Persecution of Uyghurs in China
Since 2014, the government of the People's Republic of China has stood accused of persecuting Uyghurs and other Turkic Muslim minorities in Xinjiang. Critics have called the persecution of Uyghurs in China an ongoing campaign of human rights abuses, and some have called it genocide. Beginning in 2017, an estimated one million or more Uyghurs were held without legal process in internment camps. Officials described these sites as "vocational education and training centers". Researchers have called it the largest mass internment of an ethnic-religious minority group since World War II. The Chinese government denies committing any human rights abuses in Xinjiang.
Three questions run through this documentary. Who are the Uyghurs, and why did one far-western region become the focus of such a program? What do detainees, former police officers and leaked records say happened there? And how has the world judged a state that rejects the charge outright?
Uyghurs are a Turkic ethnic group native to Xinjiang, and they are distinct from the Han Chinese, the predominant ethnic group in China. Their language has around 10 million speakers and is shared with other minority groups in the region. Sunni Islam is an important part of Uyghur identity. Only the Hui outnumber Uyghurs among China's predominantly Muslim ethnicities.
Chinese dynasties had long held parts of what is now Xinjiang, but the whole region came under Chinese rule only in the 1700s. That was when the Manchu-led Qing dynasty pushed west, also conquering Tibet and Mongolia. Xinjiang stayed on the empire's margins and briefly won independence during the Dungan Revolt of 1862-1877.
In 1933, the Kumul Rebellion produced a breakaway First East Turkestan Republic. Warlord Sheng Shicai conquered it the following year with Soviet help. In 1944, the Ili Rebellion created a Second East Turkestan Republic, which depended on the Soviet Union until it was absorbed into the People's Republic of China in 1949.
From the 1950s to the 1970s, Beijing sponsored a mass migration of Han Chinese into Xinjiang and adopted policies meant to suppress cultural identity and religion. Independence organizations emerged with some Soviet support, and the East Turkestan People's Party was the largest of them in 1968. The 1980s under Deng Xiaoping brought cultural liberalization and a flexible national language policy, which party officials and minority groups welcomed. The government nonetheless judged it unsuccessful. From the mid-1980s, official pluralism gave way to a covert aim of assimilation, driven by geopolitical concerns. The resulting "monolingual, monocultural model" helped embed and strengthen an oppositional Uyghur identity.
In April 1990, the People's Liberation Army suppressed the Barin uprising near Kashgar, and a large number of people died. Efforts to develop the region by exploiting its natural resources had fed ethnic tension over its lack of autonomy. Writing in 1998, political scientist Barry Sautman argued that programs to narrow inequality failed because of a "paternalistic and hierarchical approach to ethnic relations".
In February 1997, a police roundup and the execution of suspected "separatists" during Ramadan sparked large demonstrations in the Ghulja incident. The army cracked down, and at least nine protesters died. Later that month, bus bombings in Ürümqi killed nine people and injured 68. Uyghur exile groups claimed responsibility. A bus bomb in March 1997 killed two more.
The July 2009 Ürümqi riots left over one hundred people dead. They erupted after the Shaoguan incident, a violent dispute between Uyghur and Han Chinese factory workers. From 2009 to 2016, coordinated attacks by Uyghur separatists killed dozens of Han Chinese, including the 2011 Hotan attack and the 2014 Kunming attack. Some were orchestrated by the Turkistan Islamic Party, which the United Nations designates a terrorist organization.
Sinologists Anna Hayes and Michael Clarke describe the government's larger goal as turning Xinjiang from a frontier region into an "integral" province of a unitary Chinese state.
Weiwen, meaning stability maintenance, became a watchword in the run-up to the 2008 Beijing Olympics and intensified repression across the country. Some within the Party warned that fighting instability that might not even exist could set off a spiral of repression and unrest. In April 2010, after the Ürümqi riots, Zhang Chunxian replaced Wang Lequan, who had shaped religious policy in Xinjiang for 14 years. Party theorists began calling for a more monocultural society built around a single "state-race", which would let China become "a new type of superpower".
After an attack in Yunnan Province, Xi Jinping told the politburo, "We should unite the people to build a copper and iron wall against terrorism". In April 2014, he traveled to Xinjiang and told police in Kashgar, "We must be as harsh as them, and show absolutely no mercy." A suicide bombing struck Ürümqi on the last day of his visit. A secret meeting of Party leaders in Beijing that year produced the Strike Hard Campaign Against Violent Terrorism, which China publicly launched in Xinjiang in May 2014.
In 2016, there was a brief window in which Uyghurs holding passports could leave China. Many did, but they had to leave behind relatives and children who had no passports, and many of those families have never been reunited. That same year, Xinjiang's leaders began a "People's War" against the "Three Evils" of separatism, terrorism and extremism. They sent two hundred thousand party cadres to the region and launched the Civil Servant-Family Pair Up program.
Xi was dissatisfied with the early results and replaced Zhang with Chen Quanguo in 2016. Chen oversaw the recruitment of tens of thousands of additional police officers. He had society divided into three categories: trusted, average and untrustworthy. He told subordinates to "Take this crackdown as the top project" and "to preempt the enemy, to strike at the outset".
After a meeting with Xi in Beijing, Chen held a rally in Ürümqi with ten thousand troops, helicopters and armored vehicles. He promised a "smashing, obliterating offensive" and ordered his forces to "Round up everyone who should be rounded up". Mass arrests began by April 2017. New bans took effect on the 1st of April 2017, covering abnormally long beards and veils worn in public. Residents were also forbidden to skip state-run television or radio, refuse family planning policies, or keep their children out of state-run schools.
In 2017-73% of foreign journalists in China reported being restricted or prohibited from reporting in Xinjiang, up from 42% the year before.
