web2Pac biographyStephen Thomas Erlewine — n.d.
  253. 259inlineThomas, Chris "Milan" (editor), with Erik Gilroy (reporter), and AllHipHop interviewers, "Tupak Shakur: A roundtable discussion", featuring Pudgee that Phat Bastard, Buckshot, Chino XL, Adisa Bankjoko
  254. 260web2Pac's Work Ethic Was Incredible During the Final Months of His LifeC. Vernon Coleman II — October 12, 2015
  255. 261webSnoop Dogg calls 2Pac "the greatest rapper of all time" during Rock and Roll Hall Of Fame tributeHelen Meriel Thomas — 2017-04-08
  256. 262webSaweetie names Tupac the greatest rapper of all timeSweenie Saint-Vil
  257. 263webFrom workwear and 90s sweater vests to THAT bandana, here's Tupac's most iconic outfits
  258. 264webWe Need to Talk About TupacJune 16, 2016
  259. 265inline50 Cent, "86: Tupac Shakur", editors, "100 greatest artists: The Beatles, Eminem and more of the best of the best" , Rolling Stone, December 3, 2010, archived December 22, 2010.
  260. 266newsWho killed Tupac Shakur? —part 1 of 2Chuck Philips — January 30, 2015
  261. 267bookHoller If You Hear Me: Searching for Tupac ShakurMichael Eric Dyson — Basic Civitas Books — 2001
  262. 268webThe 50 Most Influential Rappers of All Time
  263. 269newsYG Says Tupac Has Inspired His Return To School; Calls Pac A Father Figure For Many (AUDIO)Jake Crates — February 3, 2015
  264. 270webVice Presidential Nominee Kamala Harris Names 2Pac as the 'Best Rapper Alive'Joshua Espinoza — September 25, 2020
  265. 271newsKamala Harris mocked after saying Tupac is the 'best rapper alive'Isobel Lewis — September 26, 2020
  266. 272webUnpacking Tupac's complicated legacy, on what would have been his 50th birthday2021-06-18
  267. 273webLike hero Tupac, Israeli Arab rapper's music provokes: Hip hop artist Tamer Nafer spits controversial lyrics that gain popularity among PalestiniansMajeda El-Batish — The Times of Israel — December 3, 2016
  268. 274newsRapper's ashes to be buried in SowetoChris Mcgreal — 6 September 2006
  269. 275newsTupac to be given final resting place in SowetoStaff Reporter — 6 September 2006
  270. 276news20 Years Later: Tupac Shakur's Legacy By The NumbersOgden Payne — September 13, 2016
  271. 277webAtlanta is getting a 7-foot, $500K statue of TupacApril 12, 2017
  272. 278webTupac Shakur Memorial
  273. 279webBerkeley University Offers Class On TupacGil Kaufman — September 10, 1997
  274. 280magazineSymposium analyzes, celebrates 'Thug'Ken Gewertz — April 24, 2003
  275. 281webThug Nigga Intellectual: Tupac as Celebrity Gramscian talk at Symposium analyzes, celebrates 'thug'M. Neal — Harvard University — 2003
  276. 282webNewBlackMan: Race-ing KatrinaMark Anthony Neal — Newblackman.blogspot.com — September 6, 2005
  277. 283webDeeper Than Hip-Hop Tupac (2Pac) Poetry EnlightensThugLifeArmy.com
  278. 284webTUPAC'S BOOK SHELFMark Anthony Neal — 2003-05-01
  279. 285webIn Tupac's life, the struggles and triumphs of a generationJeffrey Ogbar — June 16, 2017
  280. 286press releaseThe NPD Group Consumer Survey: Top Musical Artists for 2006The NPD Group — Business Wire — February 6, 2007
  281. 287newsHip-Hop's Cash Kings 2008August 15, 2008
  282. 288webMusion Eyeliner projects Tupac's ghost at CoachellaApril 18, 2012
  283. 289inlineThe optical illusion was accomplished with technology called Pepper's ghost [Cyrus Farivar, "Tupac "hologram" merely pretty cool optical illusion", Arstechnica.com, April 16, 2012. ], employed by the
  284. 290webTupac, Michael Jackson, Gorillaz & More: A History of the Musical HologramGil Kaufman — Billboard — March 9, 2017
  285. 291webTupac Hologram May Be Coming To An Arena Near YouKara Warner — MTV News — April 16, 2012
