Jeff Bezos
Jeff Bezos read a single statistic in the spring of 1994. Web usage, it said, was growing at 2,300 percent a year. Within months he had walked away from a senior job on Wall Street to sell books over the internet. He warned many of his early investors that there was a 70 percent chance the venture would fail or go bankrupt. That gamble became Amazon, a company that grew into the world's largest e-commerce and cloud computing business. This documentary asks where a teenage mother's son from Albuquerque found that nerve. It asks what the company demanded from the people who worked inside it. It asks why its founder also built a rocket company, bought a newspaper, and became a target for praise and anger at the same time.
Jeffrey Preston Jorgensen was born on the 12th of January 1964 in Albuquerque, New Mexico. His mother, Jacklyn, was a 17-year-old high school student. His father, Ted, a Danish American unicyclist, was 19. Jacklyn finished high school despite difficult conditions, then attended night school and brought her baby to class. By the age of two, Jeff was enrolled at a Montessori school in Albuquerque.
In June 1965, when Jeff was 17 months old, Jacklyn filed for divorce. Ted struggled with alcohol and with money, and she went to live with her parents. In April 1968 she married Miguel "Mike" Bezos, a Cuban immigrant. Shortly after the wedding, Mike adopted four-year-old Jeff, and the boy's surname was legally changed from Jorgensen to Bezos. The new family asked Ted to stop contact, and he agreed.
After Mike earned his degree at the University of New Mexico, the family moved to Houston, where he began work as an engineer for Exxon. Jeff attended River Oaks Elementary School there from fourth to sixth grade. His maternal grandfather, Lawrence Preston Gise, was a regional director of the U.S. Atomic Energy Commission in Albuquerque. Gise retired early to a family ranch near Cotulla, Texas, and Jeff spent many summers there. He later bought the ranch and expanded it from 25000 acres to 160000 acres. As a boy he also rigged an electric alarm to keep his younger half-siblings out of his room.
The family then settled in Miami, Florida, and Jeff attended Miami Palmetto High School. During those years he worked the breakfast shift at McDonald's as a short-order line cook. He also attended the Student Science Training Program at the University of Florida. In 1982 he graduated as valedictorian, a National Merit Scholar, and a Silver Knight Award winner. His graduation speech described a future in which humanity moved heavy industry and large populations into space. A local newspaper quoted his hope of preserving Earth as "a huge national park".
At Princeton University he first studied physics, then switched to electrical engineering and computer science. In a 2018 talk at the Economic Club of Washington, D.C., he said that a classmate named Yasantha Rajakarunanayake had beaten him at solving a mathematical problem. That defeat ended his dream of becoming a theoretical physicist. Bezos belonged to the Quadrangle Club, one of Princeton's 11 eating clubs. He also served as president of the campus chapter of Students for the Exploration and Development of Space. With a 4.2 GPA, he was elected to Phi Beta Kappa and Tau Beta Pi and graduated summa cum laude in 1986. In 2016 he would give a $250,000 prize to that same space-minded student group.
Intel, Bell Labs and Andersen Consulting were among the employers that offered Bezos jobs when he left Princeton in 1986. He chose Fitel, a financial technology telecommunications start-up, where he was asked to build a network for international trade. There he rose to head of development and director of customer service. From 1988 to 1990 he worked as a product manager at Bankers Trust. Then he joined D. E. Shaw & Co, a newly created hedge fund that leaned heavily on mathematical modeling. He became its fourth senior vice president before he turned 30.
Bezos later described a mental tool he called the regret-minimization framework, which he used at D. E. Shaw and again in Amazon's early years. In his words: "When I'm 80, am I going to regret leaving Wall Street? No. Will I regret missing the beginning of the Internet? Yes."
On the 5th of July 1994, he and his then-wife, MacKenzie Scott, founded Amazon in a rented garage in Bellevue, Washington. They had drafted the business plan on a drive from New York City to Seattle. MacKenzie handled bookkeeping, financial administration and some early freight negotiations. Bezos reportedly weighed basing the company on a Native American reservation near San Francisco, partly for tax reasons. He first called the business Cadabra, then renamed it after the Amazon River. The name began with the first letter of the alphabet, which mattered when website listings were alphabetized. It also suited his hope of building the world's largest online bookstore. His parents invested an estimated $300,000.
Three years after the founding, in 1997, Bezos took Amazon public. The offering raised $54 million for the company and made him a millionaire. Reports in Fortune and Barron's were critical, but he insisted that internet growth would overtake larger book retailers such as Borders and Barnes & Noble.
In 1998 he added music and video, and by year's end the shelves held a variety of other consumer goods. He spent money from the 1997 offering on smaller internet companies. These included a majority stake in Pets.com in 1999 and a portion of Kozmo.com, bought for $60 million. Both failed after the dot-com bubble collapsed in 2000. By the end of that year Bezos had borrowed $2 billion from banks, while Amazon's cash had dipped to only $350 million.
Amazon Web Services launched in 2002 under his leadership. Later that year revenues stagnated and the company nearly went bankrupt, so he closed distribution centers and laid off 14 percent of the workforce. In 2003 Amazon turned a profit of $35 million.
In November 2007 came the Kindle. A 2008 Time profile reported that Bezos wanted readers to reach a "flow state" like the one video games produce. In 2013 he secured a $600 million cloud computing contract with the Central Intelligence Agency, and Amazon was recognized as the largest online shopping retailer in the world that October.
On the 5th of July 2021, he stepped down as chief executive and became executive chairman, with Andy Jassy of Amazon Web Services taking over. By December 2024 he told a DealBook Summit audience that he was giving 95 percent of his time to artificial intelligence initiatives at Amazon.
"Get Big Fast" was the mantra Bezos coined to explain why Amazon had to scale until it dominated its market. He preferred to pour profits back into the business rather than pay dividends. In the 1990s and early 2000s he tried to quantify nearly everything, even listing employees on spreadsheets and basing executive decisions on data.
Some of his habits became corporate lore. He does not schedule early morning meetings, and he enforces a two-pizza rule, meaning a meeting should be small enough for two pizzas to feed everyone. Instead of slide decks, senior staff present six-page narratives. A 2018 report said he met investors for just six hours a year. Since 1998 he has written a shareholder letter each year, usually returning to five principles. They are to focus on customers rather than competitors, take risks for market leadership, support staff morale, build a company culture, and empower people. Customers can write to jeff@amazon.com. He does not reply, but he forwards some messages to executives with a single question mark in the subject line. He prefers the phrase "work-life harmony" to "work-life balance", arguing that balance implies choosing one over the other. Journalist Walt Mossberg labeled the idea that people who cannot tolerate criticism should not attempt anything new as "The Bezos Principle".