Chen Quanguo ordered that the camps "be managed like the military and defended like a prison". The Chinese government did not acknowledge that they existed until 2018, and then called them "vocational education and training centers". From 2019, it used the name "vocational training centers". The camps tripled in size from 2018 to 2019, even as the government said most detainees had been released.
Estimates of the number held vary widely. In 2018, Gay McDougall, a vice chairperson of the United Nations Committee on the Elimination of Racial Discrimination, said around 1 million Uyghurs were detained, without citing sources. Human Rights Watch estimated at least tens of thousands, and Amnesty International put it at tens of thousands to hundreds of thousands. Researcher Adrian Zenz told the United Nations in March 2019 that the figure was 1.5 million. By November 2019 he counted more than 1,000 camps, and in July 2020 he raised his estimate to 1.8 million. He called this "the largest incarceration of an ethnoreligious minority since the Holocaust".
A Chinese government white paper in September 2020 said an average of 1.29 million workers went through "vocational training" each year from 2014 to 2019. It did not say how many trained in camps. Zenz said the number "gives us a possible scope of coercive labor".
Former detainees describe a regime of control. Mihrigul Tursun said she was drugged, interrogated for days without sleep and strapped into a chair for electric shocks. She remembered interrogators telling her, "Being a Uighur is a crime." Chinese Foreign Ministry spokesperson Hua Chunying said police held Tursun for 20 days on suspicion of inciting ethnic hatred and denied she was ever in a camp. Kayrat Samarkand described "iron clothes", a metal suit weighing over 50 pounds that forced his limbs outstretched. He said inmates had to sing songs praising Xi Jinping before eating and memorize a list of "126 lies" about religion.
A former Xinjiang police officer told CNN in 2021 that raids sometimes began with a village meeting, so officers could arrest everyone gathered. Other nights, police went door to door with rifles. In 2021, BBC News and other outlets reported accounts of organized sexual violence in the camps from women including Tursunay Ziawudun and the teacher Sayragul Sauytbay. Officials deny all such allegations. Reuters reported that officials disclosed personal medical information about women witnesses to discredit them.
Deaths are harder to count. Human Rights Watch said that by April 2021 there had been at least 177 reported deaths in detention or after release, and that the government often refused to acknowledge them. Radio Free Asia reported in 2019 that a police officer who had worked at the No. 1 camp in Kuqa County confirmed 150 deaths there. Researcher Gene Bunin's Xinjiang Victims Database documented 12,050 victims by April 2021. It drew ridicule online when it listed photos of Hong Kong actors Andy Lau and Chow Yun-fat among police officers. Its staff explained that the officers' own profiles used such avatars.
The camps began to wind down in late 2019. Academic Kerry Brown attributes this to the expense of running them, though international pressure also played a part. Some detainees were moved into the formal prison system and others into forced labor programs. In 2023, Amnesty International said it was "witnessing more and more arbitrary detention". The Uyghur Human Rights Project estimated that China had imprisoned 449,000 Uyghurs, about one in 17. In 2022, a Washington Post reporter visited a dozen sites previously identified as camps. Most appeared empty or converted, and several were labeled as coronavirus quarantine facilities or schools.
Adrian Zenz reported that 80% of new intrauterine device placements in China in 2018 happened in Xinjiang, a region with only 1.8% of the country's population. Xinjiang University professor Lin Fangfei disputed the framing. He argued that 8.7% of such operations was the right measure and that the Uyghur population had grown faster than the Han population there.
The birth figures are stark. Chinese government statistics showed that birth rates in the mostly Uyghur regions of Hotan and Kashgar fell by more than 60% from 2015 to 2018. The national rate fell 9.7% in the same period. A fax from the Xinjiang regional government, provided to CNN, showed a 32.68% drop in births from 2017 to 2018. In 2019, Xinjiang's births fell another 24%, against a 4.2% decline nationwide. Zenz found that population growth in Kashgar and Hotan fell by 84% between 2015 and 2018, after a decade in which Uyghur growth had run 2.6 times the Han rate.
Zenz's reading of government documents found plans in 2019 to sterilize between 14% and 34% of married women of childbearing age in two predominantly Uyghur counties. In four southern prefectures, the target was 80%. Leaked records from Karakax County for 2017-2019 showed that violating family planning rules was the most common reason for sending Uyghurs to camps. Practicing Islam ranked second. In 2020, an Associated Press investigation concluded that forced birth control was "far more widespread and systematic than previously known", reaching hundreds of thousands of women.
Individual accounts put faces on those numbers. Zumrat Dwut said she was sterilized by tubal ligation in a camp, a claim the regional government denies. The exiled doctor Gülgine said that on some days about 80 forced sterilization surgeries were carried out. Because Beijing does not collect or share relevant data, and because victims fear stigma, the full scale is unknown.
Officials give a different explanation. Liu Yilei, a Party official in the Xinjiang Production and Construction Corps, said the Han share of southern Xinjiang was "too low, less than 15 percent". Xinjiang authorities attribute falling births to the "comprehensive implementation of the family planning policy". The Chinese Embassy in the United States wrote that Uyghur women were no longer "baby-making machines". Twitter removed that post for violating its policies.
In 2017, security-related construction in Xinjiang tripled. Charles Rollet counted security cameras, video analytics hubs, big data centers, police checkpoints and drones among the projects. Drone maker DJI began supplying local police that year. The Skynet and Sharp Eyes projects, backed by billions of dollars from the Ministry of Public Security, aimed to leave "no blind spots, no gaps, no blank spots" by 2020. Morgan Stanley projected 400 million cameras operating by that year. In 2017, the ministry also began buying systems that could reportedly identify Uyghurs by ethnicity, which allowed a "Uyghur alarm" in surveillance software.
