FC Barcelona
FC Barcelona began as a newspaper advertisement. On the 22nd of October 1899, a Swiss man named Hans Gamper placed a notice in Los Deportes saying he wanted to form a football club. More than a century later, that club is the third-most valuable football club in the world, worth $5.6 billion. It also carries a motto, Més que un club, which means "More than a club".
The club has collected a record 82 domestic trophies. Yet its own supporters own and run it, which is rare among clubs of its size. Barcelona's players have won a joint record twelve Ballon d'Or awards. In 2010, three of them who came through the same youth academy were named the three best players in the world.
So how did a team started by a mix of Swiss, Catalan, German and English footballers come to stand for Catalan culture? What does it mean for fans to be the owners rather than the customers? And why does a club with so much to celebrate also have a history marked by dictatorship, bombing, debt and sudden collapse? The answers begin with eleven men in a gymnasium.
The 29th of November 1899 brought eleven players to the Gimnasio Solé in answer to Gamper's advertisement. Walter Wild became the first president of the new Foot-Ball Club Barcelona. Among the others were Luis de Ossó, Bartomeu Terradas, Otto Kunzle and the brothers John and William Parsons.
The young club entered the Campionat de Catalunya and the Copa del Rey. In 1901 it played in the Copa Macaya, the first football competition on the Iberian Peninsula, and lost narrowly to Hispania AC. A year later it won the same tournament, which became its first silverware. It then reached the first Copa del Rey final, where it lost 1-2 to Bizcaya, a side combining players from Athletic Club and Bilbao FC.
By 1908 the club was close to shutting down. It was struggling financially, socially and on the pitch, and had not won a competition since the Campionat de Catalunya in 1905. Gamper, now known as Joan, stepped in as president and told a meeting: "Barcelona cannot die and must not die. If there is nobody who is going to try, then I will assume the responsibility of running the club from now on." He held the post on five occasions between 1908 and 1925.
His most lasting achievement was a home of the club's own. On the 14th of March 1909, the team moved into the Camp de la Indústria, a ground holding 8,000 people. A logo contest followed the next year. Carles Comamala won it, and his design is still the crest today, with minor changes.
The ground fuelled a run of success. Barcelona won three straight Campionats de Catalunya from 1909 to 1911 and three Copa del Rey titles in four years. It also won the first four Pyrenees Cups, a prestigious early international contest for clubs from southern France, the Basque Country and Catalonia.
People followed. A membership campaign pushed the club past 20,000 members by 1922, and their money paid for a new ground at Les Corts. It opened that year with room for 30,000 and was later enlarged to hold 60,000 in the 1940s. On the pitch, Gamper had signed Paulino Alcántara in 1912, and in 1917 he hired Jack Greenwell as the first full-time coach. With Josep Samitier, Ricardo Zamora and goalkeeper Franz Platko in the side, the team won nine of ten Campionats de Catalunya between 1919 and 1928.
In 1928, the poet Rafael Alberti wrote "Oda a Platko" to celebrate a Spanish Cup victory inspired by the goalkeeper. On the 23rd of June 1929, Barcelona won the inaugural Spanish League. Gamper did not see much of what came next. He died by suicide on the 30th of July 1930, after a period of depression caused by personal and financial problems.
On the 14th of June 1925, the crowd at the stadium jeered the Royal March in a spontaneous protest against the dictator Primo de Rivera. The authorities closed the ground for six months. Gamper was forced to give up the presidency. That was an early sign of how closely the club and Catalan feeling were bound together.
The bond was already visible in the 1910s, when the club switched its official language from Castilian to Catalan. For many fans, belonging to the club had less to do with the game and more to do with a shared identity.
The Spanish Civil War made the stakes brutal. A month after it began in 1936, several Barcelona players enlisted against the military uprising. On the 6th of August, Falangist soldiers near Guadarrama murdered club president Josep Sunyol, who represented a pro-independence party. He became known as the martyr of barcelonisme.
In the summer of 1937, the squad toured Mexico and the United States as an ambassador of the Second Spanish Republic. The tour secured the club's finances. But half the team then sought asylum in Mexico and France. On the 16th of March 1938, Italian aircraft bombed Barcelona, killing more than 3,000 people, and one bomb hit the club's offices.
Occupation followed. With membership down to 3,486, the club had to become Club de Fútbol Barcelona and remove the Catalan flag from its crest, as regional symbols and non-Spanish names were banned.
