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Superman in film

Ch. 1 of 8
— CH. 1 · INTRODUCTION —

Contents

Superman in film

8 sections
  • Superman in film reached a strange milestone in 2023, when The Flash showed Superman played by Henry Cavill, Nicolas Cage, George Reeves and Christopher Reeve. Computer-generated versions stood in for several of them. The gag packs more than eight decades of screen history into a single cameo. It also hints at a pattern. Jerry Siegel and Joe Shuster created the character in June 1938, and cinemas first saw him in 1941. Since then he has been a cartoon, a serial hero, a record-setting blockbuster and the centerpiece of a new studio's plans. Along the way, many Superman movies were developed and then abandoned before they reached cinemas. This documentary asks why so many directors, writers and stars came close and walked away. It asks how a 1978 gamble set the template. And it asks what a character so durable on the page kept costing the studios that tried to film him.

  • On the 26th of September 1941, Paramount Pictures released a cartoon called Superman, the first of 17 theatrical shorts. Fleischer Studios made nine of them. Its successor, Famous Studios, made the remaining eight. Bud Collyer voiced the hero for the Fleischer shorts, and he also played Superman on The Adventures of Superman radio series. Lee Royce took over for the Famous entries. Early titles included The Mechanical Monsters and Billion Dollar Limited, and the run closed with Secret Agent in July 1943.

    Kirk Alyn became the first live-action Superman on film in 1948, in a 15-part serial from Columbia Pictures. His name did not appear in the credits. Noel Neill played Lois Lane, and Tommy Bond played Jimmy Olsen. A second 15-part serial, Atom Man vs. Superman, began releasing in 1950 with the same main cast. Lyle Talbot joined as Lex Luthor, who went by the name Atom Man.

    Lee Sholem directed Superman and the Mole Men in 1951 on a low budget. Lippert Pictures, an independent studio, released it as the first Superman feature film, with George Reeves in the lead. It worked as a trial run for the syndicated series Adventures of Superman, which aired from 1952 to 1958. The film later became a two-part pilot episode called The Unknown People. Phyllis Coates played Lois Lane in the film and the first season. Noel Neill, who had played the role opposite Alyn, returned in later seasons. The screenplay carried the pseudonym Richard Fielding, which covered Robert Maxwell and Whitney Ellsworth.

    Reeves and Neill reunited in 1954 for Stamp Day for Superman, a short film made for the U.S. Treasury to promote Stamp Day. The next major Superman feature would arrive in 1978.

  • In 1973, producer Ilya Salkind convinced his father Alexander to buy the film rights to Superman. Pierre Spengler was part of the purchase. They hired Mario Puzo to write a script covering two films. They also negotiated with Steven Spielberg to direct, though Alexander eventually landed on Richard Donner.

    Donner was not the first choice. Guy Hamilton was hired first, and Marlon Brando and Gene Hackman signed on as Jor-El and Lex Luthor. Pre-production in Rome stalled when Brando turned out to be unable to film in Italy. He faced an obscenity lawsuit over Last Tango in Paris, released in 1972. The production moved to England in late 1976. Then Hamilton could not work there either, because of a problem with his tax payments.

    Donner brought in Tom Mankiewicz to polish the script, and together they gave it a serious feel with Christ-like overtones. The search for a lead was long. Robert Redford and Burt Reynolds were among the famous figures who turned the role down. Christopher Reeve won it and followed an exercise regimen that added 24 pounds before filming. Margot Kidder was cast as Lois Lane.

    Superman, marketed as Superman: The Movie, carried a budget of US$55 million. That made it the most expensive film made up to that point. John Williams wrote the music. The film succeeded with critics and at the box office. Cameras had already been rolling on its sequel, because the two films were shot at the same time.

  • Richard Donner had shot 75 percent of Superman II when production on the sequel stopped. The film was going over budget, and Donner's relationship with the Salkinds was bad enough that Richard Lester served as a mediator. The filmmakers moved the sequel's planned climax into the first film. After Superman was released, the Salkinds fired Donner and asked Lester to finish the job. Lester gave the sequel a more tongue-in-cheek tone. It still succeeded with critics and at the box office, despite stiff competition that year from Raiders of the Lost Ark.

    On the 28th of November 2006, Donner and producer Michael Thau released their own version of Superman II after many requests from fans. The cut included roughly 80 percent new footage that Donner had shot, including material with Marlon Brando. Critics and the stars of the original film responded warmly. The studio called Donner "the first director in history to be able to complete a film he left during production".

