Sailor Moon
Sailor Moon, the Japanese manga written and illustrated by Naoko Takeuchi, has sold over 46 million copies worldwide. That makes it one of the best-selling manga series in history, and one of the best-selling shōjo series. The story opens in 1990s Tokyo, in the Azabu-Jūban district. Usagi Tsukino, a middle school student, meets a talking cat named Luna. Luna tells her that she is the reincarnation of a Moon Kingdom princess, and that she can transform into a hero called Sailor Moon. Soon she is leading a team of fellow schoolgirls into battle against villains. Three questions run through this documentary. Where did the idea come from, given that Takeuchi began with a different heroine? What did English-speaking audiences receive when the anime crossed into North America? And why did so many Western attempts to film the story never reach the audience their makers hoped for?
Codename: Sailor V, a one-shot manga published on the 8th of August 1991, starred Sailor Venus as its lead. Naoko Takeuchi had worked on Nami Akimoto's 1991 manga Miracle Girls before she reshaped that one-shot into Sailor Moon. She wanted a story about girls in outer space. In conversation with her editor, Fumio Osano, she heard a suggestion that changed the look of the whole project: add the sailor fuku, a sailor-style outfit.
Toei Animation then proposed turning Codename: Sailor V into an anime. Takeuchi responded by reworking her idea so that Sailor Venus became one member of a team instead of a lone hero. The result blended the magical girl genre with Super Sentai, a television series of which Takeuchi was a fan. Astronomy, astrology, gemology and Greco-Roman mythology fill the finished story, alongside Japanese elemental themes, teenage fashion trends and schoolgirl antics. Codename: Sailor V kept running as a serial alongside the new manga, recast as the origin story of Sailor Venus.
The Silver Crystal sits at the center of the plot. Villains want to steal it and destroy the Solar System, and the Sailor Soldiers stand in their way. Later editions call these heroines the Sailor Guardians. Ami Mizuno, a student, awakens as Sailor Mercury. Rei Hino, a local Shinto shrine maiden, becomes Sailor Mars. Makoto Kino, a tall and strong transfer student, becomes Sailor Jupiter. Minako Aino, a young aspiring idol, had awakened as Sailor Venus a few months earlier, and her talking cat is named Artemis.
Later arrivals widen the circle. Mamoru Chiba, a high school student, occasionally helps out as Tuxedo Mask. Chibiusa, the future daughter of Usagi and Mamoru, awakens as Sailor Chibi Moon. Haruka Tenoh, a car-racer, transforms into Sailor Uranus, while Michiru Kaioh, a violinist, becomes Sailor Neptune. Setsuna Meioh, a physics student, turns into Sailor Pluto, and Hotaru Tomoe awakens as Sailor Saturn. Last come the Three Lights, pop idols who are really the Sailor Starlights.
One story arc was all that Takeuchi first planned. According to her, early talks with Kodansha pictured a single arc, and the storyline took shape in meetings a year before serialization began.
Four more arcs followed once Toei and Kodansha asked her to carry on. They often appeared at the same time as the five corresponding seasons of the anime. The anime ran one or two months behind the manga, so it follows the printed story fairly closely, though with some deviations.
Toei's production staff was mostly male, and Takeuchi later said this gave the anime "a slight male perspective".
Fumio Osano turned down one of Takeuchi's early ideas, which was to kill off the protagonists. He reminded her that the series was a shōjo manga. The anime, by contrast, did kill the protagonists in the final battle with the Dark Kingdom, and then revived them. Takeuchi resented that she had not been able to do the same in her own version.
Takeuchi had also expected the anime to last for a single season. Its immense popularity led Toei to ask for more, and she struggled to invent another storyline. Osano helped again, suggesting that Usagi's daughter from the future, Chibiusa, join the cast.
TV Asahi aired the first episode of the anime on the 7th of March 1992. Titled Pretty Soldier Sailor Moon in Japan, the series ran for 200 episodes and ended on the 8th of February 1997. It quickly became Toei Animation's highest-rated TV series. Junichi Sato directed the first season, Kunihiko Ikuhara handled the second through fourth, and Takuya Igarashi directed the fifth. Most international versions, including the English ones, simply use the title Sailor Moon. In 1995, the anime arrived in North America with an English dub.