A harsher portrait comes from journalist Brad Stone, whose book The Everything Store recorded remarks attributed to Bezos such as "I'm sorry, did I take my stupid pills today?" and "Are you lazy or just incompetent?" Stone also reported a third line, "Why are you ruining my life?" According to the same account, Bezos set Amazon teams against one another. He once refused to give employees city bus passes, hoping to discourage them from leaving the office.
In May 2014 the International Trade Union Confederation named Bezos the "World's Worst Boss". Its general secretary, Sharan Burrow, said he represented the "inhumanity of employers who are promoting the North American corporate model".
Pressure peaked in 2018. After a Quartz report highlighted his fortune, Amazon workers in Poland, Germany and Spain held demonstrations and strikes over pay and conditions. In September 2018, Senator Bernie Sanders introduced the Stop Bad Employers by Zeroing Out Subsidies Act, whose acronym spelled out Bezos's surname. The non-profit New Food Economy had found that one third of Amazon workers in Arizona relied on food stamps, as did one tenth of those in Pennsylvania and Ohio. Sanders asked: "Instead of attempting to explore Mars or go to the moon, how about Jeff Bezos pays his workers a living wage?" Amazon replied that it had created 130,000 jobs in 2017. It called a median salary figure of $28,446 "misleading" because the figure included part-time workers. On the 2nd of October 2018, Bezos announced a company-wide raise that lifted American minimum-wage workers to $15 per hour, and Sanders applauded.
A year later, Harvard Business Review left Bezos out of its top 100 chief executives. That list weighed environmental, social and governance scores, and the magazine cited Amazon's low marks on working conditions, data security and antitrust issues. The same publication had ranked him the best performer for several years running.
In September 2000, Bezos founded Blue Origin as a human spaceflight start-up. The ambition was old. In a 1982 Miami Herald interview, the 18-year-old had imagined hotels, amusement parks and colonies for people in orbit. He argued that moving beyond Earth would spare it from overuse and resource depletion. Rob Meyerson served as the company's first president, leading it from 2003 to 2017.
In March 2003, Bezos was aboard a helicopter that crashed in West Texas while surveying land to buy for Blue Origin. The pilot, Charles "Cheater" Bella, Amazon lawyer Elizabeth Korrell and rancher Ty Holland were also aboard. All four survived, and Bezos was released from a local hospital the same day with minor injuries.
Blue Origin kept a low profile until 2006, when it bought a large tract of land in West Texas for a launch and test site. In September 2011, an uncrewed prototype crashed during a short-hop test flight. Press coverage treated it as a setback but also noted how far the company had come. After the crash, Bezos began wearing his "lucky" Texas cowboy boots to every rocket launch. In May 2013 he met Virgin Galactic chairman Richard Branson to discuss commercial spaceflight, and commentators have grouped him with Branson and Elon Musk as billionaires who put space first.
Bezos also used his personal investment firm, Bezos Expeditions, to fund a 2013 recovery of two Saturn V first-stage F-1 engines from the Atlantic Ocean floor. They were positively identified as belonging to the S-1C stage of Apollo 11, flown in July 1969. The engines now stand on display at the Seattle Museum of Flight.
In November 2015, Blue Origin's New Shepard rocketed to its planned test altitude of 329,839 feet, or 100.5 kilometers. It then made a vertical landing back at the West Texas launch site. In 2016 Bezos let select journalists tour and photograph the facility. From that year he sold $1 billion of Amazon stock annually to fund the effort. In December 2017, New Shepard flew and landed with dummy passengers, and the company built six vehicles to support testing and commercial operations. In May 2018 Bezos said the main goal was to protect Earth's natural resources by making humans a multi-planetary species. By July 2018 he had priced commercial tickets from $200,000 to $300,000 per person.
On the 20th of July 2021, Bezos himself flew on the NS-16 mission, alongside his half-brother Mark Bezos, Wally Funk and Oliver Daemen. The launch came nine days after Branson flew aboard Virgin Galactic's Unity 22. The suborbital flight lasted over 10 minutes and reached a peak altitude of 66.5 miles.
On the 5th of August 2013, Bezos announced that he was buying The Washington Post for $250 million in cash. His friend Don Graham had suggested the idea. Bezos set up a limited liability company, Nash Holdings, to own the paper, and the sale closed on the 1st of October 2013. In March 2014 he made his first notable change by lifting the online paywall for subscribers of several local newspapers in Texas, Hawaii and Minnesota. In January 2016 he set out to turn the paper into a media and technology company by rebuilding its digital, mobile and analytics systems. After a surge in readership that year, the paper was profitable for the first time since the purchase.
Criticism followed. In 2018 more than 400 Post employees signed an open letter that criticized low wages and benefits. They demanded "Fair wages; fair benefits for retirement, family leave and health care; and a fair amount of job security". About 750 employees staged a brief strike in December 2023 over layoff plans. Bezos and the editorial board have denied that he unfairly controls the paper's coverage, and he maintains that it is independent.
In 2024 Bezos blocked the editorial board from endorsing Kamala Harris for president. Former editor Marty Baron called the move "disturbing spinelessness at an institution famed for courage". Editor-at-large Robert Kagan and columnist Michele Norris resigned. Editor David Maraniss said the paper was "dying in darkness". More than 250,000 people, about ten percent of subscribers, cancelled, and three editorial board members left.
In January 2025, editorial cartoonist Ann Telnaes resigned after the Post declined to run her satirical cartoon about American billionaires and President Donald Trump. She called the decision "dangerous for a free press". In February 2025, Bezos announced that the opinion section would publish only views supporting "personal liberties" and "free markets". Opinion editor David Shipley resigned after trying to persuade him to reconsider. Within two days, over 75,000 digital subscribers had reportedly cancelled.
