The Chronicles of Narnia
The Chronicles of Narnia began as a single picture in the mind of C. S. Lewis: a Faun carrying an umbrella and parcels through a snowy wood. Lewis said the image had been with him since he was about sixteen. Then, around the age of forty, he told himself: "Let's try to make a story about it." That small decision grew into seven novels by a British author, illustrated by Pauline Baynes and published between 1950 and 1956. The books span a whole world, from its creation to its destruction, and the series has sold approximately 120 million copies in 47 languages.
Yet the books leave real puzzles behind. Where did a Faun, a wardrobe and a talking lion actually come from? Which book should a newcomer open first, and did Lewis himself have an answer? Why does a children's series draw both devout admirers and some of the sharpest critics in fantasy writing?
On the 2nd of September 1939, three schoolgirls named Margaret, Mary and Katherine arrived at The Kilns, Lewis's home in Risinghurst, three miles east of Oxford city centre. They were among the children sent out of the cities as war with Nazi Germany began, since air raids on London and other urban areas were expected. Lewis later suggested that having them there gave him a fresh appreciation of children.
In late September he began a story on an odd sheet of paper, which survives inside another manuscript. It opens with four children named Ann, Martin, Rose and Peter, sent away from London because of air raids. Their father had gone to war, their mother was doing war work, and they were left with a very old professor in the country.
The lion came later. Lewis wrote that at first he had little idea how the story would go, and then "suddenly Aslan came bounding into it." He had been dreaming of lions a good deal at the time, but could not say why this one arrived. Once he was there, Lewis said, "he pulled the whole story together, and soon he pulled the six other Narnian stories in after him." Jared Lobdell, who studied Lewis's history, suggests Charles Williams's 1931 novel The Place of the Lion as a likely influence. Lewis finished the manuscript of the first book by the end of March 1949.
The world those stories inhabit is a single landmass encircled by ocean. Its capital sits on the eastern edge, on the shores of the Great Eastern Ocean, which holds the islands explored in The Voyage of the Dawn Treader. Lewis placed four countries there: Narnia, Archenland, Calormen and Telmar. He also gave glimpses of stranger places, including an edge to the world and an underworld.
The name itself came from an atlas. When Walter Hooper asked where Lewis found the word, Lewis showed him Murray's Small Classical Atlas, edited by G. B. Grundy in 1904. Lewis had acquired it while reading the classics with William T. Kirkpatrick at Great Bookham between 1914 and 1917. On plate 8, a map of ancient Italy, he had underlined a little town called Narnia, simply because he liked the sound. The real town, Narni, lies in Umbria, halfway between Rome and Assisi.
Four Londoners named Peter, Susan, Edmund and Lucy Pevensie open the series in The Lion, the Witch and the Wardrobe. Evacuated to the countryside after war breaks out, they find a wardrobe in Professor Digory Kirke's house that leads into Narnia. There they help the lion Aslan save the land from the White Witch, whose rule has meant a century of winter with no Christmas. The children become kings and queens and found the Golden Age of Narnia.
In Prince Caspian, the Pevensies return a year later by Earth's reckoning. A horn blown by Prince Caspian calls them back, and they find 1,300 years have passed. Their castle lies in ruins, and the Narnians have withdrawn so far into themselves that only Aslan's magic can wake them. Caspian has fled into the woods from his uncle Miraz, who seized the throne.
The Voyage of the Dawn Treader brings Edmund and Lucy back with their priggish cousin Eustace Scrubb. Three Narnian years have gone by, though only one on Earth. The three join Caspian aboard the ship Dawn Treader to look for seven lords whom Miraz banished. Their route runs past many wonders and dangers toward Aslan's country at the edge of the world.
The Silver Chair is the first book without the Pevensies, and it centres on Eustace. Aslan summons him with a classmate, Jill Pole, and gives them four signs to follow. Their goal is Rilian, Caspian's son, who vanished ten years earlier. Fifty years have passed in Narnia since the voyage, so Caspian, barely an adult last time, is now an old man. A gloomy Marsh-wiggle named Puddleglum helps them through danger and betrayal.
In Calormen, a boy named Shasta and a talking horse named Bree begin The Horse and His Boy in bondage. They meet by "chance" and plan to flee north to Narnia and freedom, soon joined by Aravis and her talking horse Hwin. The tale unfolds during the Pevensies' reign. It is the only book where the heroes are not children brought over from the real world.
