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Christchurch mosque shootings

Ch. 1 of 8
— CH. 1 · INTRODUCTION —

Contents

Christchurch mosque shootings

8 sections
  • On the 15th of March 2019, a worshipper walking toward the entrance of the Al Noor Mosque in Christchurch greeted an armed man with the words "Hello, brother!" It was a Friday, and the congregation had gathered for prayer. Within minutes, the first of two attacks was under way. In total, 51 people died. These were the Christchurch mosque shootings, the deadliest in modern New Zealand history and the worst terror attack ever carried out by an Australian. How did one man prepare for two years without being stopped? What did ordinary people do in the minutes that followed? And why did a small country change its gun laws, challenge the world's technology companies, and refuse to speak the attacker's name?

  • The Al Noor Mosque stands on Deans Avenue in the suburb of Riccarton, facing Hagley Park, and it opened in 1985 as the first mosque in the South Island. The Linwood Islamic Centre, on Linwood Avenue several kilometres away, was far newer. It had opened only in 2018.

    The gunman was a 28-year-old Australian from Grafton, New South Wales. He arrived in New Zealand in August 2017 and settled in Andersons Bay, in Dunedin. There he joined a gun club in South Otago and practised at its range. After his arrest he told investigators that he spent time on the discussion boards 4chan and 8chan. He also described YouTube as "a significant source of information and inspiration".

    In November 2017 he was granted a firearms licence with an "A" endorsement. Between December 2017 and March 2019 he bought weapons, along with more than 7,000 rounds of ammunition. He also ordered higher capacity magazines online and fitted them to semi-automatic rifles, which broke the conditions of his licence. Police later recovered six guns in total.

    He began planning about two years before the attack and chose his targets three months in advance. On the 8th of January 2019 he flew a drone from a nearby park to look over the grounds of Al Noor. The same day he drove past the Linwood Islamic Centre. He also searched the internet for floor plans, interior photographs and prayer schedules, so he could learn when mosques would be fullest.

    Some survivors at Al Noor believed they had seen him there on several earlier Fridays, pretending to pray and asking about the mosque's schedule. The Royal Commission that later studied the case found no evidence of those visits. Police think he had instead watched an online tour of the building.

    On the day itself he wore an armoured vest and an airsoft helmet that held a head-mounted GoPro camera. Police also found four incendiary devices in his car, and the New Zealand Defence Force defused them. He declared that he had planned to burn the mosque.

  • At 1:39 p.m., a car turned into the driveway of an apartment block beside the Al Noor Mosque, and the driver reversed it to face Deans Avenue. He took a shotgun and a rifle and walked onto the mosque grounds. At the front entrance he fired the shotgun nine times, killing four worshippers. He then dropped it and continued with the rifle. Inside, he killed two men in a hallway and dozens more in the prayer hall, where a strobe light on his rifle disoriented people.

    He went outside, killed a man, and switched to a second rifle from his car. From the southern gate he shot two people sheltering behind vehicles in the car park and wounded a third. He returned inside and shot people who were already wounded. Then he killed an injured woman outside. Six minutes after arriving, he drove away, firing at fleeing worshippers as he went.

    Police reached the area at 1:46 p.m., just as he was leaving. A bus hid his car from view, and nobody had yet described the vehicle. He sped east along Bealey Avenue at up to 130 km/h, weaving against oncoming traffic and onto a grass median strip. At 1:51 p.m., he aimed a shotgun at a driver on Avonside Drive. It failed to fire both times he tried.

    He reached the Linwood Islamic Centre at 1:52 p.m., when about 100 people were inside. He parked across the driveway so that no car could enter or leave. A witness said he could not find the main door, so he shot at people outside and through a window, killing four and alerting those inside. He then entered the building and killed three more people. He drove away at 1:55 p.m.

    The toll was 44 dead at Al Noor and seven at Linwood. The victims ranged in age from 3 to 77 and included 43 men, 4 women and 4 boys. Another 89 people were injured, 40 of them by gunfire.

    A police unit then spotted a silver 2005 Subaru Outback matching the description, and a pursuit began at 1:57 p.m. Two officers rammed the car off the road. The driver was arrested without resistance on Brougham Street in Sydenham at 1:59 p.m., 18 minutes after the first emergency call. He later admitted that he had been heading for a third mosque, in Ashburton, 90 km southwest of Christchurch. At first he told police there were "nine more shooters". Later he confirmed that he had acted alone.