Under Chen Quanguo, a program called "Physicals for All" required every resident of Xinjiang between ages twelve and 65 to provide DNA, along with fingerprints, voice-prints and iris patterns. Yahir Imin described having his blood drawn, face scanned, fingerprints recorded and voice documented. A forensic DNA lab built in Tumxuk in January 2018 used software from Thermo Fisher Scientific, which later said it would stop selling to Xinjiang. In July 2020, the United States Department of Commerce sanctioned 11 Chinese firms, including two subsidiaries of BGI Group, over the use of Uyghur DNA. Officials also ordered vehicle owners to install GPS trackers, citing the threat of Islamist extremism.
The watching reaches abroad. A joint report by the Uyghur Human Rights Project and the Oxus Society found 1,546 cases of Uyghurs detained or deported at Chinese request in 28 countries between 1997 and March 2021. Facebook reported in March 2021 that China-based hackers were spying on the diaspora. Chinese officials dismiss such accusations as fabrications.
Forced labor is the other pillar. BuzzFeed News reported in December 2020 that 135 factory facilities had been identified inside the camps, covering over 21 million square feet. Fourteen million square feet of that was built in 2018 alone. Former detainees said they had no choice about working and earned little or nothing. The Australian Strategic Policy Institute traced Uyghur workers to the supply chains of at least 82 well-known global companies, including Marks & Spencer, Samsung and Nike. Marks & Spencer pledged to check its supply lines. Apple, Esprit and Fila did not respond.
By 2021, the Chinese government had relocated more than 600,000 Uyghurs to industrial workplaces, according to the sources cited here. A June 2025 report by Global Rights Compliance linked 68 Western and international companies to forced labor in China's critical minerals industry. Chinese Foreign Ministry spokesperson Lin Jian answered that Xinjiang "has never forced anyone to transfer employment" and called the report a "complete lie".
An estimated 16,000 mosques in Xinjiang have been destroyed or damaged, with minarets knocked down and decorative features scrubbed away or painted over. Uyghur Muslims believe repeated pilgrimages to shrines such as the tomb of Imam Asim can fulfill the obligation of the Hajj, and such sites were razed too. At Id Kah Mosque, China's largest, Radio Free Asia reported that a plaque of Quranic scripture was removed in 2018. The Globe and Mail reported that services there were staged for foreign visitors. In 2019, Indonesian scholar Said Aqil Siradj disputed that Uyghurs faced persecution, citing mosques being built and repaired. Indonesian outlet Antara filmed 800 worshipers there during Ramadan in 2021.
In September 2019, Agence France-Presse visited 13 destroyed cemeteries in four cities and found exposed bones in four of them. Satellite images showed the destruction had gone on for more than a decade. In January 2020, CNN found that authorities had destroyed more than 100 graveyards. Sultanim Cemetery, the central Uyghur historical graveyard in Hotan, became a parking lot between 2018 and 2019. The Chinese government says graves were relocated because of poor maintenance.
Schools changed in 2011, when Xinjiang moved to what officials called bilingual education. Standard Chinese became the main language of instruction, with only a few hours a week of Uyghur literature. In 2021, Uyghur textbooks used since the early 2000s were outlawed. Their authors and editors received death sentences with reprieve, life terms or long prison sentences. Yalqun Rozi, a textbook editor, got 15 years. His son Kamaltürk Yalqun said the textbooks were "rich in Uyghur culture". The government said the 2003 and 2009 editions contained 84 passages preaching separatism, violence, terrorism and extremism.
The Uyghur Human Rights Project identified 386 Uyghur intellectuals imprisoned, detained or disappeared since early 2017. Economist Ilham Tohti was sentenced to life in prison in 2014. Anthropologist Rahile Dawut, who studied and preserved shrines, songs and folklore, disappeared. Imam Abduheber Ahmet, once praised by China as a "five-star" imam, was sentenced in 2018 to over five years for taking his son to an unsanctioned religious school.
Private life came under direction as well. In August 2014, Cherchen County announced incentives for Uyghur-Han intermarriage, including 10,000 yuan a year for the first five years. In 2015, Hotan banned names such as "Islam", "Quran" and "Jihad", and a 2017 law extended the ban to names that "exaggerate religious fervor". On the 20th of May 2014, a protest in Alakaga followed the detention of 25 women and schoolgirls for wearing headscarves. A local official said two people died when police fired on protesters.
Once the camps could no longer be denied, the government shifted to portraying them as humane. The campaign grew in 2020 and 2021 as international backlash rose. In April 2021, officials released five videos titled "Xinjiang is a Wonderful Land" and a musical called "The Wings of Songs". ProPublica documented more than 5000 pro-government videos on Twitter and YouTube in June 2021, many showing Uyghurs denying abuses. BBC News reporter John Sudworth and his wife Yvonne Murray fled China for Taiwan after state-affiliated media attacked them.
Beijing's central argument is counter-terrorism. Scholars Sean Roberts and David Tobin argue that Islamophobia and fear of terrorism have been used to justify repression, and that the violence belongs in the context of Chinese colonialism. Arienne Dwyer says China used the global war on terror to conflate Uyghur nationalism with terrorism. In December 2015, China effectively expelled French journalist Ursula Gauthier after she questioned that equation. In August 2018, the United Nations Committee on the Elimination of Racial Discrimination criticized China's "broad definition of terrorism and vague references to extremism".
The legal question centers on Article II of the Genocide Convention, which covers "acts committed with intent to destroy, in whole or in part" a "racial or religious group". It lists "causing serious bodily or mental harm to members of the group" and "measures intended to prevent births within the group". Those accusing China of genocide cite such acts. Others describe forced assimilation, ethnocide or cultural genocide. At the United Nations, countries mostly in North America and Europe signed letters of condemnation, while countries mostly in Asia and Africa signed letters supporting the policies as counter-terrorism.
