Jason Todd
Jason Todd, the second Robin in DC Comics, had his life or death decided by a telephone poll in 1988. Readers of the Batman comics were handed two 1-900 numbers. One meant the boy would live. The other meant he would die. They had only a short window to call, and the result was close. DC had created Todd in 1983 to replace Dick Grayson, the original Robin. Fans never warmed to him. Yet the vote did not close his story. It opened a long argument about guilt, revenge, and what a sidekick is really for. Why did readers turn on him? What did DC think it was doing when it let them choose? And what becomes of a Robin who comes back angry?
Len Wein became editor of DC's Batman titles in 1982, and he inherited a gap. Dick Grayson, the original Robin, now led the young heroes of New Teen Titans. Without a sidekick, Batman had no one to bounce ideas off, and the stories suffered. Jason Todd was created to fill that seat.
Todd first appeared in Batman #357 in March 1983. His first full appearance came a month later in Detective Comics #525. He did not wear the Robin costume until Batman #366 in December 1983, when he turned up near the end of the story to help fight the Joker.
His first origin closely echoed Grayson's. Grayson's parents were circus acrobats killed by a mob boss who sabotaged their trapeze. Todd's parents, Joseph and Trina Todd, were also circus acrobats, and the criminal Killer Croc killed them. Bruce Wayne then adopted him. Todd had ginger hair and began by wearing pieces of Grayson's old childhood disguises. Grayson eventually gave him a real Robin costume, and Todd dyed his hair black.
His home life grew complicated. The criminal Natalia Knight, known as Nocturna, briefly became his surrogate mother and adopted him to win the Wayne fortune. She fell for Batman instead. Catwoman also appeared often, and the boy clashed with her because he felt left out. After Nocturna's death, Catwoman built a warmer bond with him, as seen in Detective Comics #560 in December 1985. In Alan Moore's Superman Annual #11, For the Man Who Has Everything, Todd saves Wonder Woman, Superman and Batman by turning the Black Mercy on the villain Mongul.
Then came the 1985 limited series Crisis on Infinite Earths. DC used it to reboot many properties, and Todd was completely revamped. Dennis O'Neil, who became Batman editor in 1986, later summed up the readers' verdict on the earlier version. "The fans did hate him." O'Neil guessed that some saw Todd as usurping Grayson's place.
Max Allan Collins rewrote the origin in Batman #408-411. Todd became a street orphan from the Park Row district of Gotham City, in the neighborhood called Crime Alley. Batman found him trying to steal the tires off the Batmobile. Crime Alley was also where Batman's own parents had been murdered years before.
The new Todd family was bleak. Catherine Todd, a drug addict, had died of an overdose. Willis Todd, a former medical student, worked as hired muscle for Two-Face and vanished after a botched job. Bruce Wayne placed the boy in a school for troubled youths. It turned out to be Ma Gunn's School for Crime. Todd earned the Robin title by helping Batman catch her gang of thieves, then trained for six months before wearing the costume. Batman judged that Todd lacked Grayson's natural acrobatic gifts but could turn his rage into skill. He also feared that without help the boy would join the criminal element.
This Robin was the rebel, a reflection of late 1980s youth culture. He smoked, swore, and fought authority. Sometimes defiance paid off, as when he brought in the Scarecrow singlehandedly. Sometimes it failed, as when he jumped the gun on a drug lab raid. Writer Jim Starlin made him increasingly aggressive and reckless.
In Batman #422, Todd used excessive force on a pimp and asked Batman whether it would have mattered if he had killed the man. Batman #424 went further. Felipe Garzonas, accused of attacking women, escaped prosecution because of his father's diplomatic immunity. One victim, a girl named Gloria, took her own life. Todd found her, raced to confront Felipe, and stood on a balcony as Felipe fell 22 stories to his death. Todd said, "I guess I spooked him. He slipped." The story leaves it ambiguous whether Todd killed him.
In Batman #425, Felipe's father kidnapped Commissioner Gordon and told Batman to bring Robin to a junkyard. Batman tried to keep Todd out of it. Todd hid in the Batmobile's trunk anyway and saved Batman from a close call. Gordon was wounded in the arm, and Garzonas was finally crushed under a pile of junked cars.