Serena and Darien were the names chosen for Usagi Tsukino and Mamoru Chiba when the anime was dubbed into English in North America in 1995. Fans and academics noticed that the dub had altered or removed Japanese names and cultural references.
The Japanese opening song was a romance ballad about Usagi's eternal love for Mamoru. The English version replaced it with an anthem about the heroine's new identity as the superheroine Sailor Moon. The relationship itself, between a minor and an adult, stayed unchanged from the Japanese anime. Western adaptations did try to obscure the age difference.
Scenes of traffic were flipped so that cars drove on the right side of the road. Conversations built on lesser-known Japanese cultural references were rewritten, violent scenes were removed, and visible nudity was reduced.
The North American, Italian and Latin American adaptations also altered LGBT+ characters. Haruka and Michiru, a lesbian couple, became cousins named Amara and Michelle, which created problematic subtexts that do not exist in the original work. Zoisite and Malachite, a gay couple, became a heterosexual pair when Zoisite was made a woman. Fisheye, a biologically male villain with female gender representation, was converted into a female character.
Bandai America, the company in charge of Sailor Moon merchandise in the Western Hemisphere, described its advertising approach as making the show and its heroine "culturally appropriate" for the American market.
In 1997, a Variety article reported that The Walt Disney Company was interested in a live-action Sailor Moon film. Stanley Tong was to direct, and Geena Davis was set to play Queen Beryl. Winona Ryder and Elisabeth Shue were also supposedly in talks. The project did not get far, and after Disney put it in turnaround, Universal Pictures acquired the film rights.
An earlier Western version dates to 1993, when Renaissance-Atlantic Entertainment, Bandai and Toon Makers, Inc. conceived a hybrid of live-action and Western-style animation. Toon Makers produced a 17-minute proof of concept pilot and a two-minute music video. Rocky Solotoff directed both and worked on the pilot's script. Renaissance-Atlantic took the idea to Toei, which declined because it would cost far more than exporting and dubbing the anime. Even so, the logo created for the pilot was kept for the English dub, and Bandai's "Moon Cycle" merchandise drew on vehicles designed for the pilot.
The music video resurfaced in 1998 at the Anime Expo convention in Los Angeles, where onlookers met it with laughter. A congoer recorded the screening and the audience reaction, and the footage later spread on video sites such as YouTube. Fans nicknamed the project "Toon Makers' Sailor Moon" and "Saban Moon", although its only link to Saban Entertainment was Renaissance-Atlantic, which had worked with that company on Power Rangers. That same year, Frank Ward and Renaissance-Atlantic tried again with a live-action idea called Team Angel. They sent a two-minute reel to Bandai America, which also rejected it.
The pilot was widely presumed lost, and Solotoff said people often contacted him looking for it. Then in 2012, multiple animation cels and the script surfaced online after a storage locker, believed to belong to producer Raymond Iacovacci, was sold. In August 2022, the proof of concept was shown on YouTube for the first time, in a documentary by Ray Mona, who obtained the pilot and its materials from the Library of Congress in Washington, D.C.
On the 28th of December 1991, Kodansha's shōjo magazine Nakayoshi began serializing Sailor Moon, and the final installment ran on the 3rd of February 1997. The side stories appeared at the same time in RunRun, another Kodansha magazine. The 60 chapters were later reorganized into 52 and collected into 18 tankōbon volumes, published from the 6th of July 1992 to the 4th of April 1997.
In 2003, a set of 12 shinzōban volumes coincided with the live-action series. The manga was retitled Pretty Guardian Sailor Moon, with new cover art and revised dialogue and illustrations. The ten short stories came out separately in two volumes. A third edition arrived in 2013, in 10 kanzenban volumes marking the manga's 20th anniversary. It offered digitally remastered artwork, new covers and color art from the Nakayoshi run, and the books were enlarged to A5 size. Codename: Sailor V was included in this edition.
Mixx, later renamed Tokyopop, held the first English license in North America. Beginning in 1997, the manga ran as a serial in MixxZine, but it was later pulled out and made into a separate, low print monthly comic. Meanwhile the fourth and fifth arcs ran in a second magazine, Smile. Pages even ran daily in the Japanimation Station, a service for users of America Online. Tokyopop collected the series in eighteen volumes, published from the 1st of December 1998 to the 18th of September 2001. Its license expired in May 2005, and the edition went out of print.