    For Superman III in 1983, Ilya Salkind wrote a treatment that took the story to a cosmic scale. It brought in the villains Brainiac and Mister Mxyzptlk, plus Supergirl. Warner Bros. rejected it and retooled the script into its own film. Brainiac shrank into an evil ultimate computer. Comedian Richard Pryor co-starred as computer genius Gus Gorman, who is manipulated into making fake Kryptonite that corrupts Superman. The film succeeded, yet fans were disappointed. Many felt Pryor's performance diluted the serious tone of the earlier films, and the evil Superman drew controversy. Salkind's rejected proposal was released online in 2007.

    Alexander and Ilya Salkind had also bought the rights to Supergirl, Superman's cousin, and in 1984 they released the spin-off Supergirl. Helen Slater made her first motion picture appearance in the title role. Faye Dunaway received top billing as the villain Selena, and Marc McClure returned as Jimmy Olsen. Reeve was slated for a cameo but backed out, so only his likeness appears, in a photo. Reviews were mostly negative and the box office was poor. Slater still earned a Saturn Award nomination.

    Cannon Films picked up the option on a fourth film in 1987, directed by Sidney J. Furie. Reeve returned because he was interested in the story's topic of nuclear weapons. Kidder and Hackman came back as well. Cannon cut the budget, which led to poor special effects and heavy re-editing. Superman IV: The Quest for Peace was a minor financial success but was poorly received. Warner Bros. decided to end the series.

    Before that film failed, Cannon had considered a fifth one with Albert Pyun as director. Cannon's bankruptcy sent the rights back to Alexander and Ilya Salkind. They developed a sequel first called Superman: The New Movie, later retitled Superman Reborn. Reeve and Kidder were expected to return. The story reportedly featured Brainiac and had Superman dying and being resurrected in Kandor, the bottled Kryptonian city. That premise predated the 1992 DC Comics storyline The Death of Superman.

    On the 12th of November 2024, a live reading of an early draft of Superman Reborn took place in Hollywood, California. Ilya Salkind and writers Mark Jones and Cary Bates had approved that draft before later revisions requested by Warner Bros. and DC Comics. In a question-and-answer session afterward, they said George P. Cosmatos had once been attached to direct. The event raised funds for spinal cord injury research, in partnership with the Christopher & Dana Reeve Foundation. A recording reached David Kocher's YouTube channel on the 13th of February 2025.

  • In 1993, Warner Bros. bought the Superman film rights from the Salkinds, riding the success of the comic storyline The Death of Superman. Producer Jon Peters was hired to develop a new film, and he hired Jonathan Lemkin to write it.

    Lemkin's script, delivered in March 1995, was also titled Superman Reborn. Lois Lane and Clark Kent had relationship troubles, and Superman fought Doomsday. As Superman died after professing his love, his life force jumped to Lois and gave her a virgin birth. Their child grew to adulthood in three weeks and became the resurrected Superman. Warner Bros. disliked the draft because its themes resembled those of Batman Forever (1995).

    Gregory Poirier's rewrite, dated December 1995, had Brainiac creating Doomsday. In it, Superman visits a psychiatrist before Doomsday kills him. An alien named Cadmus steals the corpse, and the two team up. A powerless Superman wears a robotic suit until his powers return, and at Peters' request he ends in an all-black suit. The script impressed Warner Bros., yet Kevin Smith was hired to rewrite it. Smith felt Poirier's version did not respect the Superman mythos.

    Smith pitched Peters his outline in late 1996 and was handed conditions. Peters did not want Superman to fly, arguing that he would "look like an overgrown Boy Scout". He also wanted a giant spider in the third act. Later demands included Brainiac fighting a polar bear at the Fortress of Solitude. After the Star Wars 20th anniversary re-release, Peters asked for a "space dog" that Brainiac could present to Luthor, purely for merchandising appeal. Smith accepted the terms, realizing he had been hired to carry out a preordained idea.

    Smith's script, titled Superman Lives, had Brainiac sending Doomsday to kill Superman and blocking out the sun to leave him powerless. Superman is resurrected by a Kryptonian robot, the Eradicator. Smith's dream casting included Ben Affleck as Superman. Affleck later played Superman actor George Reeves in the 2006 film Hollywoodland, and then Batman from Batman v Superman: Dawn of Justice in 2016.

