Réunion
Réunion holds the world records for the heaviest rainfall over periods of 12, 24, 72 and 96 hours, including 1.8 metres in 24 hours. This small island in the Indian Ocean lies about 679 km east of Madagascar and 175 km southwest of Mauritius. It belongs to the Mascarene Islands and is an overseas department and region of France, with a population of 910,985. Its capital and largest city is Saint-Denis. The island sits within the African region, yet its laws, its currency and its schools are French. How did a place so remote gather people from so many origins? What do a volcano, a vanilla flower and a banned ritual dance have to do with that story? And why does the island carry a name that seems to promise a gathering?
Since 1640, the Piton de la Fournaise has erupted more than 100 times. This shield volcano sits on the eastern end of Réunion and rises more than 2,631 m above sea level. People sometimes call it a sister of the Hawaiian volcanoes, because of their similar climate and volcanic nature. It is under constant monitoring, and it most recently erupted on the 2nd of July 2023. During an eruption in April 2007, the lava flow was estimated at 3,000,000 cubic metres per day.
The hotspot in the Earth's crust that feeds the Fournaise also created the islands of Mauritius and Rodrigues. Réunion itself emerged about three million years ago, when the Piton des Neiges volcano first rose from the sea. The Fournaise is far younger, at about 500,000 years old. Only about 3% of the underwater mountain that forms the island sits above the waves. The visible part is 63 km long and 45 km wide, and it covers 2,512 square kilometres.
At 3,070 m, the Piton des Neiges is the highest peak in the Mascarene Islands and in the whole Indian Ocean. Unlike its neighbour, it is dormant. Its name is French for peak of snows, and snowfall on the summit is rare. Even so, snow was observed on both volcanoes in 2003 and 2006.
Erosion has carved the interior into three vast cirques named Salazie, Cilaos and Mafate. Mafate can be reached only on foot or by helicopter. Rivers have cut at least 600 gullies into the slopes, and their torrents have sliced the mountainsides to depths of several hundred metres.
On the west coast, L'Étang-Salé is covered in black sand made of tiny fragments of basalt. This sand forms when lava meets water, cools rapidly and shatters. At Le Vieux Port in Saint-Philippe, the sand is green and made of tiny olivine crystals. It was formed by the 2007 lava flow, which makes it one of the youngest beaches on Earth.
Since 2010, a UNESCO World Heritage Site covering about 40% of the island has recognised this landscape, and it coincides with the central zone of La Réunion National Park.
Arab traders knew the island as Dina Morgabin, meaning Western Island. It may appear on a map made in 1153 by Al Sharif el-Edrisi. Swahili or Austronesian sailors, travelling west from the Malay Archipelago toward Madagascar, might also have passed it. Little else is known of its history before the Portuguese arrived in the early 16th century.
Around 1507, the Portuguese explorer Diogo Fernandes Pereira made the first European discovery, though the specifics are unclear. The uninhabited island may instead have been sighted first by an expedition led by Dom Pedro Mascarenhas, who gave his name to the Mascarenes. The Portuguese called the island Santa Apolónia, after a favourite saint. That suggests a discovery on the 9th of February, her feast day. Diogo Lopes de Sequeira is said to have landed on Réunion and Rodrigues in 1509.
In June 1638, Salomon Goubert was among the French visitors to the island. France claimed it officially in 1642, when a dozen French mutineers were deported there from Madagascar. They were returned to France several years later. In 1649 the island was named Île Bourbon, after the House of Bourbon. Colonisation began in 1665, when the French East India Company sent the first settlers.
In March 1793, during the French Revolution, the National Convention decided to drop a name tied to the Ancien Régime. It chose La Réunion. In French, the word usually means a meeting or assembly rather than a reunion. The choice was presumably an homage to the meeting of the fédérés of Marseilles with the Paris National Guards, before the insurrection of the 10th of August 1792. No document establishes this, and the word may have been purely symbolic.
In 1806, General Charles Decaen renamed the island Isle Bonaparte, after Napoleon. By 1810 it was Isle Bourbon again. A decree of the Provisional Government restored La Réunion in 1848, after the fall of the July monarchy.
