Ajmal Kasab
Ajmal Kasab is the name most often given to the one gunman from the 2008 Mumbai attacks who was taken alive, yet accounts of him spell it in at least a dozen different ways. Qasab, Kasav, Kasar, Qasam and Kamaal all appear in the record. That muddle says something about how little anyone knew about him in the first days after the attacks. Police in Mumbai held a stranger in custody, and everything about him had to be built from his own words and from the evidence he carried. This documentary asks who he was before that night, and how a young man from a Punjab village came to cross the sea with a gun. It asks what investigators pulled from him, and why his own country's officials were so slow to claim him. It also asks why, in the end, his body was buried in a place few people were told about.
Muhammad Ajmal Amir Kasab was born on the 13th of September 1987 in Faridkot, a village in the Okara District of Punjab, Pakistan. His parents were Noor Elahi and Muhammad Amir, of the Qassab community. His father ran a snack cart. An elder brother, Afzal, worked as a labourer in Lahore, and an elder sister, Rukaiyya Husain, was married and lived in the village. A younger sister, Suraiyya, and a younger brother, Munir, stayed at home with their parents.
Kasab spent a short time with Afzal in Lahore and then drifted back to Faridkot. In 2005 he left home after a quarrel with his father. He had asked for new clothes for Eid al-Fitr, and his father could not afford them. Together with a friend, Muzaffar Lal Khan, he turned to petty crime and then to armed robbery.
On the 21st of December 2007, the day of Eid al-Adha, the two friends were in Raaja Bazaar in Rawalpindi, trying to buy weapons. There they met members of Jama'at-ud-Da'wah, the political wing of Lashkar-e-Taiba, who were handing out pamphlets. The friends agreed to sign up for training and ended up at the group's base camp, Markaz Taiba.
Why he went along is disputed. A Mumbai Police interrogator said that Kasab's father had in effect sold him to the group so the family could live on the money. His father denied it. Reports of the payment disagree wildly. One names Zaki-ur-Rehman Lakhvi, a senior Lashkar commander, as offering 150000 to the family. Another says recruiters pledged 100000 if he died a martyr, and other sources put the figure at 4000.
Villagers in Okara told a camera crew that Kasab had visited about six months before the attacks. They said he asked his mother to bless him as he left for jihad, and that he showed off his wrestling to a few village boys.
He was one of 24 men trained in marine warfare at a remote camp in the mountains near Muzaffarabad in Azad Jammu and Kashmir. Part of that training was reported to have taken place on the Mangla Dam reservoir.
By the evening of the 26th of November 2008, ten militants were closing in on Mumbai by sea. They had left the port of Karachi on smaller boats, then boarded a cargo ship, the Al Fauz, and its sister vessel, the Al Hussaini. Later they hijacked the MV Kuber and abandoned it four to six nautical miles off the Mumbai coast. The last stretch was covered in an inflatable boat.
Kasab and Ismail Khan split from the rest of the group and hired a taxi to Chhatrapati Shivaji Maharaj Terminus, formerly Victoria Terminus and one of the busiest railway stations in Mumbai. In the back seat of the taxi they left a time bomb. At the station they attacked with grenades and AK-47 rifles, killing commuters and long-distance travellers. Between them, the two men would kill 72 people, most of them at this terminal.
Senior Inspector Shashank Shinde was among the police officers at the station who tried to fight back with service weapons. Kasab and Khan killed them too. The pair then headed for Cama Hospital, intending to kill patients, but the staff had locked every ward.
Outside the hospital, a police team was waiting. It included Hemant Karkare, chief of the Mumbai Anti-Terrorism Squad, the encounter specialist Vijay Salaskar and Additional Commissioner Ashok Kamte. They carried pistols, revolvers and Second World War era Lee-Enfield rifles. When the gunmen slipped away, Karkare, Kamte, Salaskar and four constables set off around the hospital in a Toyota Qualis, with Kamte driving.