Bezos's relationship with Trump has swung. After the 2016 election he was invited to join the Defense Innovation Advisory Board, yet Trump repeatedly attacked him on Twitter. Axios reported that in July 2024 the two spoke privately, months before the endorsement decision. After Trump's November victory, Bezos dined with Trump and Elon Musk at Mar-a-Lago, and Amazon gave $1 million to the inauguration. Bezos had earlier given to politicians in both parties, including Democratic senators Patty Murray and Maria Cantwell and Republican Spencer Abraham. In 2012 he and MacKenzie contributed $2.5 million to a group backing Washington's same-sex marriage law. In November 2021 he gave $100 million to the Obama Foundation. Because of his reach across industry, politics and media, critics have described him as an oligarch.
In 1992, while working for D. E. Shaw in Manhattan, Bezos met novelist MacKenzie Tuttle, then a research associate at the firm. They married a year later. Together they had four children: three sons and a daughter adopted from China.
A lighter thread runs through his life: Star Trek. In 2011 he told technical advisor Greg Hart that the aim of the project that became Alexa was to build "the Star Trek computer". His family company, Zefram LLC, is named for the series' Zefram Cochrane. After lobbying Paramount, he appeared in the 2016 film Star Trek Beyond as a Starfleet official with one line for a distressed alien: "Speak Normally." He joined the cast and crew at a San Diego Comic-Con screening.
In January 2019, Bezos and MacKenzie released a joint statement announcing their divorce after 25 years together. The National Enquirer then reported his affair with media personality Lauren Sánchez. On the 7th of February 2019, Bezos published an online essay accusing American Media owner David Pecker of "extortion and blackmail". He said Pecker had threatened to publish intimate photos if he did not stop investigating how his texts and photos reached the tabloid. Media reports blamed Sánchez's brother Michael as the source, though Bezos speculated that the Saudi Arabian government might be responsible. The divorce was finalized on the 4th of April 2019. MacKenzie received 25 percent of the couple's Amazon shares, then worth about $36 billion, and Bezos kept all of the voting rights.
The Saudi connection did not end there. In March 2018, Bezos met Crown Prince Mohammad bin Salman in Seattle to discuss investment. In March 2019, his security consultant, Gavin de Becker, accused the Saudi government of hacking Bezos's phone, linking it to Post coverage of the murder of Post writer Jamal Khashoggi. Forensic analysis by FTI Consulting called it "highly probable" that a malicious file hidden in a video, sent over WhatsApp from the crown prince's personal account on the 1st of May 2018, was the means. Saudi Arabia denies the claim.
Journalist Nellie Bowles of The New York Times has described his public persona as "a brilliant but mysterious and coldblooded corporate titan". In the early 2000s many saw him as geeky, and Alan Deutschman described him as "talking in lists". By the early 2010s he wore tailored clothing, weight trained, followed a strict diet and spent more freely. Since 2017, Kyle Mooney and Steve Carell have played him on Saturday Night Live as a domineering figure, and he has been parodied as an enterprising supervillain.
Bezos and Sánchez became engaged in May 2023. They married in Venice on the 27th of June 2025, and the ceremony drew mainstream media attention and various celebrities.
Forbes first listed Bezos among the world's billionaires in 1999, with an estimated $10.1 billion that placed him 19th in the world. By 2001 that figure had fallen to $2.0 billion. He regained ground as Amazon recovered, and by 2015 he was worth an estimated $50.3 billion, entering the world's top ten. On the 10th of October 2017 he made an estimated $6.24 billion in five minutes, slightly less than the annual gross domestic product of Kyrgyzstan.
His net worth passed $100 billion on the 24th of November 2017, and on the 6th of March 2018 Forbes named him the world's wealthiest person at $112 billion. By July 2018 several outlets called him the richest man in modern history. ProPublica found that from 2014 to 2018 he paid $973 million in taxes on $99 billion in wealth growth and $4.22 billion in reported income. During the COVID-19 pandemic, his fortune reportedly grew by $24 billion as locked-down households shopped on Amazon. Estimates published in 2026 put his net worth around $284.1 billion.
He has spent heavily. In June 2019 he bought three adjoining Manhattan apartments overlooking Madison Square Park for $80 million. In February 2020 he paid David Geffen $165 million for the Warner Estate, a record for a Los Angeles-area home. In 2022 he added a 14-acre Maui estate on La Perouse Bay for $78 million. He also owns the Y721, a superyacht estimated to cost more than $500,000,000.
Some of his best bets were quieter. In 1998 he invested $250,000 in Google, which became 3.3 million shares worth about $3.1 billion in 2017. Through Bezos Expeditions he also backed health companies such as Unity Biotechnology, GRAIL, Juno Therapeutics and Zocdoc. In September 2021 he co-founded Altos Labs with Yuri Milner, aiming to use cellular reprogramming for longevity therapies. It recruited scientists including Juan Carlos Izpisúa Belmonte, Steve Horvath and Nobel Prize winner Shinya Yamanaka. It emerged from stealth on the 19th of January 2022 with $3 billion in starting capital and Hal Barron leading its executive team.
Giving came later. In September 2018, Business Insider noted that Bezos was the only one of the five richest people who had not signed the Giving Pledge. In June 2017 he had asked Twitter for philanthropy ideas, when his lifetime giving was estimated at $100 million. In September 2018 he committed about $2 billion to two efforts: the Day 1 Families Fund for homeless families and the Day 1 Academies Fund for preschools serving low-income communities. In February 2020 he pledged $10 billion to the Bezos Earth Fund. That November he announced $791 million for groups including the Environmental Defense Fund and The Nature Conservancy. In July 2021 he created the Courage and Civility Award, giving $100 million each to Van Jones and José Andrés. Dolly Parton received $100 million the next year for her work on children's literacy. In March 2024, actress Eva Longoria and retired admiral Bill McRaven each received $50 million.
In November 2025 he announced a new venture, Project Prometheus, co-founded with former Google executive Vik Bajaj. It plans to apply artificial intelligence to engineering and the manufacture of computers, spacecraft and automobiles.
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Common questions
Who is Jeff Bezos?
Jeff Bezos is an American businessman who founded Amazon in 1994 and later served as its chief executive. He also founded the spaceflight company Blue Origin and bought The Washington Post.
When and how did Jeff Bezos start Amazon?
Jeff Bezos founded Amazon on the 5th of July 1994 in a rented garage in Bellevue, Washington. He had written the business plan on a drive from New York City to Seattle, and the company began as an online bookstore.
Why did Jeff Bezos name the company Amazon?
Jeff Bezos renamed his company Cadabra to Amazon after the Amazon River. The name starts with the letter A, which placed it early in alphabetized website listings, and it suited his goal of building the world's largest online bookstore.