In 1988, Dennis O'Neil suggested that comics could attract readers by letting them influence the story. The tool would be a telephone poll on a 1-900 number. After talking with DC president Jenette Kahn, he decided the poll should not be wasted on something minor. He explained his pick of Todd this way: "The logical candidate was Jason because we had reason to believe that he wasn't that popular anyway. It was a big enough stunt that we couldn't do it with a minor character." Readers disliked Todd, but O'Neil still could not decide what to do with him, so he gave the choice to them.
The vote was built into the four-part story "A Death in the Family" in Batman #426-429. In it, Todd learns that Catherine Todd was not his biological mother and runs away to find the woman who gave birth to him. Leads take him past an Israeli Mossad agent and Shiva Woo-San. He finally finds Sheila Haywood in Ethiopia, where she works as an aid worker.
The reunion turns into a trap. The Joker is blackmailing Sheila and using her to supply him with medical supplies. Sheila has also been embezzling from her aid agency. To cover her tracks, she hands her son, who arrived dressed as Robin, over to the Joker. The Joker beats the boy with a crowbar and leaves him and Sheila in a warehouse with a time bomb.
Batman #427 ended there, with the explosion. The numbers were printed on the issue's inside back cover. Voting stayed open for 36 hours and drew 10,614 calls. Death won by a 72-vote margin, 5,343 to 5,271. Batman #428 carried out the verdict. Batman arrived too late, and Sheila lived just long enough to tell him that Jason had died trying to protect her. Both bodies were taken back to Gotham City for burial.
O'Neil later cast doubt on the result. Speaking to Newsarama alongside writer Judd Winick, he said he had heard that one man programmed his computer to dial the death line every ninety seconds for eight hours. Later he told a more detailed version about a California lawyer with a Macintosh. He said only about 65 votes made the difference, if the story was true. He admitted he had no hard information.
The reaction was harsh. O'Neil recalled, "We did the deed, and we got a blast of hate mail and a blast of negative commentary in the press." Frank Miller, who had worked on Batman: The Dark Knight Returns and Batman: Year One, said, "To me, the whole killing of Robin thing was probably the ugliest thing I've seen in comics, and the most cynical." DC stood by the outcome. On the back cover of the trade paperback, O'Neil was quoted saying, "It would be a really sleazy stunt to bring him back." He would later regret that sentence.
Batman treated Todd's death as his greatest failure. He kept the second Robin's uniform on display in the Batcave, and the Joker sometimes used the loss to torment him. The comics themselves stumbled. Stories in Detective Comics had been set before Todd's street-kid origin, and Robin was nearly absent there. Eleven months passed between his death in Batman #428 and the first mention of it in Detective Comics #606.
In 1989, Denny O'Neil, Marv Wolfman and Pat Broderick introduced Tim Drake as the third Robin. Mindful of how readers had received Todd, O'Neil gave Tim a gentler entrance. Tim first introduced himself to Dick Grayson and impressed him with his skills. Batman came to accept Tim slowly, and the memory of Jason weighed heavily on how he trained Tim before his debut as Robin.
Batman #617 in September 2003 came with a leaked page by artist Jim Lee that spread across the Internet. It seemed to show the mystery villain Hush as a resurrected Jason Todd. Batman #618 the next month revealed a trick. Clayface had played Todd, working under the direction of the Riddler and Hush. Writer Jeph Loeb said he had always liked the idea of a Robin who died in the line of duty. Hush used the memory to get inside Batman's head. Loeb called Jason a pawn and said he was glad if others picked up the idea.
In the story itself, Batman had found Tim Drake kidnapped. He confronted the kidnapper at a desecrated gravesite and found an adult Todd in a darker Robin costume. Batman subdued him and discovered Clayface. Todd's real body, however, was missing from its grave.
In 2005, writer Judd Winick began the Under the Hood storyline, built around the identity of a new Red Hood. Batman #638 revealed him to be Jason Todd. Winick had told his editors he wanted to do something big, and bringing Todd back from the dead was it. He said he cared less about how Todd returned than about "what Jason's return will do to Batman."