In 2011, Kodansha Comics announced that it had acquired the English license for Sailor Moon and its lead-in series, Codename: Sailor V. Twelve volumes of Sailor Moon appeared alongside a two-volume Codename: Sailor V from September 2011 to July 2013. Two short story volumes followed, on the 10th of September and the 26th of November 2013. At Anime Expo 2017, Kodansha Comics announced an "Eternal Edition" with a new English translation, new cover art by Takeuchi, and color pages from the original run, printed on extra-large premium paper. Its ten volumes ran from the 11th of September 2018 to the 20th of October 2020, with digital releases beginning on the 1st of July 2019 in ten different languages. A "Naoko Takeuchi Collection" was announced in November 2020 as a "more affordable, portable" version, and it ran from the 5th of April 2022 to the 17th of September 2024.
Elsewhere, Turnaround Publisher Services distributes the volumes in the United Kingdom, and Penguin Books Australia does so in Australia. In Russia and the CIS, the publishing company XL Media released the first volume in 2018.
Kodansha's Original Picture Collection books gathered cover art and promotional material for each of the five arcs. Many drawings carry Takeuchi's comments on how she developed her ideas and on the anime version of her story. Volume Infinity, a self-published limited-edition art book, appeared in 1997 after the series ended, with drawings by Takeuchi, her friends, her staff and many of the anime's voice actors. In 1999, Kodansha published the Materials Collection, with development sketches and notes for nearly every manga character, including some who never appeared. It also contains a short story, Parallel Sailor Moon, celebrating the year of the rabbit.
Novels came in 1998, the first written by Stuart J. Levy and the rest by Lianne Sentar. Miyoko Ikeda later adapted the novelization of the first story arc into three volumes, published from 2018 to 2019.
On the 6th of July 2012, Kodansha and Toei Animation announced a new anime, Pretty Guardian Sailor Moon Crystal, for the series' 20th anniversary. It was promised to follow the manga more closely than the first anime. Crystal premiered on the 5th of July 2014, with new episodes airing on the first and third Saturdays of each month. A new cast was announced, and Kotono Mitsuishi returned as Sailor Moon. Munehisa Sakai directed the first two seasons, covering the Dark Kingdom and Black Moon arcs. Chiaki Kon directed the third, called Death Busters, which premiered on the 4th of April 2016.
The fourth season became a two-part theatrical film project, adapting the Dream arc. Retitled Pretty Guardian Sailor Moon Eternal The Movie, it was postponed from the 11th of September 2020, and the two parts opened on the 8th of January and the 11th of February 2021. A sequel covering the Stars arc, Pretty Guardian Sailor Moon Cosmos The Movie, was announced in 2022. Tomoya Takahashi directed both parts, released on the 9th and the 30th of June 2023.
Three animated films based on the original anime came earlier: Sailor Moon R: The Movie in 1993, Sailor Moon S: The Movie in 1994, and Sailor Moon SuperS: The Movie in 1995. They are side stories outside the timeline of the series. Kunihiko Ikuhara directed the first, and Hiroki Shibata the other two. TV Asahi also aired a one-hour television special on the 8th of April 1995.
In 2003, Toei Company produced a live-action series titled Pretty Guardian Sailor Moon. Its 49 episodes aired on Chubu-Nippon Broadcasting from the 4th of October 2003 to the 25th of September 2004. Miyuu Sawai played Usagi Tsukino, Rika Izumi played Ami Mizuno, and Keiko Kitagawa played Rei Hino. Keiko Han reprised her voice role as Luna, and Kappei Yamaguchi voiced Artemis. The show retold the Dark Kingdom arc with original characters and new plot developments. Two direct-to-video releases followed: "Special Act", set four years after the story ends and showing the main couple's wedding, and "Act Zero", a prequel about the origins of Sailor V and Tuxedo Mask.