    Tim Burton signed on to direct with a pay-or-play contract worth $5 million. Smith was told that Burton immediately announced he would do his own version. Nicolas Cage, a comic book fan, signed as Superman with a $20 million pay-or-play contract, believing he could "reconceive the character". Burton argued that Cage could change his persona so completely that no one would recognize Clark Kent as Superman. Kevin Spacey was approached for Lex Luthor, and Christopher Walken was Burton's choice for Brainiac. Chris Rock was cast as Jimmy Olsen. Michael Keaton confirmed his involvement, but when asked about returning as Batman, he would only say "Not exactly". The studio planned a summer 1998 release, the 60th anniversary of Superman's debut in Action Comics.

    In the summer of 1997, Superman Lives entered pre-production under production designer Rick Heinrichs. Burton hired Wesley Strick to rewrite Smith's script, which disappointed Smith. Strick's draft merged Brainiac and Lex Luthor into a villain called "Lexiac". Superman returned through the power of "K", a force representing the spirit of Krypton. Concept artist Sylvain Despretz said Peters brought in kids to rate drawings on the wall, calling the whole effort "basically a toy show". Burton chose Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania as the main location for Metropolis. A minor piece of the Krypton set was built and then destroyed, and Cage attended a costume fitting. Dan Gilroy was later hired to rewrite the script and lowered the budget from $190 million to $100 million.

    In April 1998, after the critical failure of Batman & Robin the previous year, Warner Bros. put the film on hold. The studio had spent $30 million on development. Burton left to direct Sleepy Hollow and said, "I basically wasted a year." Peters offered the director's job to Michael Bay, Shekhar Kapur and Martin Campbell, and all three declined. William Wisher Jr. was hired in June 1999 for a new script. Cage dropped out in June 2000, and Oliver Stone declined to direct Wisher's draft.

    A 2015 documentary, The Death of "Superman Lives": What Happened?, covered the backstory. In 2016, Smith said he was open to an animated version with Cage voicing Superman. Cage did voice the hero in the animated Teen Titans Go! To the Movies, released in July 2018. The 1990s test footage then resurfaced in The Flash, where Cage's Superman fights a robotic spider as an homage to the demand Peters made of Smith.

  • In February 2002, filmmaker J. J. Abrams was hired to write a stand-alone Superman screenplay titled Superman: Flyby. He turned in the script that July, designed as the first of a trilogy. Executive Lorenzo di Bonaventura liked it but planned to release Batman vs. Superman first. That project came from writer Andrew Kevin Walker, who pitched it with Wolfgang Petersen attached as director.

    Walker's draft struck the studio as too dark, so Akiva Goldsman rewrote it under the codename Asylum. Goldsman's draft, dated the 21st of June 2002, opened with Bruce Wayne trying to shake the demons of a five-year retirement from crime-fighting. Clark Kent is in despair after his divorce from Lois Lane. When the Joker kills Bruce's bride Elizabeth Miller on their honeymoon, Bruce blames Clark, and the two fight before teaming up against Lex Luthor. The studio wanted Johnny Depp as Batman and Josh Hartnett as Superman. Goldsman later slipped a Superman symbol inside a Batman symbol onto a Times Square banner in I Am Legend as an in-joke.

    Abrams' Flyby script told of a civil war on Krypton between Jor-El and his corrupt brother Kata-Zor. Kal-El is launched to Earth to fulfill a prophecy. In the story, Superman is killed, visits Jor-El in Kryptonian heaven, and returns to defeat four Kryptonians. Brett Ratner was hired to direct in September 2002. Christopher Reeve joined as a consultant and said that "the character is more important than the actor who plays him, because it is an enduring mythology".

    Casting proved brutal. Ratner approached Josh Hartnett, Jude Law, Paul Walker and Brendan Fraser. Hartnett was offered $100 million for a three-picture deal and turned it down. Walker tested and passed on a $10 million deal, later saying, "I don't need it." Law put on the costume and felt immediately that it was "a step too far". Ratner left in March 2003, blaming casting delays and feuds with producer Jon Peters.

    McG returned as director in 2003, with Robert Downey Jr. cast as Lex Luthor. He shot test footage with several candidates, including Henry Cavill. The budget exceeded $200 million, not counting money spent on earlier abandoned projects. McG left over a dispute about locations. He wanted New York City and Canada, while Warner Bros. wanted Sydney, Australia, which would have cost $25 million less. He admitted in 2012 that his fear of flying was the real reason for his objection. Bryan Singer replaced him in July 2004.