The explanation arrived in Batman Annual #25 in 2006. Superboy-Prime, trapped in a paradise dimension, punched at the barrier around it. The blows caused temporal ripples that overlapped parallel timelines, a force called Hypertime. Todd was restored to life, since he had been meant to survive the Joker's attack. He broke out of his coffin and wandered far from the grave, so nobody linked the two events. He was hospitalized, with no fingerprints on file and no missing person report.
Todd spent a year in a coma and another year as an amnesiac vagrant. A small-time crook recognized his fighting skill as Robin's, and Talia al Ghul took him in out of her love for Batman. Her father Ra's al Ghul wanted the secret of the resurrection. The League of Assassins hunted down everyone in Gotham who knew Todd had returned, so Batman would not find out. Talia later restored Todd's health and memory in a Lazarus Pit, where her father was also bathing.
Ra's blamed the pit for Todd's instability. He called Todd a "curse" and a "pestilence" and warned that the madness might last "hours, months, or decades." Talia then fed Todd's anger, telling him he "remains unavenged." She funded his return to Gotham, and he hired mercenaries to help him.
Todd's first revenge plan involved a fake arms deal designed to draw Batman out. He planted a bomb under the Batmobile and held the detonator while Batman sat inside. Then he realized that Batman would die without ever knowing who killed him or that Todd had returned. He chose a different path and traveled the world to train under teachers whose methods were deadlier than Bruce Wayne's.
They taught him guns, poisons and antitoxins, martial arts, acrobatics, and bomb-making. One teacher led a child sex slave ring. Todd freed the children, took them to a local embassy, and poisoned the man. He told Talia he had not committed murder but had "put down a reptile." He repeated the pattern with later teachers who proved guilty.
Along the way he learned that Tim Drake had replaced him as Robin, which tormented him. A bomb-making teacher also led him into a Russian mafia plot to frame a bombing and divert British law enforcement. Todd hunted down the gang and safely detonated the bombs. The one surviving member offered to trade a very wanted man for his own life. That man was the Joker.
In Los Angeles, Todd captured the Joker, who failed to recognize the older man. Todd doused him in gasoline and considered burning him alive. Then he decided he did not want the Joker simply dead. He wanted to punish the villain alongside Batman, so he spared him. He also told Talia that he had figured out why she paid for his training: to stall him from killing Batman. He no longer wanted to.
Talia gave him the idea of becoming the Batman that Gotham needed. She had the same carpenters who built his casket make a replica. Todd made a pact with Hush and the Riddler. When Batman showed no remorse for sparing the Joker after the second Robin was killed, Todd took up the mantle of his murderer, the original Red Hood. Talia arranged a takeover of Kord Industries for him. She gave him the flame dagger, a copy of Ra's al Ghul's, along with the red motorcycle helmet hood that became his mask.
In Batman: Under the Hood, Red Hood hijacked a shipment of Kryptonite from Black Mask. He then handed it back to Batman, Nightwing and Mr. Freeze, saying he had only wanted a lay of the land. He found the Joker and beat him with a crowbar, just as the Joker had beaten him, then spared him again. He seized control of several gangs and started a one-man war on Black Mask, who had allegedly murdered a Robin, Stephanie Brown.
Batman began to suspect resurrection and sought advice from Superman and Green Arrow, both of whom had died and returned. Tests confirmed it was Jason. When Alfred Pennyworth asked whether to remove the Robin costume from its display case, Batman said the return "doesn't change anything at all." Todd broke into Titans Tower to prove himself against Tim Drake. He beat the other Teen Titans and Tim, tore the R emblem from Tim's chest, and later admitted Tim's courage made him a worthy successor.
In Crime Alley, Todd held the Joker at gunpoint and told Batman he should have killed the Joker "because he took me away from you." Batman said he had often been tempted but refused to go to that place. Todd threw him a pistol and began to count to three, leaving Batman only a headshot to stop him. Batman threw a batarang that bounced off a pipe and struck Todd's neck. The Joker detonated explosives, and the platform plunged into the bay.
After the One Year Later period, Todd turned up in New York City as a murderous Nightwing. He refused to drop the name when Dick Grayson confronted him and suggested they become a team. Local mobsters Barry and Buddy Pierce captured him. Grayson rescued him, and the two beat the Pierce brothers. Todd then left the Nightwing name to Grayson, with a telegram saying he had returned to normal and still thought of himself as a gift from Batman.