In 2020, a case brought to the International Criminal Court was dismissed because China is not a party to the Rome Statute. In 2021, the United States Department of State declared China's actions genocide, and several legislatures passed non-binding motions doing the same. Other parliaments condemned "severe human rights abuses" or crimes against humanity. A 2022 assessment by the UN human rights office said the policies may constitute crimes against humanity but did not use the word genocide. In 2026, that office described them as potentially amounting to "forcible transfer and/or enslavement as a crime against humanity."
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Common questions
What is the persecution of Uyghurs in China?
The persecution of Uyghurs in China refers to a series of ongoing human rights abuses committed since 2014 against Uyghurs and other Turkic Muslim minorities in Xinjiang. Reported abuses include mass detention, surveillance, forced labor, family separation and forced sterilization. The Chinese government denies committing human rights abuses in Xinjiang.
When did the persecution of Uyghurs in China begin?
The persecution of Uyghurs in China is dated to 2014, when Xi Jinping's administration launched the Strike Hard Campaign Against Violent Terrorism. Mass arrests began by April 2017 under Xinjiang Party secretary Chen Quanguo.
How many Uyghurs were held in camps in the persecution of Uyghurs in China?
Estimates vary widely. In 2018, a United Nations committee vice chairperson cited around 1 million, and researcher Adrian Zenz estimated 1.8 million Uyghurs and other Muslim minorities by July 2020. Human Rights Watch and Amnesty International gave lower estimates in the tens or hundreds of thousands.
Why do some countries call the persecution of Uyghurs in China genocide?
Those accusing China of genocide point to acts they say violate Article II of the Genocide Convention, including serious bodily or mental harm and measures intended to prevent births. In 2021, the United States Department of State declared China's actions genocide.
What did the United Nations say about the persecution of Uyghurs in China?
A 2022 assessment by the UN human rights office said China's policies in Xinjiang may constitute crimes against humanity, without using the term genocide. In 2026, the office described them as potentially amounting to "forcible transfer and/or enslavement as a crime against humanity."
How does China respond to claims about the persecution of Uyghurs in China?
The Chinese government denies committing human rights abuses in Xinjiang and says its policies counter terrorism and extremism. It first denied the camps existed, then described them as "vocational education and training centers". Officials attribute falling birth rates to family planning policy.
Which companies were linked to the persecution of Uyghurs in China through forced labor?
The Australian Strategic Policy Institute found Uyghur workers in the supply chains of at least 82 well-known global companies, including Marks & Spencer, Samsung and Nike. A June 2025 report by Global Rights Compliance linked 68 Western and international companies to forced labor in China's critical minerals industry.
All sources
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- 144A tale of torture in a Chinese internment camp for Uighurs7 December 2018
- 145NewsAcademics condemn China over Xinjiang camps, urge sanctions27 November 2018
- 146Foreign Ministry Spokesperson Hua Chunying's Regular Press Conference on January 21, 2019Foreign Ministry of China
- 147NewsEx-Detainee Describes Torture In China's Xinjiang Re-Education CampFormer detainee Kayrat Samark
- 150MagazineFamily Planning Rules Changed in China's Uighur RegionJoseph Hincks — 2017-08-01
- 152NewsA Million People Are Jailed at China's Gulags. I Managed to Escape. Here's What Really Goes on InsideDavid Stavrou — 17 October 2019
- 153News'Deeply disturbing' footage surfaces of blindfolded Uyghurs at train station in XinjiangErin Handley — 23 September 2019
- 156NewsGynecologist Exiled From China Says 80 Sterilizations Per Day Forced on UyghursNicole Fallert — 14 April 2021
- 157News'Our souls are dead': how I survived a Chinese 're-education' camp for UighursGulbahar Haitiwaji et al. — 12 January 2021
- 160NewsThe Factories In The CampsAllison Killing et al. — 28 December 2020
- 161NewsBatches of 50 to 100 Uighur workers are being advertised on the Chinese internet16 April 2021
- 162NewsHow China is breaking apart a people and its cultureAlison Killing — 28 May 2026
- 163Uyghurs for sale29 February 2020
- 166NewsCensorship, Surveillance and Profits: A Hard Bargain for Apple in ChinaJack Nicas et al. — 17 May 2021
- 167NewsAdidas, Nike Web Sales Plunge in China Amid Xinjiang Boycott6 May 2021
- 170Committee News Release - October 21, 2020 - SDIR (43-2)House of Commons of Canada — 21 October 2020
- 174News'Everyone was silent, endlessly mute': Former Chinese re-education instructor speaks outNathan Vanderklippe — 2 August 2018
- 176NewsChina counters Uighur criticism with explicit attacks on women witnessesCate Cadell — 1 March 2021
- 177MagazineChina Bans BBC World News Over Xinjiang ReportingShannon Tiezzi
- 179NewsBeijing Plans a Slow Genocide in XinjiangAdrian Zenz et al. — 8 June 2021
- 180NewsWhat's happening in Xinjiang is genocideEditorial Board — 6 July 2020
- 182Populasi Uighur naik 25 persen, pemerintah Xinjiang bantu cek keluargaM. Irfan Ilmie et al. — 11 January 2021
- 183NewsChinese academic hits out at Pompeo-backed Xinjiang sterilisation report15 September 2020
- 185Sterilizations and Mandatory Birth Control in XinjiangAdren Zenz — Australian Strategic Policy Institute
- 186NewsThe Karakax list: how China targets Uighurs in XinjiangChristian Shepherd et al. — 17 February 2020
- 187NewsChina accused of genocide over forced abortions of Uighur Muslim women as escapees reveal widespread sexual tortureAmie Ferris-Rotman et al. — 6 October 2019
- 188NewsChina's Forced Sterilization of Uyghur Women Violates Clear International LawLisa Reinsberg — 29 July 2020
- 189NewsChinese birth-control policy could cut millions of Uyghur births: ReportVictor Ordonez — 8 June 2021
- 191NewsTwitter takes down China's "baby-making machines" tweet on Uighur womenTimothy B. Lee — 8 January 2021
- 192NewsXinjiang's Uyghurs didn't choose to be Muslim, new Chinese report saysBen Westcott et al.