Kamte spotted Kasab and fired, wounding his arm. Khan and Kasab answered with a volley that killed Karkare, Kamte, Salaskar and two of the constables. The gunmen took the Qualis, with two constables as hostages, and drove to the Metro Cinema, where they fired on civilians. Kasab joked about the bullet-resistant vests the police wore. He killed one constable, Yogesh Patil, when Patil's mobile phone rang.
After more shots at Vidhan Bhavan, a rear tyre on the Qualis burst from the gunfire. The pair abandoned it for a silver Škoda Laura and turned toward Girgaum Chowpatty beach. The other constable, Arun Jadhav, was badly wounded but alive. He radioed that the Škoda had been carjacked and was heading for Chowpatty.
At about 10 pm, the D B Marg police station received word from the police control room that two heavily armed men had gunned down commuters at the terminal. Fifteen policemen were sent to Chowpatty, where they built a double barricade across Marine Drive.
The Škoda stopped 40 to 50 feet short of the barricade. Officers shouted for the occupants to get out and surrender. Instead, the car's windshield wipers and high beams came on to blind the police. Khan, in the driver's seat, reversed and tried a U-turn, but the car stalled against the median. Gunfire broke out, and Khan was shot in the head. Kasab lay motionless in the passenger seat.
Assistant Sub-Inspector Tukaram Omble, armed with nothing but a lathi, a bamboo stick, charged the car. He was shot five times as he opened the passenger door. A former Naik, the Indian Army rank equivalent to corporal, Omble still held on to Kasab's weapon. That grip gave his colleagues the chance to seize the gunman, and Omble died on the spot. A crowd of officers then attacked Kasab, and the beating was caught on video.
Kasab was being taken to Nair Hospital when an officer noticed he was still breathing. Looking at the mutilated body of his partner, he begged the doctors to put him on a saline drip, saying "I do not want to die". The doctors who treated him said he had no bullet wounds.
He told police he had been trained to "kill to the last breath". After questioning at the hospital, his tone changed. He said, "Now, I do not want to live", and asked his interrogators to kill him, because his family in Pakistan might be tortured or killed for his surrender. Fidayeen squad members were told never to be captured, to use aliases and to conceal their nationality. He is also quoted as saying, "I have done right, I have no regrets". Reports later surfaced that the group had planned to escape after the attack.
A Garmin GPS unit found on Kasab let investigators retrace the whole journey of the group. Police also recovered ammunition, a satellite phone and a layout plan of Chhatrapati Shivaji Maharaj Terminus. Kasab told interrogators that Lashkar headquarters in Karachi had stayed in touch with the gunmen throughout, calling their phones through a voice-over-Internet service.
An email from a group calling itself the Deccan Mujahideen claimed responsibility. It was traced to a Russian proxy, and then, with help from the Federal Bureau of Investigation, back to Lahore. Mumbai Police said much of what Kasab told them proved accurate. He revealed the location of the MV Kuber, and told them where the ship captain's body, a satellite phone and a global-positioning device had been put. Police found them.
Kasab described travelling from Karachi to Mumbai by way of Porbandar. He said a coordinator supplied revolvers, AK-47s, ammunition and dried fruit. He told police the team wanted to copy the attack on the Marriott hotel in Islamabad and reduce the Taj Hotel to rubble, echoing the September 11 attacks in the United States. He said they chose Nariman House, home of a Chabad centre, because Israelis visited it, and that the target was meant to "avenge atrocities on Palestinians". He also claimed he entered the Taj posing as a student from Mauritius and stored explosives in a room.
On camera, Kasab repeatedly asked interrogators to switch the recorder off and warned that he would otherwise stay silent. They kept recording. He said he had been told that rich India looked down on poor Pakistan, and that his family was hungry. Mumbai investigators said they were stunned by how quickly he offered to change sides. "If you give me regular meals and money I will do the same for you that I did for them," he said.