In mid-1993, the first Sailor Moon stage musical premiered, starring Anza Ohyama. Thirty musicals have been produced, mixing anime-inspired plots with original material, and the musicals' popularity is cited as a reason the live-action series was made. Summer shows were staged at the Sunshine Theater in the Ikebukuro area of Tokyo, while winter shows toured cities such as Osaka, Fukuoka and Sendai. Bandai put the series on hiatus after a January 2005 production. On the 2nd of June 2013, Fumio Osano announced on Twitter that the musicals would return that September. The 20th anniversary show, La Reconquista, ran from the 13th to the 23rd of September 2013 at Shibuya's AiiA Theater Tokyo, with Satomi Ōkubo as Sailor Moon. She returned for Petite Étrangère, which ran from the 21st of August to the 7th of September 2014.
Video games took many forms. Early ones were side-scrolling fighters, later ones were puzzle games or versus fighting games, and Another Story was a turn-based role-playing game. Most came from Bandai and its subsidiary Angel, with others from Banpresto. The only game made outside Japan was 3VR New Media's The 3D Adventures of Sailor Moon, released in North America in 1997. Sailor Moon: La Luna Splende reached the Nintendo DS on the 16th of March 2011. The mobile game Sailor Moon Drops launched in Japan on the 3rd of September 2015, went worldwide on the 12th of April 2016, and shut down on the 28th of March 2019. Tabletop fans got Sailor Moon Crystal Dice Challenge in 2017, designed by James Ernest of Cheapass Games, and Sailor Moon Crystal Truth or Bluff in 2018.
Universal Studios Japan hosted Pretty Guardian Sailor Moon: The Miracle 4-D from the 16th of March to the 24th of July 2018. In it, Sailor Moon and the Inner Guardians arrive at the park and stop the Youma's plan to steal people's energies. A sequel, Moon Palace Chapter, ran from the 31st of May to the 25th of August 2019 with all 10 Sailor Guardians and Super Sailor Moon. A deluxe version showing the Guardians in princess forms ran from the 4th of March to the 28th of August 2022.
An ice skating show, announced on the 30th of June 2019, was to star Evgenia Medvedeva. It was titled Pretty Guardian Sailor Moon: Prism on Ice, with Anza from the first musicals cast as Queen Serenity. Planned for June 2020, it was postponed to June 2021 and then June 2022 because of the COVID-19 pandemic. On the 23rd of February 2023, it was cancelled over an "unstable world situation" following the Russo-Ukrainian war.
In June 2022, a Japanese idol group called SG5, short for Sailor Guardians 5, was announced. To win approval from Takeuchi, the members performed in front of her and gave a presentation. Sayaka, Ruri, Miyuu, Kaede and Rui debuted in July 2022 at Anime Expo. Their debut single, "Firetruck", arrived on the 1st of March 2023 with a music video that referenced the manga. In May 2024 the group re-debuted as F5ve with the single "Lettuce" and ended its association with Sailor Moon.
In December 1993, Spain and France became the first countries outside Japan to broadcast the 1992 anime. Russia, South Korea, the Philippines, China, Italy, Taiwan, Thailand, Indonesia and Hong Kong followed before North America took up the franchise. In the Philippines, Sailor Moon was a main draw for its carrier network, which became the third-biggest network in the country.
More than one million copies of the tankōbon volumes had sold in Japan by the end of 1995. By 1995, merchandise there was bringing in more than $250 million per year. The manga won the Kodansha Manga Award in the shōjo category in 1993. By the 20th anniversary in 2012, it had sold over 35 million copies in more than fifty countries.
In the United States, the English adaptations of both the manga and the anime became the first successful shōjo title. In 2001, the manga was Tokyopop's best-selling property, outselling the next-best titles by at least a factor of 1.5. In Diamond Comic Distributors' May 1999 category for graphic novels and trade paperbacks, Sailor Moon Volume 3 was the best-selling comic book in the country. For the week of the 11th to the 17th of September 2011, the first re-released volume topped The New York Times Manga Best Sellers list, with Codename: Sailor V in second place. That first print run sold out after four weeks.
Academic Timothy J. Craig credits the international success to three traits. One was the transformation of ordinary characters into superheroes. Another was marketers' ability to link audiences to the characters despite their Japanese culture. The third was a female superhero protagonist, still rare in global pop culture during the 1990s.
Jason Thompson gave the manga three stars out of four in his 2007 book Manga: The Complete Guide. He enjoyed its blend of shōnen and shōjo styles and saw the combat as influenced by Saint Seiya, though shorter and less bloody. He found the series fun but thought the repetitive plot lines hurt it, and he still called it "sweet, effective entertainment". Thompson added that Takeuchi avoids fan service for male readers, which could have alienated her female audience.