The spelling kept changing too. Late in the 20th century, writers began capitalising the article as La Réunion. The Commission nationale de toponymie recommends that form, and it appears in Articles 72-3 and 73 of the French Constitution.
The old Bourbon name also lives on in gardens. In 1817, the first Bourbon roses were found on the island, a spontaneous cross between Damask roses and Rosa chinensis that colonists had brought with them.
From 1690, most of the non-Europeans living on the island were enslaved. French colonists built a plantation economy on coffee and sugar, worked by slave labour. Of the 80,000 slaves imported to Réunion and Mauritius between 1769 and 1793-45% came through Sakalava slave traders of north-west Madagascar. Those traders raided East Africa and the Comoros. Arab traders supplied the rest, buying people from Portuguese Mozambique and sending them via Madagascar.
On the 4th of February 1794, the National Convention abolished slavery in the French colonies. Authorities in Réunion and the Isle de France rejected the decree. A delegation with military forces arrived on the 18th of June 1796 to impose abolition. Local authorities expelled it at once, under pressure from an overwhelmingly pro-slavery colonial population. Napoleon, First Consul since 1799, then legally supported slavery in Réunion through the Law of the 20th of May 1802.
Cyclones and floods between 1806 and 1807 caused coffee cultivation to decline rapidly. Sugarcane replaced it, answering rising demand from France, which had lost the colony of Saint-Domingue in 1803. British forces invaded on the 7th of July 1810, and Governor Jean-Chrysostôme Bruneteau de Sainte-Suzanne capitulated two days later. The Treaty of Paris returned the island to France in 1814. Despite international condemnation, the colony then imported 2,000 slaves every month during the 1820s, mostly from the Swahili coast or from Quelimane in Portuguese Mozambique.
In 1841, Edmond Albius discovered how to pollinate vanilla flowers by hand. The island soon became the world's leading vanilla producer. Geranium, whose essence is widely used in perfumery, also took off as a crop.
News of the French Revolution of 1848 reached the island, and the new Republic met coldness and distrust from the white plantocracy because of its abolitionism. On the 18th of October 1848, Commissioner Joseph Napoléon Sébastien Sarda Garriga announced in Saint-Denis that slavery would end on the 20th of December 1848. A system of contract labour called engagés then ran from 1848 to 1864. Workers came from South India, among other places. Meanwhile an illegal slave trade continued, bringing people from Portuguese Mozambique and Zanzibar by way of the Comoros. Calling them engagés helped evade the British anti-slavery blockade of Africa.
The Suez Canal opened in 1869 and pulled shipping away from the island, while Europe turned increasingly to sugar beet. An economic crisis became plain from the 1870s onward. Yet the island still modernised, with a road network, a railway and the artificial harbour at Pointe des Galets, projects that gave agricultural workers a welcome alternative to the fields.
Le Baril, in Saint-Philippe, is the wettest coastal weather station, with 4,256.2 mm of rain in a normal year. On the opposite side of the island, Pointe des Trois Bassins is the driest station, with just 447.7 mm. In the highlands of Sainte-Rose, average annual rainfall reaches almost 11,000 mm, which makes it one of the wettest places in the world.
The trade winds blow from east to west, and the island's steep relief produces many distinct microclimates. Rain falls heavily on the windward east coast and far less on the leeward west. A rainy season runs from January to March, and a dry season from May to November. April and December are transition months, sometimes very rainy and sometimes very dry.
Temperatures stay mild all year, and the difference between seasons rarely exceeds 10 °C. The cold pole is Gite de Bellecombe, at 2,245 m, where the all-time low is -5 °C. On the 30th of January 2022, that same spot recorded its warmest day, at 25.4 °C. The reading beat the previous record of 25.1 °C, set in 2021.
Researchers chose Réunion, along with Gran Canaria in Spain, as a case study of a distant European territory facing climate change. The study asked whether urban and regional planning tools fit such islands. It found strong pressure on land use and incomplete adaptation plans. The Institute of Island Studies described the problem this way: "island planning tools often do not take climate change adaptation into account and there is too much top-down management in the decision-making process".
