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2008 Mumbai attacks

Ch. 1 of 8
— CH. 1 · STRANGERS ON THE SHORE —

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2008 Mumbai attacks

8 sections
  • The 2008 Mumbai attacks, known across India as 26/11, began with a brush-off. Around 20:00 on the 26th of November 2008, men in inflatable speedboats came ashore at two places in Colaba. Local Marathi-speaking fishermen asked who the strangers were. The reported answer was to "mind their own business". Then the men split up and went in two different directions.

    The fishermen passed their account to the police. It received little response, and local officers did not act. Roughly ninety minutes later, gunfire began in South Mumbai. It was the opening of twelve coordinated attacks that would stretch across several days.

    This documentary asks how such a plan was built and who stood behind it. It asks how ordinary people and badly outgunned police responded when the city came under fire. And it asks why, many years later, some of the men accused of directing the attack remained free or hard to hold to account.

  • On the 12th of March 1993, thirteen coordinated bomb explosions killed 257 people in Mumbai. They were carried out as revenge for the earlier Bombay riots, in which many Muslims had been killed. Between March 1993 and July 2006, the city suffered 12 notable bomb attacks. Together they killed 516 people and injured 1952.

    Smaller blasts punctuated those years, and several fell on symbolic dates. On the 6th of December 2002, a bomb in a BEST bus near Ghatkopar station killed two people and injured 28. It went off on the 10th anniversary of the demolition of the Babri Mosque in Ayodhya. On the 27th of January 2003, a bicycle bomb near Vile Parle station killed one person and injured 25. That was a day before the Prime Minister of India, Atal Bihari Vajpayee, visited the city.

    On the 13th of March 2003, a day after the 10th anniversary of the 1993 bombings, a bomb in a train compartment near Mulund station killed 10 people and injured 70. The summer of 2003 brought two more blasts. On the 28th of July, a second BEST bus bombing in Ghatkopar killed four people and injured 32. On the 25th of August, two bombs exploded in South Mumbai, one near the Gateway of India and one at Zaveri Bazaar in Kalbadevi. At least 44 people died and 150 were injured.

    Another came on the 11th of July 2006. Seven bombs went off within 11 minutes on the Suburban Railway, killing 209 people, 22 of them foreigners, and injuring more than 700. Mumbai Police blamed Lashkar-e-Taiba and the Students Islamic Movement of India. Every one of these earlier attacks relied on bombs. The assault of November 2008 would instead rely on fidayeen, attackers prepared to die in the act.

  • In the mountains near Muzaffarabad in Pakistan, a remote camp trained a group said to number between 24 and 26 men in marine warfare. Part of the instruction reportedly took place on the Mangla Dam reservoir. The course ran in stages. First came psychological preparation, including imagery of atrocities suffered by Muslims in India and elsewhere. Next was Lashkar's basic combat course, the Daura Aam.

    Selected recruits moved on to the Daura Khaas, held at a camp near Mansehra. An unnamed source at the US Defense Department said this stage covered advanced weapons and explosives under former Pakistan Army members, plus survival training. An even smaller group learned commando tactics. The unit chosen for Mumbai added marine navigation.

    Ten recruits were handpicked for the mission. They also learned swimming and sailing, and practised with high-end weapons and explosives under Lashkar commanders. A media report cited an unnamed former US Defense Department official. He said American intelligence had concluded that former officers of Pakistan's Army and its Inter-Services Intelligence agency, the ISI, took an active and continuous part in the training. The ten were given blueprints of four targets: the Taj Mahal Palace Hotel, the Oberoi Trident, Nariman House and Chhatrapati Shivaji Maharaj Terminus.

    After his arrest in 2012, Zabiuddin Ansari, also called Abu Hamza, described an earlier version of the plot. It was scheduled for 2006 and would have used Indian youths. That year, a large cache of AK-47 rifles and RDX explosives meant for the attacks was recovered at Aurangabad, and the plan collapsed. Ansari fled to Pakistan and helped Lashkar commanders search for Pakistani youths instead. Ten were selected in September 2007. Ansari also served as Hindi tutor to the attackers.

    A first attempt to sail from Karachi in September 2008 failed because of choppy waters. The second try came in November. The men stayed at a Lashkar safehouse in Azizabad in Karachi before boarding a small boat. They crossed the Arabian Sea on a Pakistani cargo vessel and hijacked an Indian fishing trawler named Kuber along the way. They killed its crew of four and forced the captain, Amar Singh Solanki, to sail toward Mumbai. Solanki had once spent six months in a Pakistani jail for illegally fishing in Pakistani waters. After murdering him, the attackers climbed into a rubber dinghy and headed for shore.

