Short answers, pulled from the story.
Siddhartha Gautama was born in Lumbini, now part of modern-day Nepal, and raised in Kapilavastu within the Shakya community during the 5th century BCE. Historical evidence suggests the Shakya were governed by a council of elders where seniority mattered more than royal rank, and the precise dates of his life remain uncertain with the 5th century BCE being the most widely accepted estimate.
The Four Noble Truths identify the nature of suffering as Dukkha, the cause of this unsatisfactoriness as craving or Tanha, the possibility of ending suffering through letting go of craving to reach Nirvana, and the path to this liberation known as the Noble Eightfold Path. These truths form the core framework that identifies the nature of suffering and the path to its cessation.
Buddhism explains the cycle of rebirth as Samsara, an endless cycle of birth, death, and rebirth driven by the law of Karma without a permanent soul. This cycle ends only when a person attains Nirvana, the blowing out of the afflictions through insight into impermanence and non-self.
All forms of Buddhism revere the Three Jewels, also known as the Triratna, which consist of Buddha, Dharma, and Sangha. The Buddha refers to the Awakened One, the Dharma is the Buddha's teaching, and the Sangha is the monastic community of monks and nuns who follow the Buddha's monastic discipline.
The Noble Eightfold Path consists of eight interconnected factors grouped into three divisions: wisdom, moral virtues, and meditation. These factors include Right View, Right Intention, Right Speech, Right Action, Right Livelihood, Right Effort, Right Mindfulness, and Right Concentration.
The three marks of existence are Anicca, Dukkha, and Anatta, which refer to impermanence, unsatisfactoriness, and non-self respectively. These marks are fundamental to Buddhist philosophy and are used to explain the nature of reality and the cause of suffering.