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Adapted from Apocalypse Now, licensed under CC BY-SA 4.0. Modified for audio. This HearLore entry is also licensed under CC BY-SA 4.0.

— Ch. 1 · The Screenplay That Never Was —

Apocalypse Now.

~5 min read · Ch. 1 of 6
John Milius wrote the first draft of Apocalypse Now in 1969, just months after being rejected from military service due to asthma. He received fifteen thousand dollars from Francis Ford Coppola to develop the script, with a promise of another ten thousand if the project moved forward. The screenplay was originally titled The Psychedelic Soldier before settling on Apocalypse Now, a name inspired by a button badge popular among hippies that read Nirvana Now. Milius based the character of Willard and some aspects of Kurtz on a friend named Fred Rexer, who claimed to have witnessed Viet Cong hacking off villagers' arms. Scholars found no evidence to support Rexer's story, yet it became part of the film's lore. Milius wrote over one thousand pages across ten drafts, incorporating ideas from Michael Herr's article about Khe Sanh and films like Dr. Strangelove. Warner Bros.-Seven Arts acquired the rights in 1969 but put the project into turnaround. George Lucas worked with Milius for four years developing the film while simultaneously working on Star Wars. They intended to shoot the movie using sixteen millimeter cameras and real soldiers during the war itself, with an estimated budget of two million dollars. Safety concerns from studios and Lucas's growing involvement with American Graffiti caused them to pause production indefinitely.

Typhoons And Heart Attacks

Principal photography began on the 20th of March 1976, when Coppola and his family flew to Manila to begin filming. Typhoon Olga struck just days later, destroying forty to eighty percent of the sets at Iba and forcing production to shut down on the 26th of May 1976. Dean Tavoularis remembered that rain fell so hard visibility turned white outside, bending trees at forty-five degree angles. The Playboy Playmate set was completely destroyed, ruining a month of scheduled shooting. Most cast and crew returned to the United States for six to eight weeks while others stayed behind to rebuild. Production costs climbed two million dollars over budget within six weeks, prompting Coppola to file a five hundred thousand dollar insurance claim. He took out a loan from United Artists conditional on generating over forty million dollars in theatrical rentals or facing personal liability for all overruns. When Marlon Brando arrived three months late, he was significantly overweight and unprepared for the role. Coppola dressed him in black clothing and used another actor as a body double to hide his weight. Martin Sheen suffered a near-fatal heart attack on the 5th of March 1977, struggling to walk a quarter mile before reaching help. His brother Joe Estevez filled in for scenes requiring close-ups until Sheen recovered enough to return on April 19. By then Coppola admitted he could no longer distinguish which footage belonged to either brother.

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Common questions

Who wrote the first draft of Apocalypse Now and when was it written?

John Milius wrote the first draft of Apocalypse Now in 1969. He received fifteen thousand dollars from Francis Ford Coppola to develop the script with a promise of another ten thousand if the project moved forward.

When did principal photography begin for Apocalypse Now and what caused production to shut down?

Principal photography began on the 20th of March 1976 when Coppola and his family flew to Manila to begin filming. Typhoon Olga struck just days later destroying forty to eighty percent of the sets at Iba and forcing production to shut down on the 26th of May 1976.

What happened to Martin Sheen during the filming of Apocalypse Now?

Martin Sheen suffered a near-fatal heart attack on the 5th of March 1977 while struggling to walk a quarter mile before reaching help. His brother Joe Estevez filled in for scenes requiring close-ups until Sheen recovered enough to return on April 19.

How many people attended the three sneak previews of Apocalypse Now in Westwood Los Angeles?

Three sneak previews occurred in Westwood Los Angeles on May 11 attended by two thousand paying customers who waited up to six hours in line. Rona Barrett previewed the film on Good Morning America television calling it a disappointing failure.

Who created the soundtrack for Apocalypse Now and how long did he spend assembling it?

Walter Murch spent four months assembling the soundtrack after Coppola gave him the task in summer 1977. He decided to restore narration by recording it himself since Martin Sheen was unavailable and fabricated jungle atmosphere using available materials.