Venita Blackburn of The New York Times called Sailor Moon a "transformative experience" about friendship and liberation. She argued that its "iconic status" within the queer community was "no accident", because the series is "interested in transformation, in upsetting expectations of presentation and value related to girlhood, masculinity, strength and gender roles".
Sylvain Durand compared the manga and the anime directly. He thought the manga's artwork was "gorgeous" but its storytelling more compressed and erratic. He felt the sense of tragedy is greater in the manga's account of the fall of the Silver Millennium. He judged the anime more coherent, with a better balance of comedy and tragedy.
In English-speaking countries, Sailor Moon built a cult following among anime fans and university students. Patrick Drazen says the Internet helped, since fans used it to discuss the series, organize campaigns to bring Sailor Moon back to U.S. broadcast, share news of unaired episodes and write fan fiction. Gemma Cox of Neo magazine adds that fans also compared the dub with the original version online.
After Sailor Moon, magical girl series such as Magic Knight Rayearth, Wedding Peach, Saint Tail, Nurse Angel Ririka SOS, Cyber Team in Akihabara, Corrector Yui and Pretty Cure emerged. Sailor Moon is widely credited with reinvigorating the genre through its dynamic heroines and action-oriented plots. Writers have called it "the biggest breakthrough" in English-dubbed anime until 1995, when it premiered on YTV, and "the pinnacle of little kid shōjo anime".
Cultural anthropologist Rachel Thorn observed that soon after Sailor Moon, shōjo manga began appearing in bookshops instead of only in fandom-dominated comic shops. The series is seen as kickstarting a wider movement of girls taking up shōjo manga. Canadian librarian Gilles Poitras defines a whole generation of anime fans as those introduced to anime by Sailor Moon in the 1990s, noting they were much younger than other fans and mostly female.
Historian Fred Patten credits Takeuchi with popularizing the idea of a Super Sentai-like team of magical girls. A reviewer for THEM Anime Reviews saw a further shift: unlike earlier magical girls, the heroine must use her powers to fight evil, not simply have fun. Critics have compared the series to Mighty Morphin Power Rangers, Buffy the Vampire Slayer and Sabrina the Teenage Witch. Its influence is traced in Winx Club, W.I.T.C.H., Miraculous: Tales of Ladybug & Cat Noir, LoliRock, Star vs. the Forces of Evil, Robot Chicken, Steven Universe and Totally Spies!.
The Sailor Guardians are described as "credible, charismatic and independent", and the series is associated with the feminist and girl power movements. One reading holds that "traditional feminine ideals are incorporated into characters that act in traditionally male capacities". The Guardians are fighters who thwart evil, a stereotypically masculine role, yet their transformation presents them as ideally feminized. Their thin bodies, long legs and round, orb-like eyes are typical of girls' comics in Japan. Large eyes signal sensitive characters, so they carry emotion on the page.
Since the early 2000s, Toei Animation has worked with brands to create merchandise for audiences beyond children. ColourPop released a Sailor Moon-inspired makeup collection on the 20th of February 2020. For the 25th anniversary of the series in the U.S., streetwear brand KITH released hoodies and t-shirts with Sailor Moon graphics. In January 2022, for the 30th anniversary, Sanrio, Uniqlo and Maison de FLEUR launched collaborations.
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Common questions
Who created the Sailor Moon manga?
Naoko Takeuchi wrote and illustrated Sailor Moon. She reworked her one-shot Codename: Sailor V, published on the 8th of August 1991, into the series, with editor Fumio Osano suggesting the sailor fuku.
How many copies has the Sailor Moon manga sold?
The Sailor Moon manga has sold over 46 million copies worldwide. That places it among the best-selling manga series and best-selling shōjo series of all time.
When did the Sailor Moon anime air in Japan?
The original Sailor Moon anime premiered on TV Asahi on the 7th of March 1992 and ran for 200 episodes until the 8th of February 1997. Toei Animation produced it, and it became the studio's highest-rated TV series.
Why were the names changed in the English dub of Sailor Moon?