What is Blue Origin and what did Jeff Bezos do with it?
Blue Origin is a human spaceflight company Jeff Bezos founded in September 2000. On the 20th of July 2021 he flew on its NS-16 mission, which lasted over 10 minutes and reached 66.5 miles.
When did Jeff Bezos buy The Washington Post and why was it controversial?
Jeff Bezos announced the purchase of The Washington Post for $250 million on the 5th of August 2013. In 2024 he blocked the editorial board from endorsing Kamala Harris, and more than 250,000 subscribers cancelled.
What happened in the Jeff Bezos divorce from MacKenzie Scott?
Jeff Bezos and MacKenzie announced their divorce in January 2019 after 25 years together, and it was finalized on the 4th of April 2019. MacKenzie received 25 percent of the Amazon shares, and Bezos kept all the voting rights.
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345 references cited across the entry
- 1NewsRiding the Wild, Perilous Waters of Amazone.comPeter de Jonge — March 14, 1999
- 2NewsJeff Bezos pronounces his name2009
- 3MagazineJeff Bezos
- 4MagazineJeff Bezos
- 5The global elite: power and influenceNadia Batok — 15 January 2025
- 6Jeff Bezos, Global Elites And RevolutionBinu Mathew — 28 July 2017
- 9NewsUPI Almanac for Sunday, Jan. 12, 2020January 12, 2020
- 10Robinson (2010), pp. 14, 100
- 11Robinson (2010), pp. 14–15
- 12Brad Stone, (2013). The Everything Store. United States: Little, Brown.
- 13BookThe Everything Store: Jeff Bezos and the Age of AmazonLittle, Brown — October 15, 2013
- 14Jeff Bezos's single teen mom brought him to night school with her when he was a babyCatherine Clifford — CNBC — June 14, 2019
- 16NewsThe Secrets of Bezos: How Amazon Became the Everything StoreBrad Stone — Bloomberg News — October 10, 2013
- 17BookThe Everything StoreBrad Stone — Little, Brown — 2013
- 18Robinson (2010), pp. 14, 18
- 19Robinson (2010), p. 15
- 20NewsBike shop owner discovers he's father of Amazon founderAlistair Barr — October 10, 2013
- 21Family of Voices: Miguel BezosMarch 16, 2017
- 22Robinson (2010), p. 18
- 23Robinson (2010), p. 16
- 24Robinson (2010), p. 17
- 25NewsAt Last, Jeff Bezos Offers a Hint of His Philanthropic PlansRobert Frank — June 15, 2017
- 26Jeff Bezos just sold $534 million worth of Amazon stockEmily Parkhurst — August 5, 2015
- 27Robinson (2010), p. 19
- 28NewsJeff Bezos: A rocket launched from Miami's Palmetto HighLuisa Yanez — August 5, 2013
- 29NewsFace Time With Jeff BezosCharles Fishman — January 31, 2001
- 30NewsAmazon.com's Bezos invests in space travel, timeAmy Martinez — March 31, 2012
- 31Robinson (2010), p. 24
- 32NewsJeff Bezos's Master PlanFranklin Foer — November 1, 2019
- 33NewsInside the Mind of Jeff BezosAlan Deutschman — August 1, 2004
- 34VideoJeff Bezos At The Economic Club Of Washington (9/13/18)CNBC — 13 September 2018
- 38The Sri Lankan who solved a maths problem for Jeff Bezos & gave the world AmazonRegina Mihindukulasuriya — 20 September 2018
- 39About
- 40Robinson (2010), pp. 25–27
- 42Robinson (2010), p. 26
- 43Robinson (2010), p. 7
- 44NewsThe Inner BezosChip Bayers — July 2003
- 45Robinson (2010), pp. 9–12
- 46NewsHow Amazon's Jeff Bezos went from the son of a teen mom to the richest person in the worldCatherine Clifford — CNBC — October 27, 2017
- 48MagazineMacKenzie Bezos and the Myth of the Lone Genius FounderLouise Matsakis
- 49NewsWho's Writing the Book on Web Business?William Taylor — October 31, 1996
- 51NewsAmazon is celebrating its 25th birthday. Here's how the e-commerce giant got its nameShana Lebowitz — July 5, 2019
- 52NewsChild Prodigy, Online PioneerMark Leibovich — September 3, 2000
- 54Robinson (2010), p. 56
- 55If You Invested in Amazon at Its IPO, You Could Have Been a MillionaireLucinda Shen — May 15, 2017
- 56NewsA Retail Revolution Turns 10Gary Rivlin — July 10, 2005
- 57The electricity metaphor for the web's futureJeff Bezos — April 9, 2007
- 58Amazon records first profitable year in its historyJuan Carlos Perez — 2004-01-28
- 59Amazon: Reinventing the BookNovember 17, 2007
- 60NewsThe 2008 Time 100Josh Quittner — May 12, 2008
- 61NewsHow Jeff Bezos was selected for, but never joined, the Defense Innovation BoardChristian Davenport et al. — February 23, 2018
- 62NewsBezos: I never expected this'January 4, 2013
- 63Bezos Jeffrey P.: Insider Trading TransactionsInsiderMole.com
- 65Amazon posts quarterly profit of $1.9 billion, its highest everAbha Bhattarai — February 1, 2018
- 67NewsBillionaire Jeff Bezos Will Star in Amazon's Super Bowl AdLydia Belanger — January 29, 2018
- 68NewsAmazon posts largest profit in its history on sales, tax boostJeffrey Dastin — February 1, 2018
- 69NewsAfter losing China, Jeff Bezos really wants to win in IndiaMarch 9, 2018
- 70NewsJeff Bezos Is $1.8 Billion Richer As Amazon's Market Cap Briefly Hits $1 TrillionLauren Debter — September 4, 2018
- 71The Benefits of BillionairesMarch 20, 2019
- 72Five Things You Need to Know to Start Your DayMarch 5, 2018
- 73NewsForget Zuckerberg: Why Trump Is "Obsessed" with Breaking BezosMaya Kosoff
- 74NewsThe World's Richest Man Just Lost $10.7 Billion as Trump Tweets About AmazonLucinda Shen — January 2, 2018