The pitch kept turning into a stage for politics. In 1943, Real Madrid beat Barcelona 11-1 in a Copa del Generalísimo semi-final. The football writer Sid Lowe later argued that the result is rarely mentioned in Madrid. Of its place in Barcelona's memory, he wrote: "This was the game that first formed the identification of Madrid as the team of the dictatorship and Barcelona as its victims." A local journalist, Paco Aguilar, alleged that police threatened the players in the changing room, though nothing was ever proven.
One rainy Sunday in 1951, crowds left Les Corts after a 2-1 win over Santander and walked home. A tram strike was under way, and the fans refused to take the trams. The Francoist authorities were surprised. Many progressive Spaniards came to see the club as a defender of rights and freedoms, and the motto Més que un club grew out of this period.
It took the end of Franco's dictatorship in 1974 for the club to regain its name, Futbol Club Barcelona, and its original crest. That same era brought Johan Cruyff to the club. He told the European press he chose Barcelona over Real Madrid because he could not play for a club associated with Francisco Franco. He also named his son Jordi, after the local Catalan Saint George.
Culture grew alongside politics. The club's statutes from 1932 already called it an association of a cultural and sporting nature. The poet Manuel Vázquez Montalbán wrote of Barcelona as "The unarmed army of Catalonia." Josep Maria de Sagarra dedicated a poem called Blau i grana to the opening of the Camp Nou in 1957. For the 75th anniversary, Jaume Picas and Josep Maria Espinàs wrote the words of the "Cant del Barça", with music by Manuel Valls. Salvador Dalí marked the same anniversary with an etching, and Joan Miró and Antoni Tàpies signed commemorative posters.
The relationship continues in the present. In 2022, the club and Òmnium signed an agreement to promote the Catalan language and culture.
The number 150,317 describes the true owners of Barcelona. As of May 2023, that many people held memberships, called socis. Barcelona is a registered association, like Real Madrid, Athletic Bilbao and Osasuna. Nobody can buy shares in it, only a membership. The socis form an assembly of delegates, which is the highest governing body.
The idea of electing a president is younger than the club itself. In 1978, Josep Lluís Núñez became the first elected president, and the members have chosen every president since. The vote was closely tied to Spain's transition to democracy. Núñez ruled for 22 years with a strict policy on wages and discipline. He let Diego Maradona, Romário and Ronaldo go rather than meet their demands.
Membership has swung with the club's fortunes. It grew from 100,000 in the 2003-04 season to 170,000 in September 2009. The source credits the rise to the influence of Ronaldinho and to the media strategy of president Joan Laporta, which targeted Spanish and English online media.
The supporters reach well beyond the city. The club has 1,264 registered fan clubs around the world, called penyes. About 25% of people in Spain are said to be Barça sympathisers, second to Real Madrid at 32%. Pope John Paul II was an honorary member.
A fan is called a culer, from the Catalan word cul, meaning arse. At the first stadium, the Camp de la Indústria, spectators sat with their culs over the stand.
Money eventually tested the model. In 2018, Barcelona became the first sports team to pass $1bn in annual revenue. In November that year it became the first with average first-team pay above £10m a year. Years of heavy spending under Josep Maria Bartomeu, president from 2014 to 2020, and the COVID-19 pandemic then pushed gross debt to about $1.4 billion in 2021.
The shape of those finances was stark. A revealed debt of €1.35bn, with wages taking 103% of total income, left the club unable to meet La Liga's Financial Fair Play requirements. On the 9th of November 2024, it announced a new sponsorship deal with Nike, said to be the highest in football history.
The head-to-head record in El Clásico stands at 102 wins for Real Madrid, 100 for Barcelona and 52 draws. From the start of national competition, the two clubs stood for rival regions, Catalonia and Castile, and for two cities. One author even saw the fixture as a re-enactment of the Spanish Civil War.
Historians still argue over how far Franco favoured Madrid. Most agree he had no preferred team at first. He associated himself with establishment sides such as Atlético Aviación, and he also wanted the renamed CF Barcelona to succeed as a Spanish team rather than a Catalan one. Madrid's sweep of the first five European Cups in the 1950s changed his view. His foreign minister, Fernando Maria Castiella, called Real Madrid "the best embassy we have ever had."
The fight over Alfredo Di Stéfano shows how bitter things became. Barcelona's directors agreed a deal with River Plate for him in 1954. FIFA appointed a mediator, Armando Muñoz Calero, who split Di Stéfano's seasons between the two clubs. Discontent among Barcelona members forced the club's president to resign in September 1953. Barcelona sold its half-share to Madrid, and Di Stéfano scored twice in his first game against Barcelona.