  • Inside Al Noor, a Pakistani emigrant named Naeem Rashid ran straight at the gunman and knocked him to the ground. The tackle dislodged a magazine from the gunman's vest. The gunman got back up and shot Rashid several times, killing him. Pakistan's prime minister, Imran Khan, announced that Rashid would be honoured for his courage. He was awarded the Nishan-e-Shujaat posthumously, and New Zealand gave him the New Zealand Cross.

    At Linwood, a worshipper named Abdul Aziz Wahabzada ran outside while the gunman was fetching another gun from his car. Aziz threw a payment terminal at him. The gunman fired back, and Aziz picked up an empty shotgun that had been dropped. He crouched among nearby cars and shouted "I'm here!" to pull the gunman's attention away from the building.

    It did not work at first, and the gunman went inside. When he came back out, Aziz confronted him again. The gunman pulled a bayonet from his vest but then retreated into his car instead of attacking. As the car pulled away, Aziz hurled the shotgun at it.

    On the 6th of July 2022, Governor-General Cindy Kiro presented the New Zealand Cross to Aziz and, in memory of Rashid, to his family. The same ceremony recognised others. Senior Constables Scott Carmody and Jim Manning received the New Zealand Bravery Decoration for arresting the gunman. Liam Beale and Wayne Maley received it for helping survivors at Al Noor. Lance Bradford, Mike Robinson and Mark Miller, the last posthumously, received the New Zealand Bravery Medal for helping victims.

    The two arresting officers had been honoured earlier, when Prime Minister Jacinda Ardern gave them bravery awards at the Police Association Conference in Wellington in mid-October 2019. Their names stayed suppressed until December 2019, while legal proceedings continued.

    Aziz went on to represent recipients of the Cross at the coronation of Charles III and Camilla in May 2023. The Linwood building, which had stood empty for a long period, was demolished in November 2023.

  • At 1:32 p.m. on the day of the attack, a live stream began on Facebook Live. It ran for 17 minutes, from the drive toward Al Noor until the gunman left the mosque, and the picture came from the camera on his helmet. This made the attack the first successfully live-streamed far-right terror attack.

    A link to the stream appeared on the 8chan board /pol/, together with links to a manifesto. The post said it was time to stop "shitposting" and make a real-life effort. Fewer than 200 people watched the stream live. None of them complained to Facebook or told the police. Its viewpoint mirrored that of a first-person shooter video game.

    The manifesto ran to 74 pages. Minutes before the attacks, it was emailed to more than 30 recipients, including the prime minister's office and several media outlets. Parliament's security team forwarded the message to police, who were phoned at 1:40 p.m. Around then, the first emergency calls were also coming from Al Noor. Some media outlets called the document "shitposting", a form of trolling meant to provoke strong reactions. On the 23rd of March 2019, New Zealand's Chief Censor ruled it "objectionable", making it unlawful to possess or distribute there, with exemptions for journalists, researchers and academics. Supporters later translated it into more than a dozen languages.

    Facebook said no one complained about the video until 12 minutes after the stream ended. By then it had been viewed fewer than 200 times. It reached about 4,000 views before being removed, which happened within minutes of Facebook being notified. The company then created a digital fingerprint of the video to catch re-uploads and said it had blocked 1.5 million attempts. Reddit banned the communities "WatchPeopleDie" and "Gore". Microsoft proposed industry-wide standards for flagging such material quickly.

    New Zealand's film classifiers declared the video objectionable almost immediately. Sharing it became a crime carrying up to 14 years in prison for an individual. At least eight people were arrested for possessing or sharing the video or manifesto. Philip Arps was sentenced in June 2019 to 21 months in prison for distributing the footage. Several Australian outlets and British tabloid websites aired part of the video despite police pleas, and Sky Television New Zealand briefly stopped carrying Sky News Australia. Stuart Bender, of Curtin University, called the attack a "performance crime", in which filming the violence is central to the violence itself.

    On the 15th of May 2019, Ardern and French President Emmanuel Macron co-hosted the Christchurch Call summit in Paris. It urged technology companies to do more against violent extremism. The initiative had 53 state signatories and the backing of eight large technology companies. Australia moved to fine providers and potentially jail their executives for failing to remove violent footage, and a French Muslim council sued Facebook and YouTube.

