Charles J. Guiteau
Charles Julius Guiteau was marched to a police station a few blocks from a Washington railroad depot, repeating one line over and over. "I am a Stalwart of the Stalwarts.... Arthur is president now!" The man he had just shot was James A. Garfield, the 20th president of the United States. Guiteau never thought of himself as a murderer. He believed God had given him a task, and he expected to be rewarded for it.
How did a man who had failed at nearly everything come to believe that he had won a presidential election? What did a nation make of an assassin who smiled at crowds and recited poems at his own trial? And who, or what, actually killed the president? The answers begin in a small town in Illinois, long before the shots were fired.
In June 1860, a young man who had failed the University of Michigan entrance exams quit his cramming course. He joined a religious commune. Guiteau had been born on the 8th of September 1841 in Freeport, Illinois, the fourth of six children. His mother, Jane August, died in 1848. In 1850 the family moved to Ulao, Wisconsin, and by 1855 he and his father were back in Freeport.
By his own father's standards, Guiteau was a slow child. Luther Guiteau beat him for misspelling or mispronouncing words, and for falling short of the household's strict religious rules. In 1860 a $1,000 inheritance from his grandfather gave him a chance at college. He crammed French and algebra at Ann Arbor High School. Meanwhile his father kept writing to praise the Oneida Community, a utopian sect in Oneida, New York. Luther was closely tied to it.
The son took the hint. According to Brian Resnick of The Atlantic, Guiteau worshiped the community's founder, John Humphrey Noyes. He once wrote that he had "perfect, entire and absolute confidence in Noyes in all things." The community was so remote that during the Civil War its men were never required to register for the draft. Guiteau, of military age, was neither conscripted nor did he volunteer.
The feeling was not returned. Oneida practiced free love, yet Guiteau was generally spurned, and the women twisted his surname into the nickname "Charles Gitout." He left twice. The first time he went to Hoboken, New Jersey, and tried to launch a newspaper called The Daily Theocrat, built on Oneida's faith. It failed. After returning, he left again and sued Noyes, demanding pay for work he claimed to have done for the community.
His father, embarrassed, wrote letters backing Noyes, who regarded the young man as irresponsible and insane. Guiteau then headed for Chicago, where a cursory examination in August 1868 was all that stood between him and a law license.
Newspaper notices in 1868 warned readers that Guiteau was falsely claiming to represent the New-York Tribune as an advertising agent. His law career went no better. He argued exactly one case in court, and his client was convicted. Most of his work was bill collecting. His wife later told the publishers of a Guiteau biography that he pocketed outsized shares and rarely passed money on to clients. That wife was Annie Bunn, a librarian he had married in 1869.
The Great Chicago Fire of 1871 destroyed his office furniture and law library. In 1872 he and Annie moved to New York City, one step ahead of bill collectors and unhappy clients. There he took up politics with the Liberal Republicans and backed Horace Greeley against President Ulysses S. Grant. Guiteau wrote a disorganized speech for Greeley and delivered it once. Somewhere along the way he decided that a Greeley victory would earn him an ambassadorship to Chile.
Guiteau was physically abusive to his wife. When she asked for a divorce in 1873, he cooperated by sleeping with a prostitute who then testified to his infidelity. The divorce was granted in April 1874.
That July, The New York Herald accused him of fraud. Hired to collect a $300 debt, he had reportedly settled for $175 and kept every cent. He defended himself by saying lawyers usually keep fifty percent, and $175 was his half of $300. He then sued the Herald's publisher, James Gordon Bennett Jr., for libel. Guiteau asked for $100,000, dropped to $25,000, and was refused. In October 1876 Judge George C. Barrett ended the case by ordering a bond for court costs, which Guiteau could not pay.
He also tried authorship. His book on religion, The Truth, was almost entirely lifted from Noyes. In early 1875 he opened a practice in Toulon, Illinois, and left after about six weeks, pursued by unpaid bills and accusations of theft. By late 1875 his father had decided Satan possessed him, while Guiteau grew sure that God was guiding his actions. He saw himself as destined to preach a new Gospel, in the manner of Paul the Apostle.