The fixture has stayed theatrical. In 2009, captain Carles Puyol kissed his Catalan armband in front of incensed fans at the Santiago Bernabéu. In 2017, Lionel Messi scored a winner in the 93rd minute there, then held up his shirt so the crowd could see his name and number.
The city has a second rivalry. Espanyol was founded exclusively by Spanish football fans, who saw Barcelona as a team of foreigners. Its original ground was in the affluent district of Sarrià. For decades Barcelona's citizens saw Espanyol as a club that deferred to central authority. In 1918, it started a counter-petition against Catalan autonomy.
The contest is the most played local derby in La Liga, and also the most unbalanced. Espanyol finished above Barcelona in only three of 87 seasons between 1928 and 2022. Its consolation is a 6-0 win in 1951. In 2009, it became the first team to beat Barcelona at Camp Nou in their treble-winning season.
In Europe, the foil is AC Milan, the team Barcelona has met most often, 19 times. Barcelona won their first tie 7-1 on aggregate in the 1959-60 European Cup. Milan beat Cruyff's Dream Team 4-0 in the 1994 Champions League final as underdogs. In 2013, Barcelona answered with a 4-0 home win after losing the first leg of their round of 16 tie 0-2.
La Masia was a farmhouse on the land where the Camp Nou was built. In 1979, Núñez began investing in the youth programme by turning it into a dormitory for young academy players from abroad. Its name later became shorthand for the club's whole youth system.
The man who gave the academy its first great payoff was already a legend. Cruyff had arrived in 1973 for a world record £920,000 from Ajax. In his first season, Barcelona won the league for the first time since 1960, including a 5-0 victory at the Bernabéu. He won European Footballer of the Year in 1973 and again in 1974, becoming the first player to receive the award three times.
In 1988, Cruyff returned as manager and assembled what became known as the Dream Team. He mixed Spanish players such as Pep Guardiola, José Mari Bakero and Txiki Begiristain with imports including Ronald Koeman, Michael Laudrup, Romário and Hristo Stoichkov. Guardiola was among the first graduates of La Masia, ten years after the programme began.
The team won four straight La Liga titles from 1991 to 1994. In the 1992 European Cup final at Wembley, a Koeman free kick beat Sampdoria. With 11 trophies, Cruyff became the club's most successful manager to that point, and he served eight years, the longest unbroken stretch for a manager. Then he fell out with Núñez and left. Fans angry at his exit formed L'Elefant Blau, a protest group organised by Armand Caraben, Joan Laporta and Alfons Godall. They opposed Núñez as a corruption of the club's traditional values. Laporta became president in 2003.
The academy's biggest year was 2010. In December that year, La Masia became the first youth academy ever to have all three finalists for the Ballon d'Or. Messi, Iniesta and Xavi were named the three best players in the world. The previous July, seven academy graduates had played in the World Cup final, six of them Barcelona starters, and Iniesta scored the winning goal against the Netherlands. When Spain won, the club's schooling had produced world champions.
In the summer of 2008, Pep Guardiola moved up from Barcelona B to replace Frank Rijkaard. He brought the tiki-taka style he had learned in the club's youth teams. He sold Ronaldinho and Deco and built the team around Xavi, Iniesta and Messi.
The 2008-09 season rewrote the club's record books. Barcelona beat Athletic Bilbao 4-1 in the Copa del Rey final, a record 25th win in that competition. Three days later, a 2-6 away win over Real Madrid secured the league title. In Rome, goals from Eto'o and Messi beat Manchester United 2-0 in the Champions League final, completing the first treble by a Spanish team. Barcelona also became the first European club to win six competitions in a single year.
League totals followed. Barcelona kept the title in 2010 with 99 points and in 2011 with 96. In May 2011, Manchester United were beaten again in the Champions League final, 3-1 at Wembley. Alex Ferguson said of the team: "They mesmerise you with their passing." The five trophies of 2011 earned the Laureus World Sports Award for Team of the Year. Guardiola stepped down in 2012 with 14 trophies in four years, the most of any Barcelona coach.
The second treble came under Luis Enrique in 2014-15. Barcelona clinched the 23rd La Liga title on the 17th of May 2015 by beating Atlético Madrid. It won the Copa del Rey over Athletic Bilbao and the Champions League final 3-1 against Juventus, becoming the first European team to win the treble twice.