  • Within an hour of the attack, every school in Christchurch was in lockdown, and the citywide lockdown lasted nearly three hours. A ministry report found that responses varied. Some pupils still had their phones, and some saw the footage online. At some schools, children were told to "commando crawl" to the bathroom. Student climate strikers gathering in Cathedral Square, near the attack sites, were advised to take shelter or go home.

    The Bangladesh cricket team had planned to pray at Al Noor that Friday. They were moments from entering the building when the shooting began, and they fled on foot to Hagley Oval. The third test match against New Zealand was cancelled. So was the Super Rugby match between the Crusaders and the Highlanders, as "a mark of respect for the events". The tragedy revived calls to rename the Crusaders, a name drawn from the medieval Crusades against Muslims.

    For the first time in New Zealand's history, the terrorism threat level was raised to high. Ardern called the attack an "act of extreme and unprecedented violence" and said it was "one of New Zealand's darkest days". She vowed to leave the accused "nameless" and urged people to say the victims' names instead.

    The press largely followed. In the three months after the attack, almost 1,000 reports appeared in major New Zealand outlets, and fewer than 10 percent used the gunman's name. Psychiatrist Susanna Every-Palmer saw this as a moral choice to deny him exposure. Courts also required his face to be pixelated. Australian coverage differed, with outlets dwelling on the violence and the attacker. The Australian, for example, published an audio excerpt containing cries for help.

    Mosques around the world became places for vigils and floral tributes. In Christchurch, Mayor Lianne Dalziel encouraged people to lay flowers outside the Botanic Gardens. School pupils and other groups performed haka and waiata. Street gangs, among them the Mongrel Mob, Black Power and the King Cobras, sent members to mosques to guard worshippers at prayer time.

    One week after the attack, an open-air Friday prayer in Hagley Park was broadcast nationally and drew 20,000 people. Ardern told the crowd, "New Zealand mourns with you. We are one." The imam of Al Noor replied, "We are broken-hearted but we are not broken." A national remembrance service followed on the 29th of March.

    Money followed too. Combined fundraisers reached $8.4 million for victims and families. The Jewish Federation of Greater Pittsburgh raised more than NZ$967,500, inspired by the support local Muslims had shown after the Pittsburgh synagogue shooting in October 2018. In May 2019, the NZ Transport Agency began offering free replacement plates for any vehicle carrying the prefix "GUN".

  • In 2018, New Zealand was reported to hold an estimated 1.5 million firearms. Of these, 15,000 were registered military-style semi-automatic weapons, and at least 50,000 more were unregistered A-category semi-automatics. Philip Alpers of GunPolicy.org observed that most guns in the country were unregistered, and he suggested the ease of obtaining them may have shaped the gunman's plans.

    Ardern said on the day of the attack that gun laws would change. On the 21st of March she announced a ban on semi-automatic weapons. As an interim measure, some rifles and shotguns were reclassified so that buying them needed police approval. The Arms (Prohibited Firearms, Magazines, and Parts) Amendment Act 2019 was introduced on the 1st of April and passed its final reading on the 10th of April.

    A buy-back scheme opened in July 2019 and ran for six months. By the 21st of December 2019, police had completed 33,619 hand-ins, collecting 56,250 firearms and 194,245 parts, and 2,717 firearms had been modified. Police Minister Stuart Nash called it a success. A spokeswoman for the Council of Licensed Firearms Owners called it a failure, claiming that 170,000 prohibited guns existed and that 50,000 was nothing to boast about.

    On the 24th of May 2019, cabinet announced a Royal Commission of Inquiry, chaired by Supreme Court justice Sir William Young. It delivered its report on the 26th of November 2020. The commission made 44 recommendations, including a new national intelligence agency specialising in counterterrorism, and the government agreed to implement them all. The Islamic Women's Council criticised the inquiry for not going far enough. In August 2024, the government confirmed it would act on 36 of the 44.

    The commission's work also produced a research centre in Wellington, He Whenua Taurikura, to study violent extremism. From 2022 it operated through a trust. Funding was withdrawn in stages during 2024, a step criticised by the trustees and others.

    A coronial inquiry began in October 2023 and identified 12 issues to be examined at its hearing.

  • On the 16th of March 2019, the day after the attacks, the gunman appeared in the Christchurch District Court. He was charged with one count of murder. The judge allowed filming only on condition that his face be pixelated. He smiled at reporters and made an inverted OK gesture below his waist, said to be a "white power" sign. He was remanded in custody at Auckland Prison, the country's only maximum-security unit.