The 1995 North American dub westernized the series by altering or removing Japanese names and cultural references, so Usagi Tsukino became Serena and Mamoru Chiba became Darien Shields. Bandai America said it wanted the show to be "culturally appropriate" for the American market.
What was the Toon Makers Sailor Moon pilot?
It was a 17-minute proof of concept pilot, plus a two-minute music video, made in 1993 by Toon Makers, Renaissance-Atlantic Entertainment and Bandai. Rocky Solotoff directed both, and Toei turned the concept down because it would cost far more than dubbing the anime.
What is Sailor Moon Crystal?
Pretty Guardian Sailor Moon Crystal is a second anime adaptation announced on the 6th of July 2012 and premiered on the 5th of July 2014. It was meant to follow the manga more closely than the first anime, and Kotono Mitsuishi returned as Sailor Moon.
What is the live-action Pretty Guardian Sailor Moon series?
It is a Toei Company live-action series of 49 episodes that aired from the 4th of October 2003 to the 25th of September 2004. Miyuu Sawai starred as Usagi Tsukino, and the show retold the Dark Kingdom arc with original characters.
How did Sailor Moon influence the magical girl genre?
Sailor Moon is widely credited with reinvigorating the magical girl genre. After its success, series such as Magic Knight Rayearth, Wedding Peach, Saint Tail and Pretty Cure emerged, and Fred Patten credits Takeuchi with popularizing a Super Sentai-like team of magical girls.
All sources
180 references cited across the entry
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- 108Animefringe: Features: Sailor Moon à la Saban: DebunkedAdam "OMEGA" Arnold
- 109NewsYouTuber Ray Mona uncovers unaired American Sailor Moon pilotSam Barsanti — August 21, 2022
- 110Sailormoon. Channel – History of Sailor MoonSailor Moon Channel
- 112Sailor Soldiers, Saban StyleDillon Font — May 2004
- 113NewsPretty Guardian Sailor Moon – ReviewJonathon Mays — April 6, 2004
- 114Live-action plate DVD (TV series)Sailormoon. Channel
- 115Game Search
- 117NewsNew Sailor Moon DS Game to Ship in Spring in Italy – InterestEgan Loo — September 16, 2011
- 119NewsSailor Moon Crystal Tabletop Games AnnouncementApril 26, 2017
- 120NewsSailor Moon Crystal Gets 2 Board Games This YearApril 27, 2017
- 123Watch Web CM for Sailor Moon the Miracle 4-D: Moon Palace ChapterMikikazu Komatsu — May 18, 2019
- 124Sailor Moon OfficialJanuary 7, 2022
- 125Sailor Moon OfficialSeptember 29, 2026
- 126EXCLUSIVE: Universal Fan Fest Nights to Debut Pretty Guardian Sailor Moon the Miracle: Moon Palace Chapter Deluxe CG Anime Short FilmAdam Bankhurst — March 13, 2026
- 127Sailor Moon Franchise Gets Ice Show, Café, Collaborations With Uniqlo & Samantha ThavasaCrystalyn Hodgkins — June 30, 2019
- 128Sailor Moon Ice Show Unveils Key Visual of Evgenia Medvedeva as Sailor MoonKim Morrrisy — 16 March 2020
- 129「美少女戦士セーラームーン Prism on Ice」2020-04-16
- 130「美少女戦士セーラームーン Prism On Ice」公演に関する重要なお知らせ2021-04-07
- 131Sailor Moon Ice Show Postponed by Another Year to June 2022Rafael Antonio — 7 April 2021
- 134MagazineMoon Prism Power Turn Up: Meet the IRL Japanese Girl Group Based Off 'Sailor Moon'Tim Chan — 2022-06-28
- 136SG5 - Firetruck (Official Music Video)March 2023
- 137'Lettuce' Introduce You To The Talented f5ve!Madison Murray — May 8, 2024
- 138Sailor Moon at 30: Looking Back at the Iconic SeriesKatie Gill — 2022-06-13
- 139Happy 20th Anniversary to Sailor Moon!June 29, 2012