- 193NewsWhy Chinese civil servants are happy to occupy Uyghur homes in XinjiangDarren Byler — 9 November 2018
- 194NewsChina's Uighurs told to share beds, meals with party members30 November 2018
- 195NewsMale Chinese 'Relatives' Assigned to Uyghur Homes Co-sleep With Female 'Hosts'Shohret Hoshur — Radio Free Asia — 31 October 2019
- 197Congressional Testimony:Organ Harvesting of Religious and Political Dissidents by the Chinese Communist PartyHouse Committee on Foreign Affairs, Subcommittee on Oversight and Investigations — 12 September 2012
- 198NewsThe Xinjiang ProcedureEthan Gutmann — 5 December 2011
- 199NewsThe Sidney Awards Part IIDavid Brooks — 22 December 2011
- 201NewsU.N. urged to investigate organ harvestingEmma Batha — 24 September 2019
- 203NewsAksu Internment Camp Was Former Hospital, Raising Fears Uyghur Detainees Are Used in Organ TradeJoshua Lipes — 18 November 2020
- 204NewsChina's 'XXX Files': '25 Thousand People Disappear Each Year, Their Organs Are Harvested'David Stravrou — 3 December 2020
- 206NewsBritish government 'ignored' Chinese organ harvesting, Tribunal rulesGabriella Swerling — 17 June 2019
- 207NewsChina's Harvesting of Uyghur Organs Gets DarkerC. J. Werlemann — 24 January 2020
- 208NewsSaudis allegedly buy 'Halal organs' from 'slaughtered' Xinjiang MuslimsKeoni Everington — 22 January 2020
- 210NewsXinjiang's Organ Transplant Expansion Sparks Alarm Over Uyghur Forced Organ HarvestingTasnim Nazeer — 18 July 2025
- 211NewsChina 'to triple number of Uyghur organ-harvesting centres'Allegra Mendelson — 3 July 2025
- 212NewsUighurs forced to keep China running at height of Covid-19 pandemicPhilip Sherwell et al. — 9 August 2020
- 213NewsThousands of Uyghur workers in China are being relocated in an effort to assimilate Muslims, documents showNathan Vanderklippe — 2 March 2021
- 214NewsRevealed: New videos expose China's forced migration of Uyghurs during the pandemicIsobel Cockerell — 9 July 2020
- 215ReportUyghurs for sale: 'Re-education', forced labour and surveillance beyond XinjiangVicky Xiuzhong Xu et al. — Australian Strategic Policy Institute — February 2020
- 217News'A huge game-changer': Report says more than 570,000 Uighurs forced to pick cotton15 December 2020
- 218NewsChina accused of forcing 570,000 people to pick cotton in Xinjiang15 December 2020
- 219NewsChinese labour schemes aimed to cut Uighur population density – reportHelen Davidson — 3 March 2021
- 221MagazineReport: Western Supply Chains Tied to Uyghur Forced Labor in China's Critical Minerals BoomTasnim Nazeer — June 12, 2025
- 222MagazineThe Missing Uyghur ChildrenTasnim Nazeer
- 223NewsPressure on Turkey to protect Uighurs as China ratifies extradition treatyHelen Davidson et al. — 29 December 2020
- 224NewsChina-based hackers used front companies to hack Uighurs, Facebook saysSean Lyngaas — 24 March 2021
- 225NewsHow China turned a prize-winning iPhone hack against the UyghursPatrick Howell O'Neill
- 227NewsFacebook says Chinese hackers used platform to hack Uyghurs abroadKevin Collier
- 228NewsWhat once were safe havens for those fleeing China now feel dangerousKeir Simmons et al. — 10 August 2023
- 230NewsDetainee says China has secret jail in Dubai, holds Uyghurs16 August 2021
- 231MagazineMeasuring the Scale of Chinese Transnational RepressionCatherine Putz
- 232NewsChina's passport trap: A new front in the global war on UyghursSophia Yan — 5 August 2025
- 233China Is Finding New Ways to Coerce Uyghurs AbroadAdrian TohtiZenz — 2026-10-14
- 234NewsChina Uses DNA to Map Faces, With Help From the WestSui-Lee Wee et al. — 3 December 2019
- 235NewsIn China's Far West, Companies Cash in on Surveillance Program That Targets MuslimsCharles Rollett — 13 June 2018
- 236NewsMapping more of China's tech giants: AI and surveillanceVicky Xiuzhong Xu et al. — aspi.org.au — 22 August 2019
- 238NewsOne Month, 500,000 Face Scans: How China Is Using A.I. to Profile a MinorityPaul Mozur — 14 April 2019
- 241NewsChina orders hundreds of thousands of private cars to have GPS trackers installed for monitoringTom Phillips — 21 February 2017
- 242NewsAre Historic Mosques In Xinjiang Being Destroyed?Nick Waters — 5 April 2019
- 243Cultural erasure2020-09-23
- 245Devastating Blows: Religious Repression of Uighurs in XinjiangHuman Rights Watch — April 2005
- 246NewsRevealed: new evidence of China's mission to raze the mosques of XinjiangLily Kuo — 6 May 2019
- 247NewsThousands of Xinjiang mosques destroyed or damaged, report findsHelen Davidson — 25 September 2020
- 248Isu Xinjiang Terus Digoreng Bagian dari Perang DagangDrs H. Agus Fathuddin Yusuf MA — 28 September 2020
- 249PBNU Yakin Tidak Ada Kekerasan Etnis Uighur dan Muslim XinjiangAgus Fathuddin — 19 July 2019
- 250BookFrommer's ChinaPeter Neville-Hadley — Frommer's — 2003
- 252News'Prisons by another name': China is building vast new detention centres for Muslims in XinjiangAnna Fifield — 25 September 2020