In March 2025, Cyclone Garance struck with winds up to 230 km/h. It made landfall in the north and then moved southwest, bringing flash floods, mudslides and structural damage. At least four people died, and over 160,000 lost power. Thousands were left without drinking water or internet, and flights were temporarily halted. Some residents called it one of the most powerful cyclones they had experienced.
More than 850 plants on Réunion are native, and 232 of them grow nowhere else on Earth. A hectare of forest can hold up to 40 tree species, compared with an average of five in a temperate forest. The canopy is low and thin, probably an adaptation to cyclones. Epiphytes, which grow on other plants, are everywhere, including orchids, bromeliads, cacti, ferns, lichens and mosses.
The white-tailed tropicbird, known locally as the paille en queue, is among the island's birds. The Réunion harrier and the Réunion cuckooshrike are endemic. The largest land animal is the panther chameleon. Each year, humpback whales migrate north from Antarctic waters between June and September to breed and feed, and people can watch them from the shore.
At least 19 species once found only on Réunion have gone extinct since people settled. The Réunion giant tortoise vanished after sailors and settlers slaughtered it in vast numbers.
Beekeepers began importing European honey bees in the late 19th century. These bred with the island's endemic subspecies, Apis mellifera unicolor, which came from Madagascar. Today 97% of the island's honey bees descend from it, yet its DNA makes up only 53% of the genetic mixture. A ban on bee imports began in 1982. In 2017, a beekeeper smuggled in a queen bee that carried one or two Varroa destructor mites. Within 4.5 months the mites had spread across the island. Annual colony deaths jumped from 0.6% to 64%, after first reaching 85%.
The coral reefs are only about 8,000 years old, because the island itself is young. They form a discontinuous belt 25 km long, about 12% of the coastline, with a total area of 12 square kilometres. The largest lagoon is no more than 200 m wide. The main lagoons lie at L'Ermitage in St-Gilles, St-Leu, L'Étang-Salé and St-Pierre. Even so, research counts more than 190 coral species, more than 1,300 mollusks, more than 500 crustaceans and more than 1,000 fish.
Between 2010 and 2017-23 shark attacks occurred in Réunion's waters, and nine were fatal. In July 2013, Prefect Michel Lalande announced a ban on swimming, surfing and bodyboarding along more than half of the coast. He added that 45 bull sharks and 45 tiger sharks would be culled. That was on top of 20 already killed in research into the illness ciguatera.
By 2009, nearly one-third of fish species were already considered threatened or vulnerable. Pollution, overfishing, poaching and sewage discharge all play a part. The International Union for Conservation of Nature's Red List includes 15 species living on Réunion.
French is the sole official language of Réunion, and it is the language of administration and schools. Réunion Creole, which derives from French, is the most widely spoken language and is used for informal talk. Some schools offer Cantonese, Arabic and Tamil as optional subjects.
The first settlers married women from Madagascar and of Indo-Portuguese heritage, and the island's mixing began there. The French census asks nothing about ethnic origin, so no one knows exactly how many people belong to each group. Local names include Yabs, Cafres, Malbars and Chinois. Creole refers to anyone born on the island, and recent arrivals from metropolitan France are called zoreilles. By estimate, Europeans make up roughly one quarter of the population, Malbars more than 25% and people of Chinese ancestry about 3%.
Maloya was a ritual dance performed by enslaved people, often in secret at night around a bonfire. Its few instruments were made from plants such as bamboo and gourds. The sega is different. It is a Creole version of the quadrille, played on accordion, harmonica and guitar. Sega also exists on other islands, but maloya belongs to Réunion alone.
From the 1960s, the French government suppressed maloya. It feared the music's links to pro-autonomy movements and to communism. The lyrics reminded France of its slave-owning past, and artists and kabaré gatherings were banned at times. Troupes kept playing to preserve the memory of the slaves. Official attitudes did not change until François Mitterrand became president in 1981.