In July 1877 he was arrested for embezzlement, accused of keeping more than $3,000 collected from accounts owed to Chicago businesses. After his release he drifted from town to town as a lecturer. In September 1877 he was arrested again in Ann Arbor, accused of skipping out on room and board. His talks drew thin crowds and bad reviews, and newspapers often reported that he left without paying for advertising, food or lodging. Among the stops on this circuit was Washington, D.C., a city he would see again in far worse shape.
On the 11th of June 1880, Guiteau was aboard SS Stonington when it collided with SS Narragansett at night. The fog was heavy, near the mouth of the Connecticut River. Stonington limped back to port. Narragansett burned to the waterline and sank, with about 55 lives lost. Guiteau and the other Stonington passengers were unhurt, and he took his survival as a sign that he had been spared for a higher purpose.
He had spent the first half of that year in Boston and left owing money, under suspicion of theft. Now he turned back to politics. The Republican Party was split. The Stalwarts, led by Roscoe Conkling, wanted Grant to run for a non-consecutive third term. The Half-Breeds backed James G. Blaine. Guiteau sided with the Stalwarts and wrote a speech titled "Grant against Hancock."
When the dark horse James A. Garfield, tied to neither faction, won the nomination, Guiteau retitled it "Garfield against Hancock." He changed little beyond swapping the names. The speech was delivered at most twice. Printed copies went to members of the Republican National Committee at their summer 1880 meeting in New York.
His real role was that of a hanger-on. He spoke briefly at minor rallies, one voice among several. In October he left calling cards for Grant during the former president's visit to New York City. Yet when Garfield narrowly beat the Democrat Winfield Scott Hancock in November, Guiteau credited himself with the win. He demanded a consulship as payment, first asking for Vienna, then deciding he preferred Paris.
Garfield's administration began in March 1881, and Guiteau was living in Washington with nothing. He dodged landladies and restaurant bills and trudged through the snow in a threadbare suit, with no coat, hat or boots. He spent his days in hotel lobbies. There he read abandoned newspapers to learn where Garfield and the cabinet would be, and wrote them letters on the hotels' free stationery. Every request was refused, whether made in person in the daily line of job seekers or on paper.
On the 14th of May 1881 he cornered Blaine, now Secretary of State, about the consulship once more. Blaine lost patience and snapped, "Never speak to me again on the Paris consulship as long as you live!"
Guiteau borrowed $15 from George Maynard, a relative by marriage, and went shopping for a revolver. He had come to believe that Garfield would wreck the Republican Party by ending the patronage system. He also blamed Blaine's influence, and the exchange with Blaine had left him distraught. His solution was to remove the president and put Vice President Chester A. Arthur in his place. Arthur was a follower of Conkling, who was on unfriendly terms with Garfield.
A knife was out of the question. Guiteau admitted, "Garfield would have crushed the life out of me with a single blow of his fist!" He felt that God had told him to kill the president, and in his mind such an act was a removal rather than an assassination. At O'Meara's store in Washington he knew little about guns but wanted a large caliber. The choice came down to two British Bulldog revolvers in .442 Webley, one with wood grips and one with ivory.
He wanted the ivory because it would look better in a museum after the crime. He was a dollar short, and the owner lowered the price. Guiteau practiced for weeks. The first shot nearly knocked him over.
Once he followed Garfield to the Baltimore and Potomac Railroad Station, since demolished. The president was seeing off his wife Lucretia for a beach resort in Long Branch, New Jersey. Guiteau called off his plan because she was in poor health and he did not want to upset her.
On the 2nd of July 1881, a newspaper article told him Garfield's schedule. Guiteau waited at the station, got his shoes shined and paced. He also hired a cab to carry him to the police station afterward, ready to turn himself in. As Garfield walked in, looking forward to a vacation with Lucretia, Guiteau stepped up and fired twice from behind. One bullet grazed the shoulder. The other struck the first lumbar vertebra and missed the spinal cord.