- 75NewsWhy a Trump-Led Antitrust Case Against Amazon Is a Long ShotLaura Stevens — April 9, 2018
- 76NewsCongress demands Jeff Bezos explain Amazon's face recognition softwareSean Captain — July 26, 2018
- 77171027-F-DC888008December 31, 2011
- 78NewsBernie Sanders introduces 'Stop BEZOS Act'Abha Bhattarai — September 5, 2018
- 79Bernie Sanders introduces 'Stop BEZOS' bill to tax Amazon for underpaying workersAdi Robertson — September 5, 2018
- 80Bernie Sanders's BEZOS bill takes aim at how Amazon pays workersEmily Stewart — Vox — September 5, 2018
- 81Bernie Sanders targets Amazon, Walmart with 100% taxKate Gibson — CBS — September 5, 2018
- 82Response to Senator SandersAugust 29, 2018
- 83NewsWhat the Bernie Sanders Amazon welfare fight is really aboutArthur Delaney et al. — September 5, 2018
- 84NewsAmazon to raise minimum wage to $15 for all U.S. workersKaren Weise — October 2, 2018
- 85NewsWhy Amazon really raised its minimum wage to $15Louise Matsakis — October 2, 2018
- 87NewsJeff Bezos to Step Down as Amazon C.E.O.Karen Weise — February 2, 2021
- 88NewsAmazon will have a new CEO as Jeff Bezos transitions to executive chair later this yearChaim Gartenberg — February 2, 2021
- 89Bezos' memo to fellow AmazoniansAmazon.com — February 2, 2021
- 90Bezos Day One Fund awards $110.5 million for homeless familiesNovember 20, 2024
- 92Amazon founder Jeff Bezos sells shares worth over $4bn14 February 2024
- 93Jeff Bezos says he's 'putting a lot of time' in at Amazon to help it become an AI winnerJyoti Mann — December 5, 2024
- 94Amazon's top AI exec says industry concerns that LLMs hit a 'wall' are overblown, says Jeff Bezos 'very involved' in AI effortsJason Del Rey — December 9, 2024
- 95Blue Origin RevealedAlan Boyle — MSNBC — December 9, 2011
- 96NewsFor Jeff Bezos, a new frontierPeter Whoriskey — August 12, 2013
- 98NewsBuzz in West Texas is about Jeff Bezos space craft launch siteMylene Mangalindan — November 10, 2006
- 99NewsJeff Bezos Owns the Web in More Ways Than You ThinkSteven Levy — November 13, 2011
- 102NewsUnplugged: Richard Branson's otherworldly space questMark Veverka — May 27, 2013
- 103NewsThree Billionaires Are Racing to Space. Who Will Win?Simon Worrall — April 7, 2018
- 104Bezos Not Concerned About Competition, Possible ULA SaleJeff Foust — September 15, 2015
- 106Jeff Bezos says he wants to fly into space 'as soon as possible'Eric Berger — March 10, 2016
- 108Blue Origin plans growth spurt this yearJeff Foust — March 8, 2016
- 109Jeff Bezos Says He Is Selling $1 Billion a Year in Amazon Stock to Finance Race to SpaceNicholas St. Fluer — April 5, 2017
- 110Jeff Bezos: Blue Origin Wants to Colonize the Solar SystemJamie Ayque — September 27, 2016
- 111NewsJeff Bezos: 'We will have to leave this planet ... and it's going to make this planet better'Alan Boyle — May 29, 2018
- 112NewsExclusive: Jeff Bezos plans to charge at least $200,000 for space...Eric M. Johnson — July 16, 2018
- 113NewsJeff Bezos and brother to fly to space in Blue Origin flightJune 7, 2021
- 115NewsWashington Post to be sold to Jeff BezosPaul Farhi — August 6, 2013
- 116VideoJeff Bezos at the Economic Club of WashingtonSeptember 14, 2018
- 117NewsJeff Bezos is buying The Washington Post. Here's what you need to know about the sale.Dylan Matthews — August 8, 2013
- 118NewsThe Washington Post closes sale to Amazon founder Jeff BezosPaul Farhi — October 1, 2013
- 119NewsJeff Bezos Makes His First Major Move at the Washington PostVictor Luckerson — March 19, 2014
- 120NewsThe Washington Post Is a Software Company NowHarry McCrakken — November 17, 2017
- 121NewsHow Jeff Bezos Reacts to 'Negative' Amazon Articles in the Washington PostJen Wieczner
- 122More than 400 Washington Post staffers wrote an open letter to Jeff Bezos calling out his 'shocking' pay practicesIsobel Asher Hamilton — June 15, 2018
- 123NewsExpecting the Unexpected From Jeff BezosDavid Streitfeld et al. — August 17, 2013
- 124News'Washington Post' May Find Conflicts in Amazon CoverageMelissa Block — NPR
- 125News'Washington Post' journalists stage daylong strike under threat of job cutsDavid Folkenflik — December 7, 2023
- 126Washington Post won't endorse candidate in 2024 presidential election after Bezos decisionHadas Gold et al. — 2024-10-25
- 127NewsThe Washington Post says it will not endorse a candidate for presidentManuel Roig-Franzia et al. — 2024-10-25
- 128Jeff Bezos killed Washington Post endorsement of Kamala Harris, paper reportsDan Mangan — 2024-10-25
- 129Washington Post Columnist Michele Norris Resigns Over Bezos Scrapping Harris Endorsement: 'A Terrible Mistake'Adam Chitwood — 2024-10-27
- 130NewsMore than 250,000 subscribers have left 'Washington Post' over withheld endorsementDavid Folkenflik — 2024-10-29
- 132Washington Post cancellations hit 250,000 – 10% of subscribersEdward Helmore — 2024-10-29
- 133NewsJeff Bezos overhauls Washington Post opinion section, says it will focus on 'personal liberties and free markets'Marlene Lenthang — 26 February 2025
- 134NewsBezos' Directive for Washington Post Opinion Pages Leads to Editor David Shipley's ExitBenjamin Mullin — 2025-02-26
- 135NewsBezos' changes at 'Washington Post' lead to mass subscription cancellations – againDavid Folkenfirk — February 28, 2025
