Short answers, pulled from the story.
Buddhism, also known as Buddhadharma and Dharmavinaya, is an Indian religion and philosophy based on teachings attributed to the Buddha, a śramaṇa and religious teacher who lived in the 6th or 5th century BCE. It arose in the eastern Gangetic plain as a śramaṇa movement in the 5th century BCE and spread throughout much of Asia.
Buddhism is the world's fourth-largest religion, with about 320 million followers, who comprise 4.1% of the global population. These followers are known as Buddhists.
The Four Noble Truths are dukkha, the unsatisfactory nature of the cycle of grasping; samudaya, its origin in taṇhā or craving; nirodha, its cessation through letting go of that craving; and marga, the path to that cessation. The path is classically the Noble Eightfold Path.
Theravāda emphasises the attainment of nirvāṇa as a means of transcending the individual self and ending the cycle of death and rebirth, and is followed mainly in Myanmar, Thailand, Laos, Cambodia, and Sri Lanka. Mahāyāna, the largest branch, emphasises the Bodhisattva ideal of working for the liberation of all sentient beings, and is practised in Nepal, Bhutan, Malaysia, Vietnam, Taiwan, Korea, and Japan.
The Buddha was born in Lumbini in present-day Nepal and grew up in Kapilavastu, a town on the Ganges Plain near the modern Nepal-India border. He died, achieving final nirvana, at the age of 80 in Kushinagar, India.
Anattā, in Sanskrit anātman, is the Buddhist doctrine of non-self, the view that there is no unchanging, permanent self, soul, or essence in phenomena. The Buddha and philosophers such as Vasubandhu and Buddhaghosa argued for it by analysing a person through the five aggregates and showing that none of these components can be permanent.
The three jewels, or triratna, are the Buddha, the Dharma, and the Sangha, and all forms of Buddhism revere and take spiritual refuge in them. The Dharma refers to the Buddha's teaching, and the Sangha refers to the monastic community of monks and nuns.