He also said he had been brainwashed into thinking the operation was a religious war on the "Orders of God". Senior Inspector Ramesh Mahale recorded that Lakhvi had promised him paradise, with angels and a body that smelled of flowers. Mahale added that Kasab had been taught that Hindus were cruel to Muslims in India. "We showed him how Muslims offer namaz in the open with police protection," Mahale said.
Years later, in the memoir Let Me Say It Now, released in February 2020, former Mumbai Police Commissioner Rakesh Maria described his own interrogation of Kasab. Maria wrote that the planners meant the attack to look like a Hindu terror plot. Had everything gone to plan, all ten gunmen would have died with a red string tied round the wrist, and Kasab would have carried an identity card in the fictitious name Samir Dinesh Choudhari, a student of Arunoday Degree and P.G College. The book set off a political debate and accusations.
On the 9th of August 2012, Kasab was brought face to face with Abu Jundal, the handler of the attacks, at Arthur Road Jail. The two identified each other, and Kasab admitted that Jundal had taught him Hindi.
On the 3rd of December 2008, a night that would become central to the dispute over his origins, Kasab's parents vanished from Faridkot. Reporter Saeed Shah had already travelled to the village and produced national identity card numbers for both of them. A bearded mullah was said to have whisked the couple away, and plainclothes police reportedly sealed off the village. Villagers changed their stories, and visiting reporters were intimidated.
Earlier, investigators had assumed Kasab came from a village also called Faridkot, in Khanewal. Police there could find nobody of his name, and he was later placed in Okara. Mumbai police announced that he was a Pakistani national, citing his confession and other evidence. Several reporters visited his village and confirmed his account. Rakesh Maria, then Mumbai's Joint Commissioner of Crime, stated that Kasab was from Faridkot in the Okara District.
Pakistan's officials, President Asif Ali Zardari among them, at first denied that Kasab was Pakistani. Former Prime Minister Nawaz Sharif contradicted them, confirming the Faridkot origin and criticising Zardari for cordoning off the village and keeping Kasab's parents from meeting anyone. Government officials were also accused of trying to erase evidence of a Lashkar-e-Taiba office in Depalpur, which closed in a hurry in the week of the 7th of December. In early December, Kasab's father admitted in an interview that Kasab was his son. The Times reported that Indian police planned a narco analysis test to settle the question of nationality.
In January 2009, Pakistan's National Security Advisor, Mahmud Ali Durrani, confirmed to the news channel CNN-IBN that Kasab was a Pakistani citizen. The government then acknowledged the fact. It also announced that Prime Minister Yousaf Raza Gilani had fired Durrani for failing to take Gilani and other stakeholders into confidence.
The spelling of his name has its own story. On the 6th of December 2008, The Hindu reported that his interrogators did not speak Urdu. It said they took his caste name "kasai", meaning butcher, for a surname and wrote it down as "Kasav". The Times of India told a different tale. It said the officers understood he had no surname, but needed one for administrative purposes. They asked his father's occupation and used "butcher", which is "Kasab" in Urdu. Both accounts agree that the name on the charge sheet began as a clerical fix.
In December 2008, the Chief Justice of India, K. G. Balakrishnan, said that Kasab needed a lawyer if his trial was to be fair. That was not easy to arrange. The Bombay Metropolitan Magistrate Court's Bar Association, with more than 1,000 members, unanimously resolved that none of its members would defend any of the accused. Other bar associations passed similar resolutions.
The Hindu nationalist party Shiv Sena threatened lawyers who took the case. When attorney Ashok Sarogi hinted that he might act for Kasab, Shiv Sena members protested outside his home and threw stones at it. He retracted. On the 1st of April 2009, senior advocate Anjali Waghmare agreed to represent Kasab, and her home was stoned as well. Meanwhile, Kasab wrote to the High Commission of Pakistan in India, asking for legal aid and for custody of Ismail Khan's body. Pakistani officials confirmed that they received the letter, and no further updates were given.