In Green Arrow, Todd kidnapped Mia Dearden to break her partnership with Green Arrow. He believed they were kindred spirits cast down by society and at odds with their mentors. He argued that putting child sidekicks in danger was insane. Mia was deeply troubled but chose to stay with Green Arrow.
Countdown, DC's year-long weekly series, began in May 2007 and sent him across the Multiverse. A teaser image showed a figure in a Red Robin costume, and after conflicting statements, executive editor Dan DiDio confirmed in the July 2007 DC Nation column that it was Jason Todd. On Earth-51, he wore the suit and fought beside that world's Batman, who was killed. Todd grew attached to a team that included Donna Troy, and he named a Monitor "Bob."
In Batman: Battle for the Cowl in 2009, Todd carried guns and wore a Batman costume while living in Gotham's abandoned subway system. Writer and artist Tony Daniel said Jason had become a "bona fide" villain. Todd stabbed Tim Drake in the chest with a Batarang and fought Nightwing, who still wanted to save him. Todd refused, dropped from a speeding train into the Gotham River, and promised they would meet again. Bruce Wayne's last words to Jason, in the story, expressed regret that he had overlooked the young man's emotional problems. They pleaded with him to seek psychiatric help, and Dick Grayson suggested this infuriated him.
In Grant Morrison and Philip Tan's Batman and Robin, Todd retook the Red Hood mantle and recruited a sidekick named Scarlet. He remade the costume to look more like a traditional superhero outfit and left a calling card that read "let the punishment fit the crime." The pair killed criminals and even police. Commissioner Gordon arrested Todd and told him that Batman never breaks the law "where it counts."
Held at Arkham Asylum, Todd called it Batman's "kennel of freaks." Moved to a Gotham prison, he poisoned the cafeteria, killing 82 inmates and sickening 100 more. Mercenaries broke him out of a transport van, but he fought them off. Then he joined Batman and Robin to rescue Scarlet. Afterward he escaped by helicopter, saying he had planted bombs over Gotham months earlier.
On the 6th of June 2011, DC announced that Jason Todd would headline a title as the Red Hood, as part of its line-wide relaunch. Batman Group Editor Mike Marts described the Outlaws as a group of antiheroes. Red Hood and the Outlaws debuted in September 2011, written by Scott Lobdell with art by Kenneth Rocafort. Roy Harper and Starfire joined the team. The series focused on Todd's redemption.
Red Hood and the Outlaws #0 in November 2012 simplified his origin. In this version, Batman first met Todd when the boy stole medicine from Leslie Thompkins, who had treated him after a beating. A backup story, narrated by the Joker, claimed that the Joker had orchestrated Todd's biggest life moments. Since the Joker told it, it is open to debate whether he told the truth. Instead of globe-trotting teachers, Todd had been trained by an order of warriors called the All Caste.
Todd also served in Batman, Incorporated under the name Wingman, operating in Europe. Alfred Pennyworth said he wanted "to be redeemed." After the events of Death of the Family, Bruce and Alfred cared for a sick Jason, and the two embraced. Then Damian Wayne died, and Batman took Jason to Ethiopia, the place of his death, hoping to learn how his resurrection worked. Jason was hurt by the manipulation, and their relationship shattered. Later he joined Batman, Batgirl, Cyborg and Red Robin to rescue Damian's body from Apokolips, and Damian was resurrected.
Still, Todd returned to the All Caste and had his memories wiped. Starfire's computer later told him Red Hood had made 83 confirmed kills. He refused to believe he had been on a path to redemption and abandoned his teammates. A new series, Red Hood/Arsenal, followed.
DC Rebirth revived Red Hood and the Outlaws in August 2016. Todd's origin returned to the post-Crisis meeting over the Batmobile's tires, with his mother already dead and his father serving a life sentence. The new team paired Todd with the disgraced Amazon warrior Artemis and the Superman clone Bizarro. DC called them the "Dark Trinity." They stayed together until issues #25-26, when Todd went solo.