The Magician's Nephew goes back to the beginning. Digory Kirke and his friend Polly Plummer use magic rings given to Digory by his uncle and tumble into other worlds. In the dying world of Charn they wake Queen Jadis, who later becomes the White Witch. Another world proves to be the start of Narnia, where Aslan creates the land and evil first enters it. The story is set in 1900, when Digory is twelve. Forty years later he is a middle-aged professor, hosting the Pevensies.
The Last Battle ends the world. Roughly two hundred Narnian years pass after The Silver Chair, though only seven on Earth. The ape Shift tricks a donkey named Puzzle into posing as Aslan, which sets Calormenes against King Tirian. Jill and Eustace return to help. Narnia as the reader knows it comes to an end, and Aslan leads the survivors into the "true" Narnia.
One of these seven stories reaches back to the first day of Narnia, and where it belongs on the shelf is still disputed.
The Lion, the Witch and the Wardrobe went on sale in London on the 16th of October 1950, from the publisher Geoffrey Bles. Three more books were already finished: Prince Caspian, The Voyage of the Dawn Treader and The Horse and His Boy. They were held back, and with The Silver Chair they appeared one a year from 1951 to 1954. The Bodley Head published the last two, in 1955 and 1956. The series has stayed in print without a break since 1956, with editions in braille. Lewis won the 1956 Carnegie Medal for The Last Battle.
The collective title came from a fellow children's author. In March 1951 Roger Lancelyn Green read and discussed Lewis's newly finished fourth book, then called Night under Narnia, and called the whole series The Chronicles of Narnia. Lewis did not write the books in the order they were published. The Magician's Nephew, the sixth to appear, was the last he completed, in February 1954. Baynes's pen and ink drawings are still printed in current editions.
In the United States, Macmillan numbered the volumes by publication date. HarperCollins won the rights in 1994 and switched to the internal chronological order, at the suggestion of Lewis's stepson, Douglas Gresham. Scholastic changed its paperback numbering the same year to match. Early British editions had sometimes followed chronology too.
Gresham pointed to a letter Lewis wrote in 1957 to an American fan who was arguing with his mother over the order. Lewis agreed with the boy's chronological preference, then admitted: "The series was not planned beforehand as she thinks." He added that he had not expected to write more books after The Lion, and again after The Voyage. "So perhaps it does not matter very much in which order anyone read them." A notice in HarperCollins's 2005 adult editions cites this letter as proof that Lewis wanted The Magician's Nephew read first.
Many scholars reject that claim. Paul Ford reports that most find it "the least faithful to Lewis's deepest intentions." Some suspect Lewis was simply being gracious to a young correspondent. The text itself gives evidence: when Aslan first appears in The Lion, the narrator says that none of the children knew who he was, "any more than you do." That line makes little sense for someone who has already read The Magician's Nephew, which mentions Narnia in its first paragraph as if it were familiar. The wardrobe, they argue, is a better doorway than a prequel.
Doris Meyer, author of C. S. Lewis in Context, writes that rearranging the stories chronologically "lessens the impact of the individual stories." Peter Schakel gives the question a whole chapter in his book Imagination and the Arts in C. S. Lewis. He argues that early events in a sequence often hit harder as flashbacks, once later events have given them context. Whichever order a reader chooses, one figure waits in every volume.
Aslan is the only character to appear in all seven books. He is a talking lion, king of the beasts and son of the Emperor-Over-the-Sea. He serves as a wise, compassionate and magical authority, a guide to visiting children and the guardian and saviour of Narnia.
The four Pevensies are the main human heroes, and they reign over Narnia together as a tetrarchy. Their surname is not revealed until The Voyage of the Dawn Treader. Lucy, the youngest, is closest to Aslan and is named Queen Lucy the Valiant. Edmund falls under the White Witch's spell after eating the Turkish delight she gives him, betrays his siblings, and is redeemed when Aslan sacrifices his life. He becomes King Edmund the Just. Susan is Queen Susan the Gentle. Peter kills the wolf Maugrim to save Susan and leads the army, and he is known as Peter the Magnificent. In The Last Battle, Aslan trusts him to close the door on Narnia for the final time.