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The Cannes Work In Progress

Coppola screened an unfinished version of Apocalypse Now to nine hundred people in April 1979, receiving poor reactions. He agreed to show the film at the Cannes Film Festival despite United Artists reluctance to present incomplete work to press members. Three sneak previews occurred in Westwood, Los Angeles on May 11, attended by two thousand paying customers who waited up to six hours in line. Rona Barrett previewed the film on Good Morning America television, calling it a disappointing failure. This prompted Variety to break their embargo and publish a review describing the film as brilliant yet bizarre. The three-hour version premiered at Cannes on Saturday, the 19th of May 1979, meeting with prolonged applause from the audience. It was the first work-in-progress ever shown in competition at the festival. Zoetrope technicians worked overnight installing additional speakers to achieve Walter Murch's five point one surround sound mix. Coppola criticized media coverage during the subsequent press conference, stating that his team had access to too much money and equipment while slowly going insane. He declared that his film was not about Vietnam but was Vietnam itself. The Palme d'Or award for best film went to Apocalypse Now alongside Volker Schlöndorff's The Tin Drum, though some audience members booed and jeered the decision.

The Sound Of War

Walter Murch spent four months assembling the soundtrack after Coppola gave him the task in summer 1977. He realized the script originally contained narration which Coppola abandoned during filming. Murch decided to restore narration by recording it himself since Martin Sheen was unavailable. Sound libraries lacked stereo recordings of weapons, so Murch and his crew fabricated jungle atmosphere using available materials. They employed Dolby Stereo seventy millimeter six track systems for wide releases while creating what became known as a five point one mix. Two channels behind the audience enhanced helicopter sequences, making them more immersive than previous films. The thirty-five millimeter release used new optical stereo systems but most theaters could not play surround sound due to technological limitations at the time. Murch insisted on recording the most current gunfire technology available. He created mood through fabrication rather than relying on inadequate location recordings from the Philippines. The final product combined vocals to center channel while left-center and right-center channels enhanced deep bass effects. This approach revolutionized cinema audio engineering and set standards that would influence decades of filmmaking.

Three Versions Of One Film

Apocalypse Now Redux appeared in cinemas and on DVD in 2001, restoring forty-nine minutes of scenes cut from the original film. The longest added sequence involved the French Plantation featuring Coppola's sons Gian-Carlo and Roman as children of the de Marais family. A young French child recited Charles Baudelaire's poem L'albatros during dinner before being sent away. Hubert de Marais argued about colonialism while discussing how French politicians sacrificed battalions at Điện Biên Phủ. Additional combat footage preceded Willard meeting Kilgore, including a scene where his team stole the surfboard. Another segment showed the Playmates stranded after their helicopter ran out of fuel, requiring two barrels of gasoline for two hours with them. Kurtz reading Time magazine surrounded by Cambodian children also returned in this version. Apocalypse Now Final Cut premiered in April 2019 at the Tribeca Film Festival for the fortieth anniversary screening. This new version runs three hours and three minutes, cutting twenty minutes from Redux material. Scenes deleted include second encounters with Playmates, parts of plantation sequences, and Kurtz reading Time magazine. It marked the first restoration from original camera negative at four thousand resolution. Previous transfers used interpositive copies instead. Select IMAX theaters hosted releases on August 15 and 18, 2019 through collaboration between IMAX and Lionsgate.
Films about psychopaths and sociopaths
Films about the United States Navy
Films about United States Army Special Forces
Films based on British novels
Films based on Heart of Darkness
Films based on Inferno (Dante)
Films based on the Divine Comedy
Films directed by Francis Ford Coppola
Films featuring a Best Supporting Actor Golden Globe winning performance
Films produced by Francis Ford Coppola
Films scored by Carmine Coppola
Films scored by Patrick Gleeson
Films set in 1969
Films set in Cambodia
Films set in Vietnam
Films shot in the Philippines
Films that won the Best Sound Mixing Academy Award
Films whose cinematographer won the Best Cinematography Academy Award
Films whose director won the Best Direction BAFTA Award
Films whose director won the Best Director Golden Globe
Films with screenplays by Francis Ford Coppola
Films with screenplays by John Milius
Palme d'Or winners
United Artists films
United States National Film Registry films
Vietnam War films
War adventure films
Works based on the Divine Comedy