The front line of Messi, Suárez and Neymar, called "MSN", scored 122 goals that season, the most for an attacking trio in Spanish history. The next season, they reached 131. Across 2015 the club scored 180 goals in all competitions, topping Real Madrid's 178 in 2014. A run of unbeaten games reached 39 before ending with a 2-1 defeat to Real Madrid on the 2nd of April 2016.
The night of the 8th of March 2017 produced the largest comeback in Champions League history. Barcelona had lost the first leg 4-0 in France. They beat Paris Saint-Germain 6-1 at home to go through 6-5 on aggregate.
The 27th of April 2019 brought Barcelona's 26th league title, and it was overshadowed within days. Leading Liverpool 3-0 after the first leg of the Champions League semi-final, Barcelona lost the second leg 0-4 and went out.
The slide continued. In January 2020, Quique Setién replaced Ernesto Valverde. The season ended with no trophies for the first time in 12 years. In August, Setién and the director of football Eric Abidal were dismissed, and Ronald Koeman took over. On the 27th of October 2020, Bartomeu resigned to avoid a vote of no confidence from the members.
On the 7th of March 2021, Laporta returned as president with 54.28% of the vote. Five months later, Messi's contract ran out. The club and Messi had agreed the details of a new deal, but on the 5th of August 2021 Barcelona said La Liga regulations made it impossible. He left after 21 years as the club's all-time leading goalscorer, with 672 goals, and signed for Paris Saint-Germain on a free transfer. He also left with 778 official appearances and 35 trophies, the most of any Barcelona player.
Xavi replaced Koeman in October 2021. Barcelona fell into the Europa League for the first time since 2003-04 and went out in the quarter-finals. In January 2023, Xavi won the Supercopa de España final 3-1 against Real Madrid. On the 14th of May 2023, the club clinched its 27th league title with four games to spare. In May 2024, Xavi was dismissed.
Hansi Flick signed on the 29th of May 2024. His side pressed high and attacked vertically, led by Robert Lewandowski and the emerging Lamine Yamal. On the 26th of October 2024, Barcelona won 4-0 at the Santiago Bernabéu, ending a 42-game unbeaten run by Madrid in La Liga. The 28th league title came on the 15th of May 2025, with the Supercopa and Copa del Rey also won against Real Madrid.
The following season brought the return to a refurbished Spotify Camp Nou, after a stay at the Estadi Olímpic Lluís Companys. On the 15th of March 2026, Laporta won re-election with 68.18% of the vote over his only rival, Víctor Font. A 29th title followed on the 10th of May 2026, with a 2-0 win over Real Madrid.
The Camp Nou holds the club's attendance record of 120,000, set against Juventus on the 3rd of March 1986. After the rebuilding, its capacity is expected to reach 105,000 in 2027, the same year Flick's contract is due to run to.
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Updated
Common questions
Who founded FC Barcelona?
Hans Gamper, a Swiss man, placed an advertisement in Los Deportes on the 22nd of October 1899. Eleven players met on the 29th of November 1899 and formed the club.
What does Més que un club mean?
It means "More than a club". The motto reflects the club's link to Catalan nationalist and progressive beliefs during the dictatorships of Primo de Rivera and Franco.
Who owns FC Barcelona?
The club is a registered association. Shares cannot be bought, only memberships. About 150,317 members, called socis, form an assembly of delegates and elect the president.
What is La Masia?
La Masia is Barcelona's youth academy, begun in 1979 in a farmhouse on the Camp Nou site. In 2010, its graduates Messi, Iniesta and Xavi were named the three best players in the world.
What is El Clásico?
It is the match between Barcelona and Real Madrid. The head-to-head record is 102 wins for Madrid, 100 for Barcelona and 52 draws.
All sources
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- 300The new Barça kit for the 2015/16 seasonFC Barcelona
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- 313Qatar Airways no será la aerolínea del BarçaMundo Deportivo — 25 September 2017
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- 330Unanimous yes to Espai Barça funding with 87.8% votes in favour and 44.14% turnoutFC Barcelona — 19 December 2021
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- 332FINANCIACIÓN ESPAI BARÇAFC Barcelona — April 2023
- 333Work officially under way inside Spotify Camp NouFC Barcelona — 1 June 2023
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- 336Explained: How many foreign non-EU players are Real Madrid, Barcelona & each La Liga team allowed?Goal.com — 3 November 2022
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