Under Infinite Frontier, Todd led his own Suicide Squad until he disbanded it at the series finale. During Gotham War, he sided with Catwoman and fought Batman. Batman used an altered version of Scarecrow's toxins on him to force him to stop being a hero. Todd fought off the mind control and saved the day, but his relationship with Batman was strained.
In June 2025, DC announced a mature Red Hood series written by Gretchen Felker-Martin. In September, DC canceled it one day after its debut, following comments the writer made on Bluesky. DC deemed them inconsistent with its standards of conduct.
Jason Todd has no inherent superpowers. As Robin, he was considered a first-class athlete and a capable hand-to-hand fighter, though weaker at investigation. Those skills grew over time. He also has firearm training comparable to that of law enforcement. After his resurrection, training from the League of Assassins and the All Caste made him a more proficient martial artist and marksman with a more lethal style. Some stories give him magical ability to summon the All-Blades, weapons manifested from his soul. His dagger remains his preferred weapon for close combat, and his firearms of choice are a pair of customized IWI Jericho 941s.
Many alternate versions of Todd exist. In The Dark Knight Returns, he was already dead before the events of A Death in the Family. In Flashpoint, he is a priest and former follower of Brother Blood. In DC Comics Bombshells, he is a Spanish child killed by Cheetah. In Batman: White Knight, he was the first Robin, survived the Joker, and became the Red Hood. The series From the DC Vault: A Death in the Family: Robin Lives! imagines how Batman might have changed had the vote gone the other way.
On television, Young Justice casts Josh Keaton as Todd, first as a Robin who died off-screen and later as a red-hooded ninja under Ra's al Ghul. In Titans, Curran Walters plays him as a Robin who becomes the Red Hood after being killed by the Joker and brainwashed by the Scarecrow. In film, Jensen Ackles voices the adult Todd in Batman: Under the Red Hood. Batman v Superman: Dawn of Justice alludes to his death through a dead Robin's suit, though director Zack Snyder said he originally meant it for Dick Grayson.
The 2015 game Batman: Arkham Knight, with Troy Baker voicing Todd, rebuilt him as the Arkham Knight. In the game's flashbacks, the Joker holds him in Arkham Asylum for months of torture. The Joker's goal is to turn him against Batman. Todd later escapes, builds a militia, and joins the Scarecrow to destroy Batman. Near the end, Batman reaches out, and Todd drops the Arkham Knight identity and takes the Red Hood name.
In 2020, Batman: Death in the Family returned to the old story with interactive choices. Based on the viewer's choices, Todd can die, leading into the events of Under the Red Hood. He can also survive and seek revenge as Hush. Thirty-two years after the first vote, the audience was again deciding Todd's fate.
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Common questions
Who is Jason Todd in DC Comics?
Jason Todd is a fictional character in DC Comics who first appeared in Batman #357 in March 1983. He was created to succeed Dick Grayson as Robin, Batman's partner, and later became the antihero known as the Red Hood.
How did Jason Todd die in A Death in the Family?
In the 1988 story, the Joker beat Jason Todd with a crowbar and left him and his birth mother, Sheila Haywood, in a warehouse with a time bomb. Batman arrived too late to save them.
Did readers really vote to kill Jason Todd?
Yes. DC ran a 1-900 phone poll in 1988, and the vote for death won by 72 votes, 5,343 to 5,271, out of 10,614 total calls. Editor Dennis O'Neil later said he had heard a single caller may have skewed the result.
How did Jason Todd come back from the dead?
Batman Annual #25 in 2006 explained that Superboy-Prime's punches against a dimensional barrier created Hypertime ripples that restored Todd to life. Talia al Ghul then healed him in a Lazarus Pit.
Who is the Red Hood and how is he connected to Jason Todd?
The Red Hood is the identity Jason Todd adopted after his return, taking the mantle of the Joker's original persona. His identity was revealed in Batman #638 during Judd Winick's 2005 Under the Hood storyline.
What is Jason Todd's role in Batman: Arkham Knight?
In the 2015 game Batman: Arkham Knight, Jason Todd, voiced by Troy Baker, appears as the Arkham Knight after being tortured by the Joker. Near the end, he abandons that identity, becomes the Red Hood, and helps Batman defeat the Scarecrow.
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