Policeman Patrick Kearney, entering the station at the sound of the shots, collided with the fleeing Guiteau and seized him. Kearney was so thrilled at having caught the president's shooter that he forgot to take the gun until they reached the police station. A crowd screamed to "lynch him," but Kearney and other officers got Guiteau out. The revolver was given to the Smithsonian and has since been lost.
Garfield died on the 19th of September 1881-11 weeks after the shooting. The cause was a long fight with infection, possibly made worse by doctors who probed the wound with unwashed hands and unsterilized instruments. Physicians who have studied the case say sterile care would have let him recover easily. That kind of care was not common in the United States for another decade.
Candice Millard argues that Garfield would have lived had his doctors simply left him alone. Rutkow, a professor of surgery at the University of Medicine and Dentistry of New Jersey, adds that starvation played a part. "In today's world," he has said, Garfield "would have gone home in a matter of two or three days."
A 2013 article in The American Journal of Surgery by Theodore Pappas and Shahrzad Joharifard challenged even that account. They argued that Garfield died of a late rupture of a splenic artery pseudoaneurysm, which formed because the bullet's path ran beside the splenic artery. They believed his sepsis came from acute acalculous cholecystitis, brought on by the trauma.
Reading the autopsy report, the authors speculate that his gallbladder ruptured and left a large bile-containing abscess beside it. In their view this explains the septic decline that was visible from the 23rd of July 1881 onward.
Once Garfield was dead, the charge against Guiteau changed from attempted murder to murder, and a formal indictment followed on the 14th of October 1881. He pleaded not guilty. He also wrote Arthur a letter arguing for his release. The killing, he said, had lifted Arthur into the presidency and his salary from $8,000 to $50,000.
The trial opened in Washington on the 17th of November in the Supreme Court for the District of Columbia, with Walter Smith Cox presiding. Guiteau insisted on representing himself, but the court appointed Leigh Robinson, who withdrew after less than a week. George Scoville took over. His experience was in land title examination, but he had married Guiteau's sister and felt obliged to help. Attorney General Wayne MacVeagh led the prosecution, naming five lawyers to his team: George Corkhill, Walter Davidge, retired judge John K. Porter, Elihu Root, and E. B. Smith.
The case was among the first high-profile American trials to weigh a defense of temporary insanity. Guiteau split with his own lawyers over it. He said he had been legally insane when he fired, because God had removed his free will. He denied being medically insane. The judge instructed the jury using the M'Naghten test.
The defense called Edward Charles Spitzka, a leading alienist. Spitzka declared that "Guiteau is not only now insane, but that he was never anything else." On the stand he said he had "no doubt" that Guiteau was insane and "a moral monstrosity." He called him a "morbid egotist" with "a tendency to misinterpret the real affairs of life," and blamed "a congenital malformation of the brain." Psychiatrist Allan McLane Hamilton testified in 1881 that he thought Guiteau sane at the time of the shooting.
Corkhill voiced the prosecution's view, and the public's, in a press statement before the trial. "He's no more insane than I am," he said. He called Guiteau "a cool, calculating blackguard" and "a deadbeat, pure and simple" who wanted excitement and notoriety, and "he got it."
Guiteau turned the courtroom into a spectacle. He cursed the judge, most witnesses, the prosecutors and his own lawyers. He framed his testimony as epic poems and recited them at length. He passed notes to spectators asking for legal advice. He dictated an autobiography to the New York Herald. It ended with a personal ad for "a nice Christian lady under 30 years of age." He smiled and waved at reporters and onlookers, even though he had twice nearly been killed himself.
At one point he told Judge Cox, "The doctors killed Garfield, I just shot him." Throughout the trial he was held at St. Elizabeths Hospital in southeastern Washington. In custody he wrote a defense of his act and an account of the trial, published as The Truth, and the Removal. He kept planning a lecture tour after his expected release and a run for president in 1884.