- 253NewsLawsuit against Xinjiang researcher marks new effort to silence critics of China's treatment of UyghursNathan Vanderklippe — 9 March 2021
- 254News'Like a movie': In Xinjiang, new evidence that China stages prayers, street scenes for visiting delegationsNathan Vanderklippe — 4 November 2019
- 255NewsLaporan dari China - Suasana Ramadhan di Kota Kashgar, Xinjiang27 April 2021
- 256NewsChina appears to ease up on Islamic worship in Xinjiang, but Uyghurs aren't buying itShohret Hoshur — Radio Free Asia — 23 November 2022
- 258NewsTongue-Tied; Education in Xinjiang27 June 2015
- 259NewsChina's Effort to Silence the Sound of UyghurRustem Shir
- 260NewsXinjiang Authorities Institute Mandarin-Only Instruction at Prominent Uyghur High SchoolRadio Free Asia
- 261NewsA cultural genocide before our eyesJune Cheng — 2 July 2020
- 263Ilham Tohti12 September 2016
- 264NewsChina Targets Prominent Uighur Intellectuals to Erase an Ethnic IdentityAustin Ramzy — 5 January 2019
- 265NewsXinjiang Authorities Jail Uyghur Imam Who Took Son to Unsanctioned Religious SchoolShohret Hoshur — Radio Free Asia — 10 May 2018
- 267NewsEven in death, Uighurs feel long reach of Chinese stateFrance 24 — 9 October 2019
- 268NewsChina disturbs even the Uighur dead in 'development' of XinjiangEva Xiao et al. — 11 October 2019
- 269NewsMore than 100 Uyghur graveyards demolished by Chinese authorities, satellite images showMatt Rivers — CNN
- 270NewsChina has destroyed more than 100 Uighur Muslim graveyards, satellite images showSamuel Osborne
- 272NewsSafe and sound? China launches propaganda blitz to discredit Uyghur #StillNoInfo campaignErin Handley — Australian Broadcasting Corporation — 17 January 2020
- 273BookBetraying Big BrotherLeta Hong Fincher — Verso Books — 2018
- 274Uyghur Human Rights ProjectZubayra Shamseden
- 275NewsChina's attacks on Uighur women are crimes against humanityElizabeth M. Lynch — 21 October 2019
- 276NewsChina Video Ad Calls for 100 Uighur Women to 'Urgently' Marry Han MenAsim Kashgarian — Voice of America — 21 August 2020
- 277NewsChina's Uighurs told to share beds, meals with party membersDake Kang et al. — Associated Press — 1 December 2018
- 278News'No Sign' of Kazakh Imam Scheduled For Release From Prison in JulyRadio Free Asia — 9 August 2017
- 279NewsXinjiang Authorities Restrict Islamic 'Nikah' Wedding Rites, Citing Danger to 'Stability'Shohret Hoshur et al. — Radio Free Asia — 25 August 2020
- 281NewsReport: China's Treatment of Uyghurs Meets Definition of Genocide10 March 2021
- 282NewsChina bans 'Muhammad,' 'Jihad' as baby names in Muslim regionJavier C. Hernandez — 25 April 2017
- 283NewsChina Bans 'Extreme' Islamic Baby Names Among Xinjiang's UyghursXin Lin — Radio Free Asia — 20 April 2017
- 286NewsReligious and cultural mentions removed from names of China's Xinjiang villages, rights groups saySimina Mistreanu — 18 June 2024
- 287NewsThe World Holds Its Breath for ChinaRebiya Kadeer — 8 November 2012
- 288JournalXinjiang in China's Foreign Relations: Part of a New Silk Road or Central Asian Zone of Conflict?Colin Mackerras — Springer Science+Business Media — 31 January 2015
- 289NewsChina Has Chosen Cultural Genocide in Xinjiang—For NowKate Cronin-Furman — 19 September 2018
- 290JournalPolitical Efficacy, Police Legitimacy, and Public Support for Counterterrorism Measures in ChinaIvan Y. Sun et al. — Informa UK Limited — 25 September 2020
- 292NewsChina Muslims: Xinjiang schools used to separate children from familiesJohn Sudworth — 4 July 2019
- 293NewsChina's treatment of Uighurs is cultural genocideJames Liebold — 28 July 2019
- 294Despite China's denials, its treatment of the Uyghurs should be called what it is: cultural genocideJames Leibold — 24 July 2019
- 295ReportUyghurs for saleVicky Xiuzhong Xu et al. — Australian Strategic Policy Institute — 1 March 2020
- 296NewsMuslim countries joined China in defending its cultural genocide of Uighurs. Aren't they ashamed?Editorial Board — 20 July 2019
- 297NewsSecret documents reveal how China mass detention camps work25 November 2019
- 299NewsChina Must Answer for Cultural Genocide in CourtAzeem Ibrahim — 3 December 2019
- 300BookTelling Tall Tales: "Uyghur Genocide" as a Political StrategemBarry Sautman — Brill Publishing — 2026
- 301NewsChina's Thousandfold GuantánamosMagnus Fiskejö — 8 April 2019
- 302JournalForced Confessions as Identity Conversion in China's Concentration CampsMagnus Fiskejö — 2020
- 304NewsCalls for UN probe of China forced birth control on Uighurs30 June 2020
- 305NewsOn Xinjiang, even those wary of Holocaust comparisons are reaching for the word "genocide"Isabella Steger — 20 August 2020
- 306NewsUighur Exiles Push for Court Case Accusing China of GenocideMarlise Simons — 6 July 2020
- 307NewsExiled Uighurs call on ICC to investigate Chinese 'genocide' in XinjiangLily Kuo — 7 July 2020
- 308NewsICC asks for more evidence on Uighur genocide claimsPatrick Wintour — 11 December 2020
- 309NewsUS accuses China of 'genocide' of Uyghurs and minority groups in XinjiangJennifer Hansler et al.