    Singer abandoned two films already in pre-production, X-Men: The Last Stand and a remake of Logan's Run, and brought his whole crew from X2. Brandon Routh got the lead partly because he resembled Christopher Reeve. Kevin Spacey played Lex Luthor, and archive footage of Marlon Brando, who had died in 2004, brought back Jor-El. The story followed a five-year search for survivors of Krypton and ignored Superman III, Superman IV and Supergirl. On his return, Superman learns that Lois Lane has had a son and become engaged. Superman Returns arrived in 2006, received positive reviews and grossed about US$391 million worldwide.

    Four months before release, Warner Bros. had announced a summer 2009 sequel. Afterward, studio president Alan F. Horn said the film "should have done $500 million worldwide". Singer countered that it earned enough to justify a sequel. He favored Darkseid as the villain, while writer Michael Dougherty liked Brainiac. In August 2008, production chief Jeff Robinov admitted that Superman Returns "didn't quite work as a film in the way that we wanted it to".

    In February 2007, the studio had already hired Michele and Kieran Mulroney to write a Justice League film with a separate Superman, D. J. Cotrona. George Miller signed to direct, and Armie Hammer was cast as Batman. Justice League: Mortal nearly started shooting in Sydney, but the Writers Guild of America strike and a denied Australian tax rebate delayed it. Warner Bros. canceled it after the success of The Dark Knight. Routh did get one more turn in the cape, in the 2019 Arrowverse crossover Crisis on Infinite Earths.

  • In June 2008, Warner Bros. began taking pitches on how to restart Superman. David S. Goyer, during story talks for The Dark Knight Rises, told Christopher Nolan his idea for a modern Superman. Nolan pitched it to the studio in February 2010, and the studio hired him to produce and Goyer to write. Zack Snyder was hired to direct in October. Principal photography began in August 2011 in West Chicago, Illinois, before moving to Vancouver and Plano, Illinois.

    Man of Steel reached cinemas in June 2013 with Henry Cavill as Superman. Amy Adams played Lois Lane, Michael Shannon played General Zod, and Russell Crowe played Jor-El. Kevin Costner and Diane Lane played Jonathan and Martha Kent. It launched what became the DC Extended Universe. Warner Bros. said it fell short of financial expectations even though it turned a profit.

    Batman v Superman: Dawn of Justice came out on the 25th of March 2016, after a delay from July 2015. Goyer wrote it and Snyder directed, with Nolan returning in a smaller producing role. Ben Affleck, Gal Gadot, Jesse Eisenberg and Jeremy Irons joined the cast over the following months. Goyer had said at the 2013 San Diego Comic-Con that Batman and Superman would fight, and the titles considered included Superman Vs Batman.

    During post-production on Justice League, Snyder left the film because of the death of his daughter. Joss Whedon took over, wrote reshoots and directed them. Fans then compared the film to Superman II, since both had a director replaced before completion. An online campaign for a "Snyder Cut" began. In March 2019, Snyder confirmed that his original cut existed. That November, Variety reported that Warner Bros. was unlikely to release it, calling it a "pipe dream". In December, Snyder posted a photo of tape boxes with the caption "Is it real? Does it exist? Of course it does".

    In May 2020, Snyder announced his cut for HBO Max. Finishing the special effects, score, editing and additional shooting cost $70+ million. It was planned as a four-part miniseries and instead came out in 2021 as a four-hour film. Snyder called it non-canonical to the universe, existing in a slightly alternate version of it.

    Cavill's Superman then spent years in limbo. In 2019, Ryan Hadley, a body double for Zachary Levi, played Superman from the neck down in Shazam! because Cavill was unavailable. Cavill himself appeared in the mid-credits scene of Black Adam in 2022. Warner Bros. had considered Matthew Vaughn to direct a Man of Steel sequel, and by the end of 2017 it was not coming "anytime soon, if at all". In 2018, Christopher McQuarrie and Cavill pitched a new Superman film, and James Gunn was asked to write and direct one but chose The Suicide Squad. Michael B. Jordan pitched himself as a Black version of the character. In October 2022, Warner Bros. reopened development with Michael Bay in talks to direct. Steven Knight wrote a treatment that reportedly featured Brainiac, but executives were not thrilled and sent notes.

