Short answers, pulled from the story.
The Mughal Empire began in the year 1526 when Babur defeated Ibrahim Lodi at the First Battle of Panipat. Babur, a descendant of Timur and Genghis Khan, established the empire using matchlock guns and cast cannons provided by the Ottoman Empire.
Akbar implemented agricultural taxes that amounted to well over half the output of a peasant cultivator and paid in a well-regulated silver currency. His administration funded irrigation systems to increase crop yields and net revenue, leading to India producing 24.5% of the world's manufacturing output up until 1750.
Shah Jahan ruled from 1628 to 1658 and commissioned the Taj Mahal during the golden age of Mughal architecture. The Taj Mahal is described as the jewel of Muslim art in India and one of the universally admired masterpieces of the world's heritage.
Aurangzeb ruled from 1658 to 1707 and oversaw an increase in the Islamicisation of the Mughal state that ultimately led to its decline. His prolonged campaigns in the Deccan ruined the empire's treasury and governance, causing stability and economic output to plummet.
The Mughal Empire officially ended with the Indian Rebellion of 1857, which led to the deposition of the last Mughal emperor, Bahadur Shah Zafar. The British East India Company exiled Zafar to Rangoon in 1858, marking the formal dissolution of the empire.