Short answers, pulled from the story.
The Mughal Empire began in 1526 when Babur defeated Ibrahim Lodi at the First Battle of Panipat. Babur arrived from Central Asia with matchlock guns and cast cannons gifted by the Ottoman Empire to establish rule over northern India.
Akbar reorganized the empire in 1600 to create a centralized system that appointed diwans for revenue collection and subadars to govern provinces called subahs. This framework recorded detailed statistics on land capacity and required tax payments in silver currency to force peasants into market networks.
India produced twenty-four point five percent of global manufacturing output until 1750 under Mughal rule, dominated by textile industries centered in Bengal. Dhaka served as the most important city for weaving muslins and calicos while shipbuilding generated two hundred twenty-three thousand tons annually during the sixteenth century.
Aurangzeb shifted court patronage away from painting around 1668 due to religious concerns and later reinstated the jizya tax on non-Muslims. He compiled the Fatawa 'Alamgiri as a central reference for Islamic law which led to increased militarization of the Sikh community and prolonged wars in the Deccan region.
The Mughal Empire ended when Bahadur Shah Zafar became the last Mughal emperor and led the Indian Rebellion of 1857 before being deposed and exiled to Rangoon in Burma in 1858. Political instability combined with civil wars over succession created a vacuum that allowed the British East India Company to take control of Bengal-Bihar in 1793.