The yearly commemoration of abolition, known as the Fête des Cafres or 20 desamb, brings mostly free concerts, costume parades and dance shows. Its status as a public holiday gave maloya wider recognition, and public radio now plays it. A revival from the 1970s is identified with the musician Danyèl Waro, a protégé of Firmin Viry. Younger groups have made modern versions, including maloggae.
In 2020, INSEE reported that 19% of people did not declare practising a religion. Among believers, 86% followed some form of Christianity, 12% Hinduism and 7% Islam. Traditional ceremonies of ancestor veneration, called sèrvis kabaré, grow from Malagasy roots and blend Malabar, Comorian, European and Chinese influences. Christians, Hindus and Muslims can all practise them.
Rice accompanies most meals. The common dishes are carry, a local version of Indian curry, along with rougail and civets, which are stews. Cooks call turmeric safran péi. Since 1992, the island has hosted ultramarathons under the name Grand Raid, including the Diagonale des Fous.
Until the 30th of November 1942, Réunion was under Vichy France. On that day, Free French forces landed from the destroyer Léopard and liberated the colony. Réunion became a département d'outre-mer on the 19th of March 1946. Under Article 73 of the Constitution, French laws apply there as of right, with some adaptations. The island has a regional council and a departmental council, seven deputies in the National Assembly and three senators. A prefect represents the state, and 24 municipalities form five agglomeration communities. Unlike French Guiana or Martinique, Réunion has no plans to merge its region and department into a single entity. For the European Union it is an outermost region, and it uses the euro. Along with Mayotte, it is one of two eurozone areas in the Southern Hemisphere and in Africa.
Governor Labourdonnais once judged the Isle de France a land of opportunity, thanks to two natural harbours, and he meant Isle Bourbon to serve as its depot or emergency base. Today, Réunion hosts the headquarters of the French Armed Forces of the Southern Indian Ocean Zone. About 2,000 regular troops serve in the region, mostly on Réunion, centred on the 2nd Marine Infantry Parachute Regiment. About 800 National Gendarmerie are stationed there too. In 2022, the French Air Force sent two Rafale fighters and an A330 MRTT tanker from France to the island for a regional exercise. The port at Le Port is the third-largest French naval base, after Toulon and Brest. Saint-Pierre is the headquarters of the French Southern and Antarctic Lands.
Between 1963 and 1982, 1,630 children from Réunion were relocated to rural parts of metropolitan France, particularly Creuse. The programme was led by the Gaullist politician Michel Debré, who was then an MP for Réunion. It was presented as a chance for education and work, but many children were abused or disadvantaged by their host families. They became known as the Children of Creuse. In 2002, one of them, Jean-Jacques Martial, sued the French state for kidnapping and deportation of a minor. Other suits followed, and French courts dismissed them all. The European Court of Human Rights did the same in 2011.
In 2005 and 2006, an epidemic of the mosquito-borne disease chikungunya crippled the island. By the 26th of April 2006, 255,000 people had contracted it. Mauritius and Madagascar suffered epidemics the same year.
Opening Pierrefonds Airport near Saint-Pierre in 1998 sped up tourism. By 2000, nearly 426,000 tourists visited each year, and tourism revenue had overtaken sugar. In 2019, the island's GDP was estimated at 19.5 billion euros, or 22,629 euros per person, the highest in sub-Saharan Africa. That figure was only 61.7% of the level in metropolitan France. Unemployment stood above 30% from the early 1980s to the early 2000s. By 2023 it had fallen to 19.0%, its lowest in 45 years. In 2021-36.1% of residents lived below the poverty line, down from 49% in 2013.
The mountainous terrain and a population packed along the coast make roads a constant concern. A first 8.7 km section of the new Route du Littoral, built on a viaduct between Saint-Denis and Grande-Chaloupe, opened in 2023. A final 2.5 km segment to La Possession is due to begin construction in 2026, with commissioning expected in 2030.
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Common questions
Where is Réunion located?
Réunion is an island in the Indian Ocean, about 679 km east of Madagascar and 175 km southwest of Mauritius. It is part of the Mascarene Islands, and its capital and largest city is Saint-Denis.