    On the 4th of April 2019, police raised the charges to 89, comprising 50 of murder and 39 of attempted murder. A psychiatric assessment of his fitness for trial was ordered the next day. On the 20th of May, a charge of engaging in a terrorist act was added, along with one more murder and one more attempted murder charge. The totals became 51 and 40. In June 2019 he pleaded not guilty, and assessments found no problem with his fitness.

    The trial was set for the 4th of May 2020 but was moved to the 2nd of June to avoid the Islamic holy month of Ramadan. In prison he managed to send seven letters, and a recipient posted one on 4chan and 8chan. Corrections Minister Kelvin Davis and the Department of Corrections were criticised. Ardern said the government would explore restricting prisoners' mail under the Corrections Act 2004.

    On the 26th of March 2020, during the COVID-19 lockdown, he appeared by video link and pleaded guilty to all 92 charges. The public was barred, but reporters and representatives of the two mosques attended. He later dismissed his lawyers and represented himself at sentencing.

    Sentencing began on the 24th of August 2020 before Justice Cameron Mander, and it was televised. Survivors and relatives gave victim impact statements. The gunman did not oppose the sentence and declined to speak. He received life imprisonment without parole for each of the 51 murders, plus life terms for the terrorist act and the 40 attempted murders. It was New Zealand's first terrorism conviction and the first use of the maximum sentence of life without parole. Mander said the crimes were "so wicked that even if you are detained until you die, it will not exhaust the requirements of punishment and denunciation."

    Deputy Prime Minister Winston Peters then suggested that the gunman serve his sentence in Australia. Ardern said there was no legal basis for that, and Andrew Geddis, a University of Otago law professor, called it "legally impossible". On the 1st of September 2020, Ardern designated the gunman a terrorist entity, freezing his assets. In February 2026, the Court of Appeal heard his claim that he had pleaded guilty under duress and rejected it as "utterly without merit".

    The attacks inspired copycats, such as those in Poway, El Paso and Bærum. A planned film called Hello Brother was dropped in May 2019 after criticism that it had not consulted the local Muslim community. A later project, They are Us, was put on hold in 2021 until its producers consulted that community. A Radio New Zealand documentary series, Widows of Shuhada, told the stories of the widows of four of the men who were killed.

    The United Nations responded by designating the 15th of March, the date of the attacks, as the International Day to Combat Islamophobia.

Updated

Common questions

When did the Christchurch mosque shootings happen?

The Christchurch mosque shootings took place on the 15th of March 2019, during Friday prayer. The first attack began at the Al Noor Mosque at 1:40 p.m., and the second began at the Linwood Islamic Centre at 1:52 p.m.

How many people died in the Christchurch mosque shootings?

The Christchurch mosque shootings killed 51 people, 44 at the Al Noor Mosque and seven at the Linwood Islamic Centre. The victims were aged between 3 and 77, and 89 others were injured, 40 of them by gunfire.

Who stopped the gunman in the Christchurch mosque shootings?

Worshippers Naeem Rashid and Abdul Aziz Wahabzada confronted the gunman, and two police officers rammed his car off the road. He was arrested without resistance on Brougham Street in Sydenham at 1:59 p.m.

What sentence was given for the Christchurch mosque shootings?

The gunman was sentenced to life imprisonment without the possibility of parole for each of the 51 murders. It was the first time New Zealand had imposed that maximum sentence, and it was also the country's first terrorism conviction.

How did New Zealand change its gun laws after the Christchurch mosque shootings?

New Zealand banned most semi-automatic weapons through the Arms (Prohibited Firearms, Magazines, and Parts) Amendment Act 2019, which passed its final reading on the 10th of April 2019. A six-month buy-back scheme began in July 2019.

What was the Christchurch Call after the Christchurch mosque shootings?

The Christchurch Call was a summit co-hosted in Paris on the 15th of May 2019 by Jacinda Ardern and Emmanuel Macron. It urged technology companies to do more against violent extremism and had 53 state signatories and eight large technology company signatories.

What did the Royal Commission find after the Christchurch mosque shootings?

The Royal Commission of Inquiry reported on the 26th of November 2020 with 44 recommendations, including a new national intelligence agency specialising in counterterrorism. In August 2024, the government confirmed it would implement 36 of the 44.

All sources

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