    David Coleman Headley, born Daood Sayed Gilani, scouted the targets. Between 2002 and 2009 he travelled widely for Lashkar, which trained him in small arms and countersurveillance. He made several trips to India and gathered video and GPS data for the plotters. By his testimony to Indian authorities, an ISI officer known as Major Iqbal allegedly gave him $25,000 in cash in 2006. The same officer helped arrange a communications system and oversaw a model of the Taj Hotel, so the gunmen could learn their way around inside.

    Headley was also an informant for the US Drug Enforcement Administration. His wives warned American officials about his Lashkar ties, and specifically that the Taj Hotel might be a target. Disclosures by Edward Snowden in 2013 revealed that the CIA had intercepted communications between the Lashkar boat and its headquarters in Pakistan-administered Kashmir. It passed an alert to India's RAW on the 18th of November, eight days before the attack.

  • At about 21:30, two gunmen named Ismail Khan and Ajmal Kasab walked into the passenger hall of Chhatrapati Shivaji Maharaj Terminus and opened fire with AK-47 rifles. Their assault lasted until about 22:45. It killed 58 people and injured 104. Announcements by railway announcer Vishnu Dattaram Zende alerted passengers to leave the station, and they saved many lives.

    The gunmen then left and fired at pedestrians and police officers in the streets, killing eight officers. Near a police station, the officers inside judged themselves outgunned. They switched off the lights and secured the gates rather than confront the attackers.

    The pair next headed for Cama Hospital, intending to kill patients. The staff had locked every patient ward. Meanwhile, a team of the Mumbai Anti-Terrorist Squad, led by its chief Hemant Karkare, searched the terminus and set off in pursuit. Kasab and Khan fired on the squad's vehicle in a lane beside the hospital and drew return fire. Karkare, Vijay Salaskar, Ashok Kamte and three of their officers were killed. Constable Arun Jadhav, severely wounded, was the only survivor.

    Constable Jadhav's radio call for help led police to set up a roadblock. By then the gunmen had seized the police vehicle and swapped it for a passenger car. They drove into the roadblock, and in the gun battle that followed, Khan was killed and Kasab was wounded. Kasab was arrested after a physical struggle. Police officer Tukaram Omble died in that struggle while trying to wrestle Kasab's weapon away.

    Back in Colaba, the Leopold Cafe, a popular restaurant and bar on Colaba Causeway, was among the first places hit. Two attackers, Shoaib and Nazir, also known as Abu Umer, fired on it between 21:30 and 21:48. Ten people died, including some international visitors. Two taxi bombs on timers followed. The first, at Wadi Bunder between 22:20 and 22:25, killed three people including the driver and injured about 15. The second, at 22:40 in Vile Parle, killed the driver and a passenger.

    When police inspector Ramesh Mahale first questioned Kasab, he said he had come to India to see Amitabh Bachchan's bungalow.

  • Six explosions were reported at the Taj Mahal Palace Hotel, one in the lobby, two in the elevators and three in the restaurant. The Oberoi Trident reported one. During the first night, firefighters used ladders to rescue 200 hostages through the Taj's windows.

    On the morning of the 27th of November 2008, CNN reported that the Taj hostage situation was over. It quoted the police chief of Maharashtra as saying all hostages were free. Later that day, two attackers were found still holding hostages, foreigners among them.

    Members of the European Parliament Committee on International Trade happened to be staying at the Taj. British MEP Sajjad Karim was in the lobby when the attackers first opened fire. German MEP Erika Mann hid elsewhere in the building, and Spanish MEP Ignasi Guardans barricaded himself in a room. Esperanza Aguirre, the President of Madrid, was checking in at the Oberoi Trident. Gautam Adani, the Indian business tycoon, was dining at the Taj. He hid in the hotel kitchen and later in a toilet, and came out safely the next morning.

    Nariman House, a Chabad Lubavitch Jewish centre in Colaba, was taken over by two attackers who held several residents hostage. Police evacuated neighbouring buildings and told local residents to stay inside. The attackers threw a grenade into a nearby lane, causing no casualties. NSG commandos flew in from Delhi, and a naval helicopter made an aerial survey. On the first day, nine hostages were rescued from the first floor.