Towards the end of December 2008, Ujjwal Nikam was appointed public prosecutor, and in January 2009 M. L. Tahaliyani became the judge. Investigators filed an 11,000-page chargesheet on the 25th of February 2009. Because it was written in Marathi and English, Kasab asked for an Urdu translation. According to DNA India, in early March 2009, prison guards coaxed him into reading the autobiography of Mahatma Gandhi.
The trial was due to begin on the 15th of April 2009 but was postponed when Waghmare was dismissed for a conflict of interest. It resumed on the 17th of April with Abbas Kazmi as defence counsel. On the 20th of April, the prosecution listed charges that included the murder of 166 people. On the 6th of May 2009, Kasab pleaded not guilty to 86 charges. Eyewitnesses then testified that they saw him arrive and fire at victims, and the doctors who treated him identified him. In June 2009, the special court issued non-bailable warrants for 22 absconding accused, among them Hafiz Saeed and Lakhvi.
On the 2nd of June 2009, Kasab told the judge he also understood Marathi. On the 20th of July 2009, he reversed his plea and pleaded guilty to all charges. On the 18th of December 2009, he took that back, saying he had been framed and tortured into confessing. He claimed he had come to Mumbai 20 days before the attacks and was strolling on Juhu beach when police arrested him. In court he also said he had come to act in Bollywood films.
CCTV footage of him striding across the terminal with an AK-47 and a backpack anchored the case. The trial ended on the 31st of March 2010. On the 3rd of May 2010, he was found guilty of 80 offences, including murder, conspiracy and waging war against India. On the 6th of May 2010, he was sentenced to death on four counts and to life imprisonment on five. On hearing the sentence, he broke down.
The Bombay High Court bench of Justice Ranjana Desai and Justice Ranjit More upheld the sentence on the 21st of February 2011. Justice Desai observed that Kasab had shown no remorse, that he displayed contempt on video conference, and that he was beyond rehabilitation. On the 30th of July 2011, he appealed to the Supreme Court of India, where Justice Aftab Alam and Justice Chandramouli Kr. Prasad heard the case. On the 29th of August 2012, the Supreme Court confirmed his conviction and the death sentence.
President Pranab Mukherjee rejected Kasab's plea for clemency on the 5th of November 2012. Home Minister Sushilkumar Shinde confirmed it on the 7th of November. The government of Maharashtra was notified the next day, the 21st of November was fixed for the hanging, and India faxed the decision to the Pakistani Foreign Office.
On the 12th of November, Kasab was formally told, and he asked officials to inform his mother. On the night of the 18th to the 19th of November, a senior official at Arthur Road Jail read him his death warrant and he signed it. Under heavy guard, he was moved in secret to Yerwada Jail in Pune, arriving in the early hours of the 19th. The death and funeral of Shiv Sena chief Bal Thackeray helped draw attention elsewhere.
An officer at Arthur Road Jail said, without giving his name, that Kasab caused no trouble on the journey and did not shed a tear in his last days. At Yerwada, only the jail superintendent knew who he was. He was held in a special cell, and the other inmates were not told. The executioner learned the prisoner's identity only minutes before the hanging.
Reportedly nervous but quiet, Kasab prayed. His last words were "Allah kasam maaf karna. Aisi galthi dobara nahi hogi", which means "I swear by Allah, please forgive me. I won't make such a mistake again". Asked for a last wish, he said, "Gharwalon ko milna hai", meaning he wanted to meet his family. He was hanged at 7:30 a.m. on the 21st of November 2012, five days before the fourth anniversary of the attacks. He was the first person executed in India since 2004.