- 310Menendez, Cornyn Introduce Bipartisan Resolution to Designate Uyghur Human Rights Abuses by China as GenocideUnited States Senate Committee on Foreign Relations — 27 October 2020
- 311NewsU.S. commission says China possibly committed 'genocide' against Xinjiang MuslimsDavid Brunnstrom — 14 January 2021
- 312ReportAnnual Report 2020Congressional-Executive Commission on China — 14 January 2021
- 314NewsMike Pompeo declares China's treatment of Uighurs 'genocide'Julian Borger
- 315NewsChinese invasion of Taiwan would be 'grievous mistake': BlinkenKeoni Everington
- 316NewsBiden administration reviewing China genocide designationLaura Kelly
- 317NewsMPs vote to label China's persecution of Uighurs a genocideRyan Patrick Jones — Canadian Broadcasting Corporation — 22 February 2021
- 318NewsDutch parliament: China's treatment of Uighurs is genocide25 February 2021
- 319Chinese Persecution of the UyghursUnited States Holocaust Memorial Museum — 2021
- 320Holocaust Museum report warns China "may be committing genocide"Bethany Allen-Ebrahimian — 9 November 2021
- 321News'Credible' case of Chinese government genocide against Uighur Muslims, say lawyersTom Batchelor — 8 February 2021
- 322ReportInternational Criminal Responsibility For Crimes Against Humanity And Genocide Against The Uyghur Population In The Xinjiang Uyghur Autonomous RegionAlison Macdonald — Essex Court Chambers — February 2021
- 323News"Genocide" is the wrong word for the horrors of Xinjiang13 February 2021
- 324NewsFirst independent report into Xinjiang genocide allegations claims evidence of Beijing's 'intent to destroy' Uyghur peopleBen Westcott et al. — 9 March 2021
- 325NewsLegal experts accuse China of committing genocide against UighursDavid Millward — 9 March 2019
- 326NewsChina breaching every act in genocide convention, says legal report on UighursHelen Davidson — 9 March 2021
- 327NewsUyghurs in Australia call for genocide declaration in wake of report into China's Xinjiang region policiesZena Chamas — 10 March 2021
- 328NewsChina has breached all provisions of UN Genocide Convention in Xinjiang: ReportRezaul H. Laskar — 9 March 2021
- 329The Uyghur Genocide: An Examination of China's Breaches of the 1948 Genocide ConventionNew Lines Institute for Strategy and Policy and the Raoul Wallenberg Centre for Human Rights — 10 March 2021
- 330CASCA Statement on Xinjiang28 June 2021
- 333US report details China's efforts to manipulate public opinion on XinjiangAlim Seytoff et al. — 24 August 2022
- 334JournalGenocidal processes: social death in XinjiangDavid Tobin — 22 November 2021
- 335NewsUK tribunal to hear witnesses on China genocide accusations4 February 2021
- 337News'Uyghur Tribunal' opens with testimony of alleged rape, torture4 June 2021
- 338NewsHearings in London aim to assess allegations of genocide in ChinaJoel Gunter — 4 June 2021
- 339Who we are
- 340NewsChina committed genocide against Uyghurs, independent tribunal rulesJoel Gunter — 9 December 2021
- 343JournalChinese doctors admitted in undercover calls that harvested organs were available, informal tribunal findsGareth Iacobucci — 3 March 2020
- 344ReportGenocide and Crimes Against Humanity in Xinjiang? Applying the Legal TestsAsia-Pacific Centre for the Responsibility to Protect — November 2020
- 345NewsDon't turn away from China's ongoing genocide of UighursDavid Matas et al. — 9 December 2020
- 347NewsU.N. rights chief discussing visit to Xinjiang with China14 September 2020
- 348NewsFrench lawmakers officially recognise China's treatment of Uyghurs as 'genocide'20 January 2022
- 351Uyghur groups urge resignation of UN rights chief for 'Potemkin-style' Xinjiang tourAlim Seytoff — 31 May 2022
- 352NewsUN rights chief releases controversial Xinjiang report on her final dayJorge Engels — 31 August 2022
- 353NewsChina may have committed crimes against humanity in Xinjiang - UN report1 September 2022
- 354NewsHouse of Commons declares Uighurs are being subjected to genocide in ChinaGreg Hefffer — 22 April 2021
- 355NewsLithuanian parliament becomes latest to recognize Uyghur genocideZachary Basu — 20 May 2021
- 356NewsFrench Parliament Denounces China's Uyghur 'Genocide'20 January 2022
- 357NewsParliament unanimously declares 'severe human rights abuses' occurring against Uyghur in ChinaThomas Manch — 5 May 2021
- 358NewsBelgian MPs warn of 'risk of genocide' of China's Uyghurs15 June 2021
- 359NewsU.S. lawmakers seek to tighten ban on forced-labor goods from China's XinjiangDavid Brunnstrom — 11 March 2020
- 360NewsUS ban on China's Xinjiang cotton 'would wreak havoc', leading apparel group saysDavid Lawder — Reuters — 17 September 2020
- 361U.S. Chamber Letter on H.R. 6210, the 'Uyghur Forced Labor Prevention Act,' and H.R. 6270, the 'Uyghur Forced Labor Disclosure Act of 2020'Neil L. Bradley — 22 September 2020
- 362NewsNike and Coca-Cola Lobby Against Xinjiang Forced Labor BillAna Swanson — 29 November 2020
- 364NewsEXPLAINER: What drives possible boycott of Beijing OlympicsStephen Wade — Associated Press — 14 March 2021
- 366MagazineWhat Do Chinese People Think Is Happening in Xinjiang?Shannon Tiezzi — 29 May 2021
- 367NewsWhy the US Must Take China's Disinformation Operations SeriouslyJianli Yang et al.