Why is the island of Réunion called Réunion?
The National Convention renamed Isle Bourbon as La Réunion in March 1793 to break with the royal Bourbon name. The word usually means a meeting, and the choice presumably honoured the meeting of the fédérés of Marseilles and the Paris National Guards before the insurrection of the 10th of August 1792, though no document establishes this.
Is Réunion part of France?
Yes, Réunion became an overseas department of France on the 19th of March 1946. It is governed under Article 73 of the French Constitution, and it is an outermost region of the European Union that uses the euro.
When was slavery abolished in Réunion?
Slavery ended in Réunion on the 20th of December 1848. Commissioner Joseph Napoléon Sébastien Sarda Garriga announced the abolition in Saint-Denis on the 18th of October 1848.
How active is the Piton de la Fournaise volcano on Réunion?
The Piton de la Fournaise has erupted more than 100 times since 1640 and is under constant monitoring. Its most recent eruption in the record was on the 2nd of July 2023.
What is maloya music in Réunion?
Maloya is a ritual dance and music that enslaved people performed on Réunion, often in secret at night around a bonfire. The French government suppressed it from the 1960s, and its status did not change until 1981.
Who are the Children of Creuse from Réunion?
The Children of Creuse are 1,630 children from Réunion who were relocated to rural parts of metropolitan France, particularly Creuse, between 1963 and 1982. Michel Debré led the programme, and many children were abused or disadvantaged by their host families.
All sources
132 references cited across the entry
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- 4Jean Baptiste Duvergier, Collection complète des lois ..., éd. A. Guyot et Scribe, Paris, 1834, «Décret du 23 mars 1793», p. 205
- 5Daniel Vaxellaire, Le Grand Livre de l'histoire de La Réunion, vol. 1 : Des origines à 1848, éd. Orphie, 2000, 701 p. ISBN 978-2-87763-101-3 et 978-2877631013), p. 228 (avec fac-similé du décret).
- 6Nouveau recueil général de traités, conventions et autres transactions remarquables – Année 1848, éd. Librairie de Dieterich, 1854, «Arrêté du gouvernement provisoire portant changement du nom de l'îl
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- 36Forces armées dans la Zone-sud de l'océan IndienMinistère des Armées — 14 February 2022
- 37France: A Bridge between Europe and the Indo-Pacific?Pierre Morcos — Center for Strategic & International Studies — 1 April 2021
- 38French Rafales visit Reunion25 January 2022
- 40Merré met à l’eau le dernier remorqueur-pousseur du type RP 10Vincent Groizeleau — 13 October 2025
- 41Les hélicoptères Panther maintenus sur les frégates de surveillance aux AntillesVincent Groizeleau — 15 October 2025
- 43Avec le POM Auguste Techer, la Marine nationale dispose à nouveau de deux patrouilleurs à La RéunionLaurent Lagneau — 26 August 2025
- 44Boulogne: le 4ème patrouilleur de la Marine Nationale est sorti des chantiers de la SocarenamElise Leclercq — 6 March 2025
- 45Océan Indien : Des drones Reaper pourront être ponctuellement déployés à La RéunionLaurent Lagneau — 13 July 2024
- 46French Navy's New POM OPVs Take Shape At Socarenam ShipyardMartin Manaranche — 29 September 2021
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- 63The Tropilaelaps Mite: A Fate Far Worse Than VarroaDr Sammy Ramsey — 25 July 2019
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- 103NewsHommage au Rwa Kaf17 December 2004
- 104Le Curcuma
- 107The Grand Raid: 25 years of madness!12 October 2017
- 110La Villa Déramond Barre23 March 2016
- 111NewsLa fin de carrière peu glorieuse du patron du " Journal de l'île de La Réunion "Julien Sartre — 16 September 2024
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- 128Consultation begins on Réunion tram project27 August 2019
- 133La longue marche du maloyaBrigitte Croisier — 2 October 2013
- 134NewsLe maloya, une musique passée de la clandestinité à la célébritéFabien Mollon — 20 December 2021