- 136The Unique Danger of a Trumpist OligarchyFranklin Foer — 2024-11-02
- 137The rise of the American oligarchyTim Murphy
- 139NewsInside Jeff Bezos' $80 billion empireAbigail Hess — CNBC — August 29, 2017
- 142NewsGoogle's co-founders and other Silicon Valley billionaires are trying to live foreverEster Bloom — CNBC — March 31, 2017
- 143NewsWe can learn a lot about Jeff Bezos' health strategy by looking at his investmentsChristina Farr — CNBC — February 3, 2018
- 144Why Jeff Bezos Might Be the One to Crack the Health Care ChallengeAdam Lashinsky — January 31, 2018
- 145NewsAmazon, Berkshire Hathaway and JPMorgan Team Up to Try to Disrupt Health CareNick Wingfield et al. — January 30, 2018
- 146Jeff Bezos Wants Ideas for Philanthropy, So He Asked TwitterNick Wingfield — June 15, 2017
- 147Billionaire Bezos adds to eclectic interestsAmy Martinez — August 5, 2013
- 149The Engines That Propelled Us into Space, Recovered From the Ocean FloorMegan Garber — March 20, 2013
- 150Rocket Engine Part Recovered by Amazon CEO Has Apollo 11 HistoryRobert Z. Pearlman — July 19, 2013
- 151Bezos Salvage Team Plucks Apollo Rocket Engines from AtlanticDamon Poeter — March 20, 2013
- 154NewsMeet Altos Labs, Silicon Valley's latest wild bet on living foreverAntonio Regalado — September 4, 2021
- 156NewsJeff Bezos Creates A.I. Start-Up Where He Will Be Co-Chief ExecutiveCade Metz — 2025-11-17
- 157NewsJeff Bezos, Mr. Amazon.com, Steps OutNick Wingfield et al. — 2018
- 158The Everything Store: Jeff Bezos and the Age of AmazonMichiko Kakutani — October 28, 2013
- 159News'A managerial Mephistopheles': Inside the mind of Jeff BezosMark O'Connell — February 4, 2021
- 160A Tale of Two PlatformsTim O'Reilly — April 13, 2021
- 161BookGeektionary: From Anime to Zettabyte, An A to Z Guide to All Things GeekGregory Bergman et al. — Simon and Schuster — 2010
- 162If Jeff Bezos really wanted to rule the world, he'd pose for corny photos like he used toChloe Bryan — October 20, 2017
- 163NewsIs Jeff Bezos a Horrible Boss and Is That Good?George Anderson
- 164NewsWhy Trump went after Bezos: Two billionaires across a cultural divideMarc Fisher — April 4, 2018
- 165VideoThe Everything Store: Jeff Bezos and the Age of Amazon, Brad Stone, Talks at GoogleOctober 31, 2013
- 1669 Shocking Anecdotes That Reveal Jeff Bezos's Cutthroat Management StyleAine Caine — November 14, 2017
- 167How Jeff Bezos Became a Power Beyond AmazonAdam Lashinsky
- 168Guess How Many Pillsbury Biscuits Jeff Bezos Used to Eat DailyMadison Malone Kircher — November 16, 2017
- 169NewsHow Amazon Got Swole Just Like CEO Jeff BezosDavid Lidsky — February 27, 2018
- 171NewsOn SNL, a bald Steve Carell plays Jeff Bezos – and won't stop trolling TrumpAmy Wang — November 18, 2018
- 175Amazon's Jeff Bezos Wins ITUC's World's Worst Boss PollInternational Trade Union Confederation — May 22, 2014
- 176For Bezos, Now World's Richest, Philanthropy Is 'Saved for Later'Diane Bass — October 31, 2017
- 177NewsAmazon launches a scathing response to Times storyKrishnadev Calamur — October 19, 2015
- 178Jeff Bezos responds to 'New York Times' report on Amazon's workplaceNPR — August 17, 2015
- 179NewsThis is the Jeff Bezos playbook for preventing Amazon's demiseJason Del Ray — April 12, 2017
- 180NewsAmazon's Bezos could teach large companies a thing or two about strategyYuval Atsmon — April 22, 2017
- 181NewsJeff Bezos' guide to lifeJosh Constine — 5 November 2017
- 182What Amazon's Jeff Bezos thinks about Peter Thiel and Hulk Hogan vs. GawkerWalt Mossberg — June 2, 2016
- 184NewsThis is Jeff Bezos' 3-question test for new Amazon employeesAli Montag — CNBC — August 1, 2018
- 185NewsKevin's Week in Tech: Jeff Bezos Reminds Tech Who's BossKevin Roose — April 20, 2018
- 186News5 key business lessons from Amazon's Jeff BezosTim Mullaney — CNBC — January 12, 2017
- 187What Makes Amazon CEO Jeff Bezos Such a Visionary LeaderAdam Lashinsky
- 188NewsJeff Bezos keeps his Amazon email address publichere's whyNovember 23, 2020
- 189NewsAmazon CEO Jeff Bezos explains his famous one-character emails, known to strike fear in manager's heartsJulie Bort — April 21, 2018
- 190MagazineThe Numbers in Jeff Bezos's HeadDaniel McGinn — Harvard Business School Publishing — November 2014
- 191Forum on Leadership: Conversation with Jeff BezosKenneth Hersh — April 20, 2018
- 192NewsJeffrey Preston Bezos: 1999 Person of the yearJoshua Cooper Ramo — December 27, 1999
- 193NewsAmerica's Best Leaders: Jeff Bezos, Amazon.com.com CEODavid LaGesse — November 19, 2008
- 195NewsCharging ahead: e-book design and popularity win Kindle creators Innovation AwardSeptember 19, 2011
- 196Amazon's Jeff Bezos: The ultimate disrupterAdam Lashinsky
- 197Bilderberg 2011 list of participantsBilderbergMeetings.org
- 198NewsAmazon's Jeff Bezos appointed chairman of Washington-based Business CouncilJ. D. Harrison — 2023-04-16
- 199MagazineThe Best-Performing CEOs in the World, 2019November 2019
- 201Bezos wins Heinlein Prize commercial space awardJune 21, 2016
- 202NewsJeff Bezos on nuclear reactors in space, the lack of bacon on Mars and humanity's destiny in the solar systemChristian Davenport — September 15, 2016