  • In October 2022, filmmaker James Gunn and producer Peter Safran became co-chairmen and co-CEOs of the newly formed DC Studios. That December, Gunn announced he was writing a Superman film about a younger version of the character, a cub reporter dealing with Lois Lane. Henry Cavill was not expected to return, though Gunn and Safran met him to discuss working together in the future. In January 2023, the title was revealed as Superman: Legacy, which Gunn described as the true start of the studio's overarching narrative.

    David Corenswet was cast as Superman in June 2023, and Rachel Brosnahan was cast as Lois Lane. In July, Isabela Merced, Edi Gathegi and Nathan Fillion joined as Hawkgirl, Mister Terrific and Guy Gardner. Anthony Carrigan was cast as Metamorpho right after. In November, Nicholas Hoult was cast as Lex Luthor. By February 2024, the film was retitled Superman. A first look at the suit emblem referenced Superman's look in the DC Comics miniseries Kingdom Come. Gunn wrote and directed, and the film was scheduled for the 11th of July 2025.

    Supergirl, announced in January 2023, drew on the miniseries Supergirl: Woman of Tomorrow by writer Tom King. Both films belong to Chapter 1 of the new universe, titled Gods and Monsters. Ana Nogueira was set to write the screenplay in November. In January 2024, Milly Alcock was cast as Supergirl, to debut in another project first. Craig Gillespie was confirmed as director that May. Filming ran from January to May 2025, and the release was scheduled for the 26th of June 2026.

    Cameos have already linked the new film world together. In the animated series Creature Commandos, Clark Kent and Kara Zor-El appear without speaking in a vision of a possible future, killed alongside Batman, Wonder Woman and others. In the Peacemaker episode The Ties That Grind, the two appear as silhouettes beside the Justice Gang. Amanda Waller summons them to help against the Butterfly invasion, and they arrive too late. That scene is a reshoot of a climax that originally featured the Justice League of the earlier universe.

    In June 2025, Gunn said he had begun writing a follow-up that would not be a direct sequel but would feature Superman in a major role. In August, Zaslav confirmed that Gunn was writing and directing the next film in the Super-Family, for which Gunn had finished a script treatment. In September, Gunn announced the title Man of Tomorrow. It was given a release date of the 9th of July 2027.

Updated

Common questions

Who was the first actor to play Superman in a live-action film?

Kirk Alyn was the first live-action Superman on film, in the 15-part Columbia Pictures serial Superman in 1948, though he went uncredited. George Reeves then starred in Superman and the Mole Men in 1951, the first Superman feature film.

How much did the 1978 Superman film cost to make?

The 1978 Superman, marketed as Superman: The Movie, had a budget of US$55 million. That made it the most expensive film made up to that point, and it succeeded with critics and at the box office.

Why was the Tim Burton Superman Lives movie never made?

Warner Bros. put Superman Lives on hold in April 1998 after the critical failure of Batman & Robin. The studio had spent $30 million on development, and Burton left to direct Sleepy Hollow, saying he had basically wasted a year.

When was the Richard Donner Cut of Superman II released?

The Richard Donner Cut of Superman II was released on the 28th of November 2006. Donner and producer Michael Thau assembled it, using roughly 80 percent new footage that Donner had shot, including material with Marlon Brando.

How did Superman Returns perform at the box office?

Superman Returns grossed approximately US$391 million worldwide and received positive reviews. Warner Bros. was still disappointed, and a planned sequel for 2009 was canceled.

Who plays Superman in the 2025 Superman film?

David Corenswet plays Superman in the 2025 film Superman. James Gunn wrote and directed it, and it is the first film of the DC Universe.

All sources

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  116. 293Henry Cavill Interview: Enola Holmes 2Madeline Lapreziosa — November 1, 2022
  117. 297Heat Vision NewsletterAaron Couch et al. — December 9, 2022
  118. 298Behind the Fall of Henry Cavill's SupermanAaron Couch et al. — December 16, 2022
  119. 300BookSuperman On Film: Film, Television, Radio And BroadwayBruce Scivally — McFarland & Company — 2008
  120. 301BookSuperman: The High-Flying History of America's Most Enduring HeroLarry Tye — Random House Trade Paperbacks — 2013
  121. 302BookSuperman: The Unauthorized BiographyGlen Weldon — Wiley — 2013

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