- 368NewsChina's UK ambassador denies abuse of Uighurs despite fresh drone footageHeather Stewart — 19 July 2020
- 369NewsChina Fires Back at Blinken's Condemnation Regarding Uighurs: 'No Genocide – Period'Paul D. Shinkman — 28 January 2021
- 370NewsU.S.-China meeting in Alaska to test Biden's balancing act with BeijingJohn Hudson — 10 March 2021
- 371JournalContemporary Chinese colonial paternalism and the hypocrisy of US far-left denialismDibyesh Anand — 2026-08-08
- 372NewsEnter the Grayzone: fringe leftists deny the scale of China's Uyghur oppressionCaitlin Thompson — 30 July 2020
- 373The American blog pushing Xinjiang denialismBethany Allen-Ebrahimian — 11 August 2020
- 374NewsBolton: Trump said Xi was right to detain ethnic minoritiesBen Fox et al. — 17 June 2020
- 375MagazineXinjiang Denialists Are Only Aiding ImperialismGerald Roche — 6 July 2021
- 376NewsProfits from propaganda: Facebook takes China cash to promote Uyghur disinformationWilliam Turvill — 18 February 2021
- 377A visit to Xinjiang, China - Accomplishments belie U.S. propagandaSara Flounders — 2023-06-09
- 378Those who ignore Uyghur genocideShohret Hoshur — 2021-08-08
- 379NewsThe Big Business of Uyghur Genocide DenialAlexander Reid Ross et al. — Fairfax University of America — 18 January 2022
- 380NewsWho killed New Frame?Micah Reddy et al. — 27 July 2022
- 381NewsA Global Web of Chinese Propaganda Leads to a U.S. Tech MogulMara Hvistendahl et al. — 5 August 2023
- 382MagazineThe Global Outrage Machine Skips the UyghursMichael Schuman — 6 January 2025
- 383Labor groups, TSP slam Hung over XinjiangJason Pan — 28 May 2022
- 388BookCulture of Enmity: The Discursive Struggle for Taiwan in the Making of the New Cold WarAlain Brossat et al. — Springer — 2023
- 389NewsChina's Uyghur travel restrictions detailed in report amid Trump uneaseKenji Kawase — 4 February 2025
- 390NewsPropaganda Films Attempt to Cloak Xinjiang in DisinformationJoseph Brouwer — 6 April 2021
- 391BookChina Incorporated: The Politics of a World Where China is Number OneKerry Brown — Bloomsbury Academic — 2023
- 392JournalChina's 'War on Terror' in Xinjiang: Human Security and the Causes of Violent Uighur SeparatismMichael Clarke — Informa UK Limited — 9 April 2008
- 393BookXinjiang and China's Rise in Central Asia - A HistoryMichael E. Clarke — Taylor & Francis — 2011
- 394BookThe Xinjiang Conflict: Uyghur Identity, Language Policy and Political DiscourseArienne M. Dwyer — East-West Center Washington — 2005
- 395NewsU.S. Says China Is Committing 'Genocide' Against Uighur MuslimsMichael R. Gordon — 19 January 2021
- 396BookInside Xinjiang: Space, Place and Power in China's Muslim Far NorthwestAnna Hayes et al. — Routledge — 2015
- 397News'Their goal is to destroy everyone': Uighur camp detainees allege systematic rapeMatthew Hill et al. — 2 February 2021
- 398BookMenace: China's Colonization of the Islamic World & Uyghur GenocideAbdulhakim Idris — Center for Uyghur Studies — 2020
- 399NewsIndependent Tribunal Launched to Judge Claims of Mass Atrocities Crimes in XinjiangJoshua Lipes — 4 September 2020
- 400NewsState Department Lawyers Concluded Insufficient Evidence to Prove Genocide in ChinaColum Lynch — 19 February 2021
- 401NewsHow will Facebook deal with Beijing's propaganda on Xinjiang?Lucas Niewenhuis — 2 April 2021
- 402NewsChina Tries to Counter Xinjiang Backlash With ... a Musical?Amy Qin — 5 April 2021
- 403BookChina's Relations with Africa: a New Era of Strategic EngagementDavid H. Shinn et al. — Columbia University Press — 2023
- 404BookXinjiang: China's Muslim BorderlandM. E. Sharpe — 2004
- 405BookThe Political Thought of Xi JinpingSteve Tsang et al. — Oxford University Press — 2024
- 406NewsFacebook Staff Fret Over China's Ads Portraying Happy Muslims in XinjiangEva Xiao — 2 April 2021
- 407Sterilizations, IUDs, and Mandatory Birth Control: The CCP's Campaign to Suppress Uyghur Birthrates in XinjiangAdrian Zenz — Jamestown Foundation — June 2020
- 408BookChina's Changing Role in the Middle East: Filling a Power Vacuum?Chuchu Zhang — Routledge — 2025