The government considered burial at sea, as had been done with Osama bin Laden in May 2011, but chose burial at Yerwada Jail. A maulvi received the body for burial under Islamic rites. Ansar Burney, a human rights activist in Pakistan, offered to help return it to Pakistan on humanitarian grounds. India said it would consider a formal application. Shinde later said Kasab was buried in India because Pakistan had refused to claim him.
In Uttar Pradesh, authorities banned celebrations and public gatherings and put the state on high alert. Police in Coimbatore took a group of people into preventive custody for celebrating. K. Unnikrishnan, father of Major Sandeep Unnikrishnan, said the hanging was necessary but not something to "rejoice over". In Pakistan, the official response was muted, according to The Hindu. A senior Lashkar commander called Kasab a hero who would "inspire more fighters to follow his path". Pakistani Taliban spokesman Ehsanullah Ehsan threatened retaliation. Kasab's aunt, Shahnaz Sughra, told a Reuters reporter the news was "hell for us".
During the trial, stories spread that Kasab had been served mutton biryani in jail, and the opposition BJP held it up as proof the UPA government was soft on terror. Years later, prosecutor Ujjwal Nikam said the biryani demand was a myth he had "concocted" to break an emotional atmosphere forming in favour of Kasab. Many people condemned Nikam for it, and IPS officer Meeran Borwankar made similar claims in her memoir. The truth remains unclear.
Kasab has since been portrayed on screen. Rajan Verma played him in the 2010 film Ashok Chakra: Tribute to Real Heroes, and Sanjeev Jaiswal in the 2013 film The Attacks of 26/11. In the 2020 series State of Siege: 26/11, which follows the attacks from the viewpoint of the NSG commandos, the actor Shoaib Kabeer plays him.
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Common questions
Who was Ajmal Kasab?
Ajmal Kasab was a Pakistani member of Lashkar-e-Taiba, born on the 13th of September 1987 in Faridkot village in the Okara District of Punjab. With Ismail Khan, he took part in the 2008 Mumbai attacks, in which the two men killed 72 people.
How was Ajmal Kasab captured?
Ajmal Kasab was captured at a police roadblock at Girgaum Chowpatty on Marine Drive after Ismail Khan was shot dead. Assistant Sub-Inspector Tukaram Omble, armed only with a bamboo stick, held on to Kasab's weapon and died, allowing colleagues to seize him.
How did Ajmal Kasab join Lashkar-e-Taiba?
Ajmal Kasab met members of Jama'at-ud-Da'wah, the political wing of Lashkar-e-Taiba, in Raaja Bazaar in Rawalpindi on the 21st of December 2007. He and his friend Muzaffar Lal Khan had been looking to buy weapons and instead signed up for training at Markaz Taiba.
What was Ajmal Kasab convicted of and sentenced to?
Ajmal Kasab was found guilty of 80 offences on the 3rd of May 2010, including murder, conspiracy and waging war against India. On the 6th of May 2010 he was sentenced to death on four counts and to life imprisonment on five counts.
When and where was Ajmal Kasab executed?
Ajmal Kasab was hanged at Yerwada Jail in Pune at 7:30 a.m. on the 21st of November 2012. President Pranab Mukherjee had rejected his clemency plea on the 5th of November 2012.
Where was Ajmal Kasab buried and why?
Ajmal Kasab was buried within Yerwada Jail in Pune, according to Islamic rites. Home Minister Sushilkumar Shinde said the burial took place in India because Pakistan refused to claim the body.
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- 58NewsMumbai cops gave Ajmal his surname7 December 2008
- 59NewsCops called him 'Kasav' as dad was a butcher7 December 2008
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- 115NewsHangman gets last-minute surprise22 November 2012
- 117NewsAjmal Kasab hanged and buried in Pune's Yerwada Jail21 November 2012
- 118NewsAjmal Kasab hanged21 November 2012
- 119NewsAjmal Kasab hanged, buried at Pune's Yerwada JailDevesh Kumar — 21 November 2012
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- 129NewsPakistan quietly absorbs news of execution22 November 2012
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