Short answers, pulled from the story.
Siddhartha Gautama founded Buddhism and was born in Lumbini, now part of modern Nepal. He grew up in Kapilavastu near the border with India before walking the eastern Gangetic plain in the 5th century BCE.
The Four Noble Truths state that dukkha is an innate characteristic of the perpetual cycle of grasping at things, ideas, and habits. This unsatisfactory nature stems from craving or attachment known as tanha, which liberation comes through via the Noble Eightfold Path.
Theravada Buddhism is followed mainly in Myanmar, Thailand, Laos, Cambodia, and Sri Lanka. Mahayana Buddhism is predominantly practiced in Nepal, Bhutan, China, Malaysia, Vietnam, Taiwan, Korea, and Japan.
The Patimokkha includes 227 offenses and 75 rules of decorum for monks in the Theravadin tradition. Monastic communities follow Vinaya codes that regulate acts like ordination and restraint in eating after noon.
Buddhism reached the West in the 20th century after spreading throughout much of Asia over centuries. Today it is the world's fourth-largest religion with approximately 320 million followers comprising 4.1% of the global population.