- 140Rise and shine with Sailor MoonMay 15, 1996
- 141Superhero Moon on the horizonT.R Reid — July 24, 1995
- 142Kodansha Manga AwardsJoel Hahn
- 143BookManga: The Complete GuideJason Thompson — Del Rey Books — 2007
- 144MagazineCan Sailor Moon Break Up the Superhero Boys Club?Noah Berlatsky — September 7, 2011
- 145Sailor Moon superhero may replace Power RangersLudington Daily News — February 14, 1995
- 146BookThe Superhero Book: The Ultimate Encyclopedia of Comic-book Icons and Hollywood HeroesGina Misiroglu et al. — Visible Ink Press — 2004
- 147Grrrl Power: Why Female Superheroes MatterAnthony Comella — March 24, 2013
- 148Sailor Moon History 1993Sailormoon. Channel
- 149Sailor Moon Graphic Novels Top Bookstore Sales – Demonstrates Shoujo's PotentialTom Flinn — ICv2 — August 14, 2001
- 150MIXX'S SAILOR MOON MANGA IS THE NUMBER 1 GRAPHIC NOVEL OR TRADE PAPERBACK IN AMERICA!Wayback Machine — June 18, 1999
- 151NewsSailor Moon – Jason Thompson's House of 1000 MangaJason Thompson — March 3, 2011
- 152NewsI've Never Watched Anything as Transformative as 'Sailor Moon'Venita Blackburn — December 12, 2023
- 153JournalSailor Moon: Manga vs AnimationSylvain Durand — March–April 1996
- 154NewsBest Sellers – The New York TimesIhsan Taylor — October 2, 2011
- 155New York Times Manga Best Seller List, September 11–17September 23, 2011
- 156NewsKodansha: Sailor Moon 1 Reprinted after 50,000 Sell OutOctober 14, 2011
- 157Sailing the Internet It's a treasure trove of trivia for Sailor 'Moonies'Lousie Brown — The Toronto Star — July 27, 1996
- 158NewsFans Sending an SOS for 'Sailor'Jon Matsumoto — June 19, 1996
- 159Shôjo Classic - Sailor MoonGemma Cox — January 2005
- 160BookAnime Essentials: Every Thing a Fan Needs to KnowGilles Poitras — Stone Bridge Press — 2004
- 161NewsAnime and Teen Culture... Uh-oh.Justin Sevakis — January 1, 1999
- 162Matt Thorn Returns to TranslationBrigid Alverson — PWxyz, LLC — February 17, 2009
- 163JournalShe's Got Her Own Thing NowDirk Deppey — 2005
- 164Taking One for the Team: A Look at Sentai ShowsTrisha L. Sebastian — Sequential Tart — November 2002
- 165BookWatching Anime, Reading Manga 25 Years of Essays and ReviewsFred Patten — Stone Bridge Press — 2011
- 166BookManga: Sixty Years of Japanese ComicsPaul Gravett — Laurence King — 2004
- 167Sailor MoonChristi — T.H.E.M. Anime Reviews — c. 1992
- 168BookJapan Pop!: Inside the World of Japanese Popular CultureTimothy J. Craig — Sharpe — 2000
- 169Animerica: Animerica Feature: Separated at Birth? Buffy vs. Sailor MoonAnimerica — c. 1999
- 171JournalEvolution of Female Heroes: Carnival Mode of Gender Representation in AnimeKaori Yoshida — 2002
- 172JournalMagic, Shōjo, and Metamorphosis: Magical Girl Anime and the Challenges of Changing Gender Identities in Japanese SocietyKumiko Saito — 2 January 2014
- 173JournalYoung Females as Super Heroes: Super heroines in the Animated 'Sailor Moon'Victoria Anne Newsom — 2004
- 174BookDicomanga: le dictionnaire encyclopédique de la bande dessinée japonaiseNicolas Penedo — Fleurus — 2008
- 175Young Females as Super Heroes: Superheroines in the Animated Sailor MoonVictoria Newsom — Femspec — c. 2004
- 177Colourpop is launching a 'Sailor Moon' makeup collection, and everything costs less than $20Pauline De Leon — February 20, 2020
- 178NewsTake An Exclusive Look At KITH's New Collaboration with Sailor MoonAlexandra Pauly — April 17, 2020
- 181【Maison de FLEUR】セーラー戦士たちをイメージしたリボンがポイントのアイテム全30種・劇場版「美少女戦士セーラームーンEternal」とのコラボ！February 16, 2022