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Investiture Controversy

  • Investiture ControversyThe collapse of the Western Roman Empire left a power vacuum that nobility rushed to fill. Members of the ruling class began performing investiture, the act…
  • Henry IV, Holy Roman EmperorHenry IV entered the world on the 11th of November 1050 within his father's palace at Goslar. He was the third ruler of the Salian dynasty, which governed…
  • ExcommunicationA 16th-century fresco by Giorgio Vasari in the Sala Regia depicts Pope Gregory IX excommunicating Emperor Frederick II. The artist, given few details, chose…
  • Divine right of kingsIn the year 1170, Archbishop Thomas Becket died after being murdered by knights loyal to King Henry II of England. This violent event marked a turning point…