- 203Bezos receives Heinlein Prize for Blue Origin progressJames Dean - Florida Today — 2016-09-28
- 205Jeff Bezos gets a kick out of winning the first Buzz Aldrin Space Innovation AwardAlan Boyle — July 17, 2017
- 206NewsJeff Bezos responded to reports of poor working conditions at Amazon – here's what he saidHannah Schwär — April 26, 2018
- 207NewsJeff Bezos: The World's 100 Most Influential PeopleJamie Dimon — April 26, 2018
- 208Press releaseJeff Bezos headlines newest class of inductees into Living Legends of AviationKiddie Hawk Air Academy
- 209NewsEmmanuel Macron criticised for giving Légion d'honneur to Jeff BezosKim Willsher — February 23, 2023
- 210Main data source: Forbes World's Billionaires Estimates; additional reference: Bloomberg Billionaires Index
- 211The Age When 17 Self-Made Billionaires Earned Their First MillionKathleen Elkins — February 11, 2016
- 212World's Billionaire List 1999Eduardo Casais
- 213World's Billionaire List 2000Eduardo Casais
- 214World's Billionaire List 2001Eduardo Casais
- 215World's Billionaire List 2002Eduardo Casais
- 216World's Billionaire List 2003Eduardo Casais
- 217NewsThe World's Richest People
- 218World's Billionaire List 2009Eduardo Casais
- 219World's Billionaire List 2008Eduardo Casais
- 220World's Billionaire List 2010Eduardo Casais
- 222Jeff Bezos's Net Worth Dives in 2014Nick Summers — April 21, 2014
- 224NewsThe Full List of Every American Billionaire 2016Chase Peterson-Withorn
- 226NewsThe Richest People in the WorldJennifer Calfas
- 227NewsAmazon CEO Jeff Bezos Is the Richest Person in the World – AgainKate Vinton
- 228NewsJeff Bezos is now worth $100 billionChris Isidore — CNN
- 229NewsForbes 2017 Billionaires List: Meet The Richest People on the PlanetKerry A. Dolan
- 230NewsJeff Bezos Made $6.2 Billion in 5 Minutes and Became the World's Richest Person (How Was Your Thursday?)Bill Murphy — October 27, 2017
- 231NewsAmerica produced the largest number of billionaires in the worldLucy Bayly — NBC News — March 6, 2018
- 233NewsHere's Why Jeff Bezos Is Not Truly The Richest Person in HistoryNoah Kirsch
- 235NewsForbes Billionaires 2018: Meet The Richest People on the PlanetLuisa Kroll
- 237NewsBezos' Billions: The Wealth of a 'Centi-Billionaire'March 7, 2018
- 238NewsIs Jeff Bezos's Massive Wealth Becoming a Problem?Maya Kosoff — July 17, 2018
- 239NewsJeff Bezos's Net Worth Hits Record $151 Billion After Strong Amazon 'Prime Day'Kathleen Chaykowski — July 17, 2018
- 240NewsJeff Bezos Becomes the Richest Man in Modern History, Topping $150 BillionJuly 17, 2018
- 241NewsJeff Bezos Is Now the Richest Man in Modern History, Topping $150 BillionJuly 17, 2018
- 242NewsJeff Bezos becomes the richest person in modern history amid Amazon Prime Day kickoffSally French — July 17, 2018
- 243NewsIs Jeff Bezos Really the Richest of Them All?Jo Craven McGinty — August 10, 2018
- 244World's richest man Jeff Bezos divorcesJanuary 10, 2019
- 245NewsJeff Bezos, World's Richest Person, Announces Divorce After 25 Years Of MarriageNoah Kirsch — January 9, 2019
- 246MacKenzie Bezos, author, philanthropist, and soon to be world's richest woman?Mike Snider — January 10, 2019
- 248NewsJeff Bezos Buys Three Manhattan Apartments for $80 Million – The combined space totals 17,000 square feetJordi Lippe-Mcgraw — June 5, 2019
- 249Amazon's Jeff Bezos Stiffs Tommy Mottola In $7.65 Million DealCarmela Ciuraru — October 4, 1999
- 250Will Jeff Bezos live in one of his Upper West Side apartments when Amazon comes to town?Devin Gannon — November 15, 2018
- 251NewsJeff Bezos Buys David Geffen's Los Angeles Mansion for a Record $165 MillionKaty McLaughlin et al. — February 12, 2020
- 252NewsAmazon founder Jeff Bezos buys 'most expensive home' in Los AngelesSky News — February 13, 2020
- 253NewsAmazon CEO Jeff Bezos grows fortune by $24bn amid coronavirus pandemicKenya Evelyn — April 15, 2020
- 254NewsJeff Bezos Drops $16 Million on Another Manhattan Pad to Create a 'Vertical' Dream HomeFang Block — April 17, 2020
- 255NewsRotterdam Is Dismantling a Historic Bridge for Jeff Bezos's SuperyachtEmily Burack — Town & Country — February 3, 2022
- 258Jeff Bezos
- 259Jeff Bezos Just Added a $78M Hawaiian Estate to His $500M Real Estate PortfolioStephanie Rogers — 2022-01-10
- 260News4 Jeff BezosBloomberg News — May 19, 2026
- 261NewsThe Inner BezosChip Bayers
- 262Quoted: She Said, He Said – MacKenzie Bezos Vs. Author of Book on AmazonLevi Sumagaysay — The Mercury News — November 5, 2013
- 263NewsThe Inner BezosChip Bayers
- 264NewsJeff Bezos Fast FactsCNN — March 24, 2016
- 265NewsAmazon Chief Survives Helicopter Crash in TexasNick Wingfield
- 266BookThe Space Barons : Elon Musk, Jeff Bezos, and the Quest to Colonize the CosmosChristian Davenport — PublicAffairs — 2018
- 267Amazon founder Jeff Bezos reveals Star Trek Beyond alien cameoBBC — July 21, 2016
- 268Vlahos, James (2019). Talk to Me: How Voice Computing Will Transform the Way We Live, Work and Think, p. 40, Boston and New York: Houghton Mifflin Harcourt. .
- 269NewsJeff Bezos, long known for guarding his privacy, faces his most public and personal crisisCraig Timberg et al.