  286. 292webVideo: Tupac (As A Hologram) Joins Snoop Dogg And Dr. Dre On Stage At 2012 CoachellaTJ — Neon Limelight — April 16, 2012
  287. 293newsRapper's De-Light: Tupac 'Hologram' May Go on TourEthan Smith — April 16, 2012
  288. 294webTupac Shakur Hologram Tour Denied By Dr. DreApril 23, 2012
  289. 295inlineGreatest Hits sold 4 000 copies in the week, up 571% above the prior week. All Eyez On Me did 2 000 units, up 95%, and Me Against the World, 1 000 copies, up 53%. The single "Hail Mary", which opened
  290. 296webDad Discovers Son Being Taught Tupac In 7th Grade English Class
  291. 297webJoy Harjo and Tupac Shakur's Lesson on Life
  292. 298webTupac doc up for OscarJanuary 28, 2005
  293. 299webBroadway Musical Based On Tupac's Life Closing This Week Due To Slow Sales – MTV
  294. 300webThe Production For Tupac’s Biopic ‘All Eyez On Me’ Has Finally BegunRichy Rosario — December 18, 2015
  295. 301webTupac's Highly-Anticipated Biopic Receives Official Release DateNovember 22, 2016
  296. 302webFX Ramps Up Non-Fiction Slate With Docuseries On Tupac Shakur, LGBTQ Rights & Zodiac Killer – TCAPeter White — August 6, 2019
  297. 303webTupac is coming to Stranger Than Heaven and we're as confused as you areMax Miller — June 5, 2026
  298. 304webHipHop Honors: About the show: Tuesday, October 12, 2004Viacom International Inc.
  299. 305webPinkett Smith gives $1M to Baltimore schoolDecember 12, 2006
  300. 306webActress gives $1 million to arts schoolDecember 16, 2006
  301. 307newsVatican gets good rap: Tupac Shakur makes the Vatican's MySpace music playlistEdward Beck — December 7, 2009
  302. 308newsTupac Shakur Honored By Library of CongressJune 23, 2010
  303. 309magazineTupac, Willie Nelson, R.E.M. among inductees to National Recording RegistryAnn Donahue — June 23, 2010
  304. 310newsTupac Exhibit Opens Next MonthBoom 92 — January 22, 2015
  305. 311magazineWatch Snoop Dogg Induct Tupac Into the Rock and Roll Hall of FamePeter Helman — April 8, 2017
  306. 312webPearl Jam, Bad Brains, Joan Baez, Depeche Mode, and Tupac Shakur nominated for induction into Rock and Roll Hall of FameLars Gotrich — October 18, 2016
  307. 313webNew Tupac Shakur exhibit, 'Wake Me When I'm Free,' looks at the revolution that created the revolutionaryJustin Tinsley — January 21, 2022
  308. 314newsOakland is renaming a street 'Tupac Shakur Way' to honor rap iconGina Martinez — May 18, 2023
  309. 315webTUPAC SHAKUR TO BE HONORED WITH A POSTHUMOUS STAR ON THE HOLLYWOOD WALK OF FAMEHollywood Walk of Fame — June 7, 2023
  310. 316webTupac Shakur Honored With Hollywood Walk of Fame Star 27 Years After His DeathNeena Rouhani — Billboard — June 7, 2023
  311. 317webTupac Shakur Finally Receives a Star on the Hollywood Walk of FameDaniel Kreps — Rolling Stone — June 7, 2023
  312. 318webTupac Shakur honored with street renaming in BaltimoreMay 8, 2026
  313. 319newsTop-Earning Dead CelebritiesAugust 12, 2002
  314. 320av mediaMTV2 Presents: 22 Greatest MC'sJuly 2003
  315. 321webV community: Greatest rapper of all time?Shelby Stone — July 22, 2005
  316. 322webThe Source: Top 50 Lyricists Magazine Scans
  317. 323webDefinitive 200National association of recording merchandisers — The Rock and Roll Hall of Fame and Museum, Inc. — 2007
  318. 324web2pac — Rolling Stone 500 Greatest Albums Of All Time
  319. 325magazine50 Greatest Rappers of All Time
  320. 326webThis Is The Guy Who's Playing Tupac In The N.W.A. MovieBansky — Uproxx.com — June 19, 2015
  321. 327magazineTupac Biopic Taps Newcomer Demetrius Shipp, Jr. For Lead RoleDecember 24, 2015
  322. 328newsTupac Shakur Biopic 'All Eyez on Me' Casts a LeadDecember 25, 2015
  323. 329webRemembering a legend: 'The Life and Death of Tupac Shakur'Frankie Stein — October 27, 2021