The jury found him guilty on the 25th of January 1882, and he was sentenced to death. Over his lawyers' attempts to quiet him, Guiteau stepped forward and shouted at the jury, "You are all low, consummate jackasses!" He followed with a stream of curses and obscenities before guards led him away. His appeal failed.
On the 7th of June 1882, The Evening Star printed a long poem by Guiteau, minus two verses that insulted Arthur and the Supreme Court. In it he claimed God had ordered the killing to stop Blaine's scheming. Blaine, he said, wanted war with Chile and Peru during the War of the Pacific. He also insisted Arthur knew the assassination had saved the country. To him, Arthur's refusal to pardon him was the "basest ingratitude."
The night before his execution on the 30th of June 1882, Guiteau tossed and turned in his cell. By morning he seemed calm. Warden John S. Crocker, hangman Robert Strong, the Rev. W. W. Hicks and four guards escorted him, hands bound. He tripped on the first step of the scaffold and stubbed his toe. Hicks said a short prayer. With Guiteau's hands tied, Hicks held the Bible open as he read Matthew 10:28-41.
Guiteau then gave a "last dying prayer." He said God "did inspire the act for which I am now murdered" and predicted that "this government and this nation, by this act, will incur Thy eternal enmity." He called Arthur "a coward and an ingrate." Finally he chanted, in a sad, doleful style, a poem he said he had written that morning, titled "I Am Going to the Lordy." His voice faltered several times. He sobbed and laid his head on Hicks' shoulder.
A black hood went over his head. He shouted "Glory!" three times, and may also have said, "I come! Ready! Go!" By arrangement with Strong, he dropped the paper as a signal, and the trapdoor fell at 12:40 PM. The fall broke his neck, but doctors still found a heartbeat and pulse, which faded within about fifteen minutes.
His family could not afford a private funeral, so the body was autopsied and buried in a corner of the jail yard. Bits of the hanging rope were already being sold as souvenirs. Rumors spread that guards meant to dig up the corpse for the same market. Fearing scandal, officials disinterred it themselves. The National Museum of Health and Medicine in Maryland kept his brain and his enlarged spleen and bleached his skeleton. Parts of the brain are on display in a jar at the Mütter Museum in Philadelphia.
The autopsy fed a long argument about what was wrong with him. It found phimosis, which was then thought to explain his madness. His dura mater was abnormally thick, which suggested neurosyphilis. George Paulson, formerly chair of neurology at Ohio State University, disputed that and diagnosed schizophrenia and "grandiose narcissism."
Guiteau has lived on in culture. John Lithgow voiced him in "Portrait of an Assassin," a 1980 episode of CBS Radio Mystery Theater. He is a mentor to Sara Jane Moore in Stephen Sondheim and John Weidman's musical Assassins. Ramblin' Jack Elliott sang "The Death of Mister Garfield," which Johnny Cash reworked as "Mr. Garfield." In 2025 Matthew Macfadyen played him in the Netflix miniseries Death by Lightning.
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Common questions
Who was Charles J. Guiteau?
Guiteau was an American office seeker who shot President James A. Garfield in Washington, D.C., on the 2nd of July 1881. He had been refused a consulship, and he believed he deserved one for helping Garfield win the election.
Why did Guiteau shoot Garfield?
He believed he had played a major role in Garfield's election and was angry at being denied a consulship in Vienna or Paris. He also convinced himself that God wanted Garfield removed and Chester A. Arthur installed in his place.
Did Guiteau's bullet kill Garfield?
Garfield died on the 19th of September 1881-11 weeks after the shooting. Modern physicians say that sterile care would have let him recover. A 2013 article argued a ruptured splenic artery pseudoaneurysm was the cause.
Was Guiteau found insane?
No. His trial was one of the first high-profile American cases to consider an insanity defense, but the jury found him guilty on the 25th of January 1882. He was hanged on the 30th of June 1882.
What happened to Guiteau's remains?
His body was autopsied and buried in the jail yard, then disinterred amid fears that guards might sell it. The National Museum of Health and Medicine kept his brain, spleen and skeleton, and parts of the brain are displayed at the Mütter Museum.
All sources
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