- 270Amazon CEO Jeff Bezos and wife MacKenzie to divorce after 25 years of marriageMike Snider — January 9, 2019
- 271NewsJeff and MacKenzie Bezos are getting divorced after 25 years of marriageCNN — July 21, 2016
- 272What Jeff Bezos' intimate-message breach teaches us about digital securitySam Dean — February 8, 2019
- 274NewsJeff Bezos Walks Through a One-Way Door, Opening a New Age for AmazonBrad Stone — February 2, 2021
- 275NewsJeff Bezos Accuses National Enquirer of 'Extortion and Blackmail'Karen Weise — February 7, 2019
- 276No thank you, Mr. PeckerJeff Bezos — Medium.com — February 7, 2019
- 279Jeff Bezos and Lauren Sánchez are engagedChloe Melas et al. — May 22, 2023
- 283Every Celebrity at Jeff Bezos And Lauren Sánchez's WeddingMychal Thompson — 2025-06-29
- 286NewsThe politics of Jeff BezosSean Sullivan — August 7, 2013
- 287Amazon's Jeff Bezos, wife, make $2.5 million donation for gay marriageElaine Porterfield — July 28, 2012
- 289NewsWhy Amazon's collaboration with the CIA is so ominous – and vulnerableNorman Solomon — February 20, 2014
- 290DoD's $10B cloud contract comes under protest 11 days after final RFPJason Miller — Federal News Radio — August 7, 2018
- 291News"Everybody immediately knew that it was for Amazon": Has Bezos become more powerful in DC than Trump?May Jeong — August 13, 2018
- 292NewsMicrosoft wins Pentagon's $10bn cloud computing contractOctober 26, 2019
- 293Amazon suing Pentagon over $10B cloud contract, alleging 'bias'Jacqueline Feldscher et al. — November 14, 2019
- 294Pentagon cancels $10 billion JEDI cloud contract that Amazon and Microsoft were fighting overAmanda Macias et al. — CNBC — July 6, 2021
- 295NewsAmazon Pushes ICE to Buy Its Face Recognition Surveillance TechJake Laperruque — October 23, 2018
- 296Amazon's growing spending on Seattle politics includes a spate of donations from Jeff Bezos' 'S Team'Jim Brunner et al. — October 20, 2019
- 298Jeff Bezos donates to Obama Foundation in honor of John LewisNBC News — November 22, 2021
- 299NewsThe Hillary Clinton billionaires clubPaul R. La Monica — CNN — August 2, 2016
- 301NewsSlammed by Trump, Amazon's Jeff Bezos Chooses SilenceLaura Stevens et al. — April 9, 2018
- 302Why Jeff Bezos Is Dumping Cash into Trump's SwampMaya Kosoff — February 14, 2018
- 303NewsDonald Trump called out Jeff Bezos on Twitter. Then Bezos called his bluff.Chris Cillizza — December 7, 2015
- 304NewsJeff Bezos congratulates Trump for 'extraordinary political comeback and decisive victory'Liam Reilly — November 6, 2024
- 305Billionaire Buyers Like Jeff Bezos Have Supercharged Miami's High-End Home MarketKatherine Clarke — August 21, 2023
- 306The inside story of how the Bezos-Trump alliance beganAlex Isenstadt — 2025-02-27
- 307Trump says he had dinner with Bezos week of Washington Post changesJaden Amos — 2025-02-28
- 308How Jeff Bezos made peace with Donald TrumpAnna Nicolaou et al. — March 19, 2025
- 309NewsSaudi crown prince meets Amazon CEO Jeff Bezos in SeattleMarch 31, 2018
- 310NewsHe's Come UndoneAmy Chozick — March 3, 2019
- 311NewsSaudi Arabia 'hacked Amazon boss's phone', says investigatorMarch 31, 2019
- 312NewsJeff Bezos hack: Amazon boss's phone 'hacked by Saudi crown prince'Stephanie Kirchgaessner — January 22, 2020
- 313NewsHow Jeff Bezos' iPhone X Was HackedSheera Frenkel — January 22, 2020
- 314NewsJeff Bezos hack: Saudi Arabia calls claim 'absurd'January 22, 2020
- 316Amazon CEO Jeff Bezos and family donate $20M to Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research CenterTaylor Soper — April 7, 2014
- 318NewsUnanswered questions about Jeff Bezos' new $2 billion philanthropic fundEugene Kim — CNBC — September 16, 2018
- 319NewsJeff Bezos just gave $1 million to the Reporters Committee for Freedom of the PressMichael Grothaus — May 24, 2017
- 320NewsJeff Bezos wants to give more money to charity. He should pay his workers first.Frederick Kunkle — September 1, 2017
- 321NewsIf Jeff Bezos wants to help low-income people why not just pay them better?Marina Hyde — September 14, 2018
- 322NewsWhat Has Jeff Bezos Chosen to Spend His $140B On? We Have 4 GuessesSissi Cao — June 6, 2018
- 323NewsJeff Bezos to fund schools where 'child will be the customer' with new charitySam Levin — September 13, 2018
- 324NewsJeff Bezos to Create $2 Billion Fund for Homeless, PreschoolsLaura Stevens — September 13, 2018
- 325NewsJeff Bezos Unveils Multibillion-Dollar Plans For Charitable GivingAngel Au-Yeung — September 13, 2018
- 326NewsJeff Bezos donates $33 million to scholarship fund for 'dreamers'Ed O'Keefe et al. — January 12, 2018
- 328NewsBacked by Bill Gates and Jeff Bezos, Breakthrough Energy Ventures places first bets on power storageAlan Boyle — June 18, 2018
- 329Jeff Bezos donates $10 million to organization that helps veterans run for officeDavid Goldman — September 5, 2018
- 330Instagram a new Bezos Earth FundFebruary 17, 2020
- 332NewsJeff Bezos: World's richest man pledges $10bn to fight climate changeFebruary 17, 2020
- 335Jeff Bezos names first recipients of his $10 billion Earth Fund for combating climate changeAnnie Palmer — CNBC — November 16, 2020
- 336NewsTwitter boss pledges $1bn for coronavirus reliefApril 7, 2020
- 337NewsWhy Jeff Bezos's $100 million donation to food banks won't satisfy his criticsTheodore Schleifer — April 2, 2020
- 338Jeff Bezos Pledges $2B for Nature Conservation as World Leaders Address Deforestation, EmissionsJason Duaine Hahn — November 2, 2021
- 339NewsOver a pint in Oxford, we may have stumbled upon the holy grail of agricultureGeorge Monbiot — 5 December 2025
- 340NewsBezos donates $100 million each to CNN contributor Van Jones and chef Jose AndresOliver Darcy — July 20, 2021
- 341NewsCountry star Dolly Parton gets $100m award from Amazon founder Jeff BezosBBC News — November 14, 2022
- 342NewsEva Longoria and Bill McRaven Receive $100 Million From Jeff BezosMarch 15, 2024
- 344Jeff Bezos announces 40 grants totaling $123 million to combat homelessnessChloe Melas — 2022-11-22
- 345BookJeff Bezos: Amazon.com ArchitectTom Robinson — ABDO Publishing — 2010