    On the second day, NSG commandos fast-roped from helicopters onto the roof while snipers covered them from nearby buildings. After a long battle, both attackers were dead. So was Sergeant Gajender Singh Bisht, who died from injuries caused by a grenade. Inside the house, Rabbi Gavriel Holtzberg and his wife Rivka, who was six months pregnant, had been shot and killed along with four other hostages.

    Rapid Action Force personnel, Marine Commandos known as MARCOS, and NSG commandos surrounded both hotels. When reports emerged that the attackers were watching television coverage, the broadcast feeds to the hotels were blocked. By the morning of the 28th of November, the NSG had secured Nariman House and the Oberoi Trident. Soldiers wrongly believed the Taj was clear and were leading guests to safety.

    Then explosions and gunfire showed that two or three attackers remained, and fires broke out on the ground floor. Major Sandeep Unnikrishnan of the NSG was fatally shot while rescuing Commando Sunil Yadav, who had been hit in the leg. Operation Black Tornado ended the siege at 08:00 on the 29th of November, when three attackers were killed in the final operation at the Taj. The NSG rescued 250 people from the Oberoi, 300 from the Taj and 60 from Nariman House, members of 12 different families.

    Police also seized a boat filled with arms and explosives that was anchored at Mazgaon dock in Mumbai Harbour.

  • Handlers in Pakistan directed the gunmen by mobile phone and VoIP throughout the siege. Indian authorities intercepted transcripts of those calls. In them, the handlers offered encouragement, tactical advice and information drawn from news coverage. The attackers carried a satellite phone and used both their own cell phones and ones taken from victims.

    At least three SIM cards used in the plot were bought on the Indian side of the border with Bangladesh, and there were reports of one bought in the US state of New Jersey. Police arrested two Indian suspects, Mikhtar Ahmad from Srinagar and Tausif Rehman of Kolkata. They had supplied SIM cards, one in Calcutta and one in New Delhi.

    Calls to the news media formed another layer of the attack. Although the handlers urged the gunmen to murder hostages, the gunmen also phoned journalists to make demands in return for releases. This was believed to be a ploy to convince Indian authorities they faced mainly a hostage situation.

    The surviving gunman said the group had used Google Earth to learn the locations of the buildings. Type 86 grenades made by China's state-owned Norinco were used, and there were indications that the attackers had taken cocaine. Witnesses described them as apparently in their early 20s, wearing black T-shirts and jeans, and smiling as they shot their victims. Early reports that some were British citizens and that there were 12 gunmen both proved wrong.

    Media coverage leaned heavily on social tools. Twitter and Flickr spread information, Indian bloggers offered live textual coverage, and a web journalist built a map of the attacks with Google Maps. In July 2009, The New York Times described the event as "what may be the most well-documented terrorist attack anywhere".

    Police officer Rakesh Maria was given responsibility for investigating the attacks and personally interrogated Kasab. In his 2020 memoir Let Me Say It Now, he revealed that Lashkar-e-Taiba had planned a disguise. Kasab was meant to die as a Bengaluru resident called "Samir Dinesh Chaudhari", with a "red (sacred) thread" tied around his wrist. The media would then have blamed "Hindu terrorists", giving Pakistani authorities plausible deniability.

    Each attacker also carried a fake identity card listing an Indian address. Kasab acknowledged the plan in his confession. David Headley confirmed it and said the sacred threads were procured from Mumbai's Siddhivinayak Temple. The scheme apparently failed because police caught Kasab alive.

    Early in the search for the culprits, an unknown group calling itself the Mujahideen Hyderabad Deccan claimed responsibility in an email. The message was traced to Pakistan and regarded as a hoax.

  • A total of 175 people died in the attacks, nine of them attackers, and more than 300 were injured. Among the dead were 29 foreign nationals, including six American citizens. Many of the hostages' bodies showed signs of torture or disfigurement. Maharashtra's chief minister, Vilasrao Deshmukh, said 15 policemen and two NSG commandos had been killed. Three railway officials at the terminus also died. Fire, grenades and gunfire caused property damage estimated at over $1 billion.

    The city's economic loss was put at ₹40 billion, or $818.33 million at 2008 exchange rates. Hotels, businesses and shops closed, and trading at the Bombay Stock Exchange was temporarily suspended. Insurance claims worth over ₹6 billion, about $122 million, were settled. In August 2009, the Indian Hotels Company and the Oberoi Group received about US$28 million from the General Insurance Corporation of India as part-payment for the Taj and Trident. Delta, Continental, Lufthansa and