Eustace Scrubb attends a school called Experiment House and starts as a brat and a bully. His greed turns him into a dragon for a while, and the misery of that body makes him reflect on how he has behaved. Aslan changes him back, and he later becomes a hero beside Jill Pole.
The smaller figures stay in memory too. Reepicheep, leader of the Talking Mice, is fearless, courteous and obsessed with honour. His willing exile to Aslan's Country breaks the enchantment on the last three Lost Lords. Lewis picked him out as "specially" showing the spiritual life, the theme of that book. Puddleglum is comically pessimistic yet supplies the voice of reason at a critical moment in The Silver Chair. Shasta turns out to be Cor, eldest son of King Lune of Archenland and elder twin of Prince Corin. He was kidnapped as an infant and raised as a fisherman's son. Tumnus the Faun is the first Narnian Lucy meets, and Lewis's first mental image of a faun in a snowy wood is Tumnus.
On the other side stands Jadis, the only antagonist to appear in more than one book. As the White Witch she freezes Narnia into the Hundred Year Winter and turns enemies into statues. She kills Aslan on the Stone Table, but he returns and kills her in battle. In The Magician's Nephew she is wakened in Charn and carried to Victorian London before reaching Narnia, where she steals an apple that grants immortality.
The others have one book each. King Miraz killed King Caspian IX and took the Telmarine throne. Peter defeats him in single combat, and one of his own lords then murders him. The Lady of the Green Kirtle rules an underground kingdom through mind control, and she is killed when she attacks in the form of a serpent. Prince Rabadash of Calormen is hot-headed and arrogant, and he blasphemes against Aslan after Edmund captures him. Aslan temporarily turns him into a donkey. Shift, a Talking Ape that Baynes draws as a chimpanzee, cuts down forests and enslaves the Talking Beasts. Drink eventually costs him control, and the Calormene god Tash swallows him up.
At the age of seven, Lewis moved with his family to a large house on the edge of Belfast. Its long hallways and empty rooms led him and his brother to invent make-believe worlds, much as Lucy finds Narnia. He lost his mother young, as Caspian and Rilian do, and he spent much of his youth at English boarding schools like those of the Pevensies, Eustace and Jill. One of the evacuated children at The Kilns was his goddaughter Lucy.
From medieval Celtic literature, Lewis took the model of the Old Irish immrama, tales that mix Christianity and Irish mythology to describe a hero's sea journey to the Otherworld. The Voyage of the Dawn Treader copies that form through its whole length. Colin Duriez notes thematic similarities between this book and Tolkien's poem Imram. Marsha Daigle-Williamson sees Dante's Divine Comedy behind both The Voyage of the Dawn Treader and The Silver Chair, linking the latter to events in Inferno.
In 2008, Michael Ward published Planet Narnia, which proposes a hidden design. Each book, he argues, belongs to one of the seven planets of medieval cosmology, with Jupiter, Mars, the Sun, the Moon, Mercury, Venus and Saturn matched to the books in publication order. Paul Ford finds this implausible, though he was answering an earlier 2003 version in the Times Literary Supplement. A quantitative study of the imagery gave mixed support. The Sun, Moon, Mercury and Venus appear in their books far more often than chance predicts. The Lion, Prince Caspian and The Last Battle fall short of statistical significance.
George MacDonald's Phantastes, published in 1858, shaped the structure and setting of the series, and Lewis called it "a great balm to the soul." Plato's influence is easier to spot. At the end of The Last Battle, Digory invokes Plato by name to explain that the old Narnia was only a shadow of the true one. In The Silver Chair, the Queen of the Underland tries to persuade the heroes that the sun is merely a bigger lamp, echoing the logic of Plato's cave.
Edmund Spenser's The Faerie Queene supplies the White Witch's template. Like the villain Duessa, she falsely styles herself a queen, leads Edmund astray with false temptations, and turns people to stone where Duessa turns them to trees. Both wear opulent robes and hang bells on their carriages. John Milton's Paradise Lost colours The Magician's Nephew, where Jadis climbs the wall of a paradisal garden rather than use the gate and tempts Digory as Satan tempted Eve. The Lady of the Green Kirtle recalls both Errour from Spenser and Satan's serpent form in Milton.
Edith Nesbit's children's books were favourites from Lewis's childhood. He described The Lion, the Witch and the Wardrobe as "a children's book in the tradition of E. Nesbit." Her 1906 novel The Story of the Amulet follows four London children with an absent father and an ill mother, as in Digory's case. They bring the queen of ancient Babylon to London, and she causes a riot. Polly and Digory bring Jadis there, and a very similar incident follows.
Before the first Narnia book, Lewis had already written a number of works defending Christianity. He did not, however, set out to put Christian theology into these stories. Literary scholars widely accept that Aslan is based on Jesus Christ, yet Lewis insisted the books were not allegory and preferred to call their Christian elements a "supposition." The series has a large Christian readership. Some Christians nonetheless object that its recurring pagan imagery amounts to "soft-sell paganism and occultism."
In 1976 the scholar Susan Cornell Poskanzer praised Lewis for his "strangely powerful fantasies." She argued that children identified with the realistic, distinctive young heroes, and enjoyed seeing them become powerful monarchs while the adults often played buffoons. She also felt the Christian message was handled subtly enough to avoid sermonising. She did criticise scenes of violence she thought upsetting for children.
Gertrude Ward focuses on a consistency problem. In the first book, she observes, Lewis seems to imagine a world without human beings, where fauns are everyday and humans are the stuff of myth, as the titles of Mr Tumnus's books suggest. Prince Caspian explains that humans arrived later. Eventually the world has a great human empire to the south and a human principality next door, which leaves it unclear why the Pevensies were chosen. Ward concludes that readers must live with such discrepancies and enjoy each book on its own merits.
The sharpest argument concerns Susan. In The Last Battle she is described as "no longer a friend of Narnia," interested in "nothing nowadays except nylons and lipstick and invitations." She is the one Pevensie missing from Aslan's Country and remembers Narnia only as a childhood game. Philip Pullman calls the stories "monumentally disparaging of women." In 2004, Neil Gaiman published a short story, "The Problem of Susan," which imagines an elderly woman, Professor Hastings, who seems to be Susan, grieving after a train crash killed her entire family. Ursula K. Le Guin, reviewing The Dark Tower in 1989, wrote of "a good deal of hatred in Lewis."
Defenders point to the girls' roles. Nathan Ross notes that much of the first book follows Susan and Lucy, who alone witness Aslan's death and return, while the boys' battle preparations stay in the background. Karin Fry observes that the most sympathetic female characters are the ones who question traditional roles and join the adventures. Monika B. Hilder argues that critics misread Lewis, who in her view applauds a "feminine" kind of heroism. Lewis himself, asked in 1958 for a book called "Susan of Narnia," replied that when stories come into his mind he has to write them, "and when they don't I can't!" In another letter he wrote that Susan had "plenty of time" to mend, and might still reach Aslan's country in her own way.
Charges of racism centre on Calormen. Kyrie O'Connor writes that, despite the story's virtues, parts of The Horse and His Boy read as anti-Arab or anti-Eastern, and Gregg Easterbrook in The Atlantic calls the Calormenes "unmistakable Muslim stand-ins." Nicholas Wanberg calls the charge an oversimplification but says the books use traditional ideas that tie dark skin to ugliness. Critics also split on colonialism. Nicole DuPlessis reads an anticolonial message, while Clare Etcherling replies that the illegitimate rulers are often very dark-skinned. Pullman, among Lewis's fiercest critics, answered the books with a novel series of his own.
Pullman's Northern Lights, the first volume of His Dark Materials, opens with a young girl hiding in a wardrobe, a deliberate parallel to Lewis's first book. Pullman is a self-described atheist who rejects the spiritual themes of Narnia, yet his series tackles many of the same issues and includes talking animals.
In Katherine Paterson's Bridge to Terabithia, Leslie lends Jesse the Narnia books so he can learn how to behave like a king. Paterson explained the name Terabithia in her own words: "I thought I had made it up. Then, rereading The Voyage of the Dawn Treader by C. S. Lewis, I realized that I had probably gotten it from the island of Terebinthia in that book." She added that Lewis likely took the name from a biblical tree.
Lev Grossman's best-seller The Magicians follows a young man obsessed with Fillory, a land from his favourite childhood books. Fillory is reached through a grandfather clock in an uncle's house, where five English children are sent during World War II. Two Aslan-like rams named Ember and Umber rule it, and a Watcherwoman freezes it in time, as the White Witch does. A place like the wood between the worlds from The Magician's Nephew plays a large role.
J. K. Rowling has said she loved Lewis as a child. She links the barrier at King's Cross Station that Harry must hurl himself at to the wardrobe route to Narnia, behind which lies platform Nine and Three-Quarters. She stresses a difference: Narnia is "literally a different world," while Harry enters a world within a world. She also finds Lewis's message "isn't very subliminal" on rereading. New York Times writer Charles McGrath sees a likeness between Dudley Dursley and Eustace Scrubb.
Popular culture is full of nods. The television series Lost named a character Charlotte Staples Lewis, and producer Damon Lindelof said this signalled the direction of the season. The Saturday Night Live Digital Short "Lazy Sunday" is a rap about going to see the Narnia film. The Waterboys took the title of their song "Further Up, Further In" from The Last Battle. The Swedish Christian power metal band Narnia puts Aslan on every album cover. The creator of the anime and game series Digimon has also cited Narnia as an inspiration.
Television came first. A 1967 adaptation of The Lion, the Witch and the Wardrobe ran for ten episodes of thirty minutes, with a screenplay by Trevor Preston and direction by Helen Standage. In 1979 it returned as an animated cartoon from Bill Melendez and the Children's Television Workshop, written by David D. Connell. Between 1988 and 1990 four of the books were adapted as three TV serials. The series has also been adapted for radio, the stage, film and video games.
The film rights were a different story. Lewis doubted that any cinematic version could render the fantastical characters realistically, and he never sold the film rights. Answering a child's letter in 1957 about a television version, he wrote: "They'd be no good on TV."
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Common questions
Who wrote The Chronicles of Narnia and when was it published?
British author C. S. Lewis wrote the seven novels, which Pauline Baynes illustrated. They were originally published between 1950 and 1956.
Where does the name Narnia come from?
It comes from Narni, a town in Umbria, Italy, halfway between Rome and Assisi. Lewis had underlined the Latin name Narnia in an old atlas because he liked the sound of it.
In what order should the Narnia books be read?
Readers disagree. HarperCollins numbers them in internal chronological order, placing The Magician's Nephew first, while many scholars favour the original publication order, starting with The Lion, the Witch and the Wardrobe.
Is Aslan meant to be Jesus?
Aslan is widely accepted as based on Jesus Christ, but Lewis denied the books were allegory and preferred to call their Christian elements a supposition.
Which character appears in all seven books?
Aslan, the talking lion, is the only character who appears in every book.
What is Planet Narnia?
It is a 2008 book by Michael Ward arguing that each of the seven books is tied to one of the seven planets of medieval cosmology. A quantitative imagery analysis supported four of the seven matches but not the other three.
Why did Lewis never sell the film rights?
He doubted that any cinematic adaptation could render the story's fantastical characters realistically.
All sources
104 references cited across the entry
- 2BookOn Stories: And Other Essays on LiteratureC. S. Lewis — Harcourt Brace Jovanovich — 1982
- 3BookBritish Children's Fiction in the Second World WarOwen Dudley Edwards — 2007
- 4BookEight Children in Narnia: The Making of a Children's StoryJared Lobdell — Open Court — 2016
- 5BookMurray's small classical atlasG. B. Grundy — J. Murray — 1904
- 6JournalDear Mr. LewisClint Kelly — 2006
- 7News'Narnia' tries to cash in on dual audienceGuthmann Edward — 11 December 2005
- 8Narnia Editions & TranslationsGlen H. GoodKnight — 3 August 2010
- 9BookPast Watchful Dragons: The Narnian Chronicles of C. S. LewisWalter Hooper — Macmillan Publishing Co — 1979
- 10NewsA closer look at the world of NarniaErik Brady — 1 December 2005
- 11What Order Should I Read the Narnia Books in (And Does It Matter?)Andrew Rilstone
- 12BookC.S. Lewis: A Companion & GuideWalter Hooper — Fount — 1997
- 14BookMiraclesC.S. Lewis — London & Glasgow: Collins/Fontana — 1947
- 15Private collection, Patricia Baird
- 16BookSurprised by JoyC. S. Lewis — Fount Paperbacks — 1990
- 17How Narnia WorksTracy V. Wilson — 7 December 2005
- 18What Did C. S. Lewis Mean, and Does It Matter?Drew Trotter — Leadership U — 11 November 2005
- 19Journal"Deep lies the sea-longing": inklings of home (1)Charles A. Huttar — 22 September 2007
- 20BookA Field Guide to NarniaColin Duriez — InterVarsity Press — 2004
- 21Some Planets in Narnia: a quantitative investigation of the Planet Narnia thesisJustin L. Barrett — Seven: an Anglo-American literary review (Wheaton College) — 2010
- 22BookInto The Wardrobe: C.S. Lewis and the Narnia ChroniclesDavid C. Downing — Jossey Bass — 2005
- 23JournalPlatonic Shadows in C. S. Lewis' Narnia ChroniclesWilliam C. Johnson et al. — 1986
- 24BookJourney into Narnia: C. S. Lewis's Tales ExploredKathryn Ann Lindskoog — Hope Publishing House — 1997
- 25BookC. S. Lewis: Apostle to the SkepticsChad Walsh — Norwood Editions — 1974
- 26BookBedeviled: Lewis, Tolkien and the Shadow of EvilColin Duriez — IVP Books — 2015
- 29JournalThoughts on C. S. Lewis and the Chronicles of NarniaSusan Cornell Poskanzer — May 1976
- 30MagazineFar From NarniaLaura Miller — 26 December 2005
- 31A Secular Fantasy – The flawed but fascinating fiction of Philip PullmanCathy Young — March 2008
- 32The Chronicles of AtheismPeter T. Chattaway — December 2007
- 33BookBridge to TerabithiaKatherine Paterson — Harper Trophy — 2005
- 34OracleGreg Egan — 12 November 2000
- 36NewsThe story behind the Potter legendJennie Renton — 28 November 2001
- 37NewsThe Narnia SkirmishesCharles McGrath — 13 November 2005
- 38Artist weaves faith into acclaimed comicsLubbockonline.com
- 40BookUltimate Lost and Philosophy Volume 35 of The Blackwell Philosophy and Pop Culture SeriesWilliam Irwin — John Wiley and Sons — 2010
- 41MagazineThe Chronicles of Narnia RapJosh Levin — 23 December 2005
- 42BookThrough the Wardrobe: Your Favorite Authors on C. S. Lewis's Chronicles of NarniaHerbie Brennan — BenBella Books — 2010
- 43Digimon RPGGamers Hell
- 44Magazine'No Reservations: Narnia,' a Triumph of Anthony Bourdain Fan FictionHelen Rosner — 2018-07-08
- 45Inside 'Operation Narnia,' the Daring Attack Israel Feared It Couldn't Pull OffDov Lieber — 27 June 2025
- 46Carpenter, The Inklings, p.42-45. See also Lewis's own autobiography Surprised by Joy
- 47BookThe Quotable LewisJerry Root et al. — Tyndale House Publishers, Inc. — 12 March 2012
- 48BookSharing the Narnia Experience: A Family Guide to C. S. Lewis's the Lion, the Witch, and the WardrobePaul Friskney — Standard Publishing — 2005
- 49Narnia 'baptizes' – and defends – pagan mythologyPeter T Chattaway
- 50Narnia: Blending Truth and MythBerit Kjos — Kjos Ministries — December 2005
- 51Nine Minutes of NarniaJosh Hurst — 5 December 2005
- 52C.S. Lewis, the Sneaky Pagan1 June 2004
- 54BookGod in the DockC. S. Lewis — William B. Eerdmans Publishing — 15 September 2014
- 55BookAcademic Round Table to Re-Examine 20th Century Children's LiteratureGertrude Ward
- 56NewsNarnia books attacked as racist and sexistJohn Ezard — 3 June 2002
- 57The Dark Side of NarniaPhilip Pullman — 2 September 2001
- 58BookFlights: Extreme Visions of Fantasy Volume IINeil Gaiman — New American Library — 2004
- 59BookPrince of Stories: The Many Worlds of Neil GaimanHank Wagner et al. — St. Martin's Press — 28 October 2008
- 60BookFragile Things: Short Fictions and WondersNeil Gaiman — HarperCollins — 9 February 2010
- 61BookThe Chronicles of Narnia and Philosophy: The Lion, the Witch and the WorldviewKarin Fry — Open Court — 2005
- 62Nathan Vernon Ross, "Narnia Revisited" in "Is Children's Literature Intended Only For Children?", 2002 essay collection edited by Cynthia McDowel, p. 185-197
- 63BookThe Feminine Ethos in C. S. Lewis's Chronicles of NarniaMonika B. Hilder — Peter Lang — 2012
- 64Dancing at the edge of the worldGrove Press — 27 June 1989
- 65Pullman attacks Narnia film plans16 October 2005
- 665th Narnia book may not see big screenKyrie O'Connor — IndyStar.com — 1 December 2005
- 67In Defense of C. S. LewisGregg Easterbrook — 1 October 2001
- 68JournalNoble and Beautiful: Race and Human Aesthetics in C. S. Lewis's The Chronicles of NarniaNicholas Wanberg — 2013
- 69BookWild Things: Children's Culture and EcocriticismNicole DuPlessis — Wayne State University Press — 2004
- 70JournalPostcolonial Ecocriticism, Classic Children's Literature, and the Imperial-Environmental Imagination in The Chronicles of Narnia.Clare Echterling — 2016
- 72All My Road Before Me, 1 June 1926, p. 405
- 73Netflix working on new Chronicles of Narnia series and filmsJulia Alexander — 2018-10-03
- 74Disney No Longer Under Spell of NarniaJames Sanford — 24 December 2008
- 75NewsDisney opts out of 3rd 'Narnia' film29 December 2008
- 77NewsMark Gordon Producing Fourth 'Narnia' MovieDave McNary — 1 October 2013
- 78News'Captain America' Director Joe Johnston Boards 'Narnia' Revival 'The Silver Chair' (Exclusive)Justin Kroll — 26 April 2017
- 80Netflix to Develop Series, Films Based on CS Lewis' 'The Chronicles of Narnia'Beatrice Verhoeven — 3 October 2018
- 81JournalNetflix Looks in the Wardrobe to Find a Fantasy HitAric Jenkins — 1 November 2018
- 82Netflix To Develop 'The Chronicles of Narnia' TV Series & FilmsNellie Andreeva — 3 October 2018
- 83Greta Gerwig is going to direct two Narnia movies for NetflixFay Watson — 2023-07-03
- 84Greta Gerwig's Netflix Pic 'Narnia' Getting Thanksgiving 2026 Imax Global Theatrical RunAnthony D'Alessandro — 2025-01-17
- 85Netflix's 'Narnia' From Greta Gerwig Getting Full Wide Theatrical Window, Heads To 2027Anthony D'Alessandro — 2026-05-01
- 86Production Weekly – Issue 1446 – Thursday, March 27, 2025 / 173 Listings – 39 PagesRich Browski — 2025-03-27
- 87Narnia: The Magican's Nephew2025-04-22
- 91Reviews by Greg Wright – Narnia Radio BroadcastGreg Wright
- 92The Stepson of NarniaScott Garceau et al. — 14 October 2012
- 93BookA Brief Guide to C. S. Lewis: From Mere Christianity to NarniaPaul Simpson — Little, Brown Book Group — 2013
- 94NewsTheatre: The Lion, The Witch And The WardrobeDominic Cavendish — 21 November 1998
- 95NewsEngaging fairytale is sure to enchant allLiz Melia — 9 December 2002
- 96Live theater returns to a gem of a venue at the Museum of the BibleJohn Stoltenberg — January 19, 2023
- 98BookReflecting the Eternal: Dante's Divine Comedy in the Novels of C. S. LewisMarsha Daigle-Williamson — Hendrickson Publishers — 2015
- 99BookC. S. Lewis: Letters to ChildrenLyle W. Dorsett et al. — Touchstone — 1995
- 100BookCompanion to Narnia: A Complete Guide to the Magical World of C.S. Lewis's The Chronicles of NarniaPaul Ford — Harper — 2005
- 101BookC. S. Lewis: A BiographyRoger Lancelyn Green et al. — HarperCollins — 2002
- 102BookMilton, Spenser and The Chronicles of Narnia: literary sources for the C. S. Lewis novelsElizabeth Baird Hardy — McFarland & Company, Inc. — 2007
- 103BookThe Collected Letters of C. S. Lewis, Volume IIIWalter Hooper — HarperSanFrancisco — 2007
- 104BookReading with the Heart: The Way into NarniaPeter Schakel — William B. Eerdmans — 1979
- 105BookPlanet Narnia: The Seven Heavens in the Imagination of C. S. LewisMichael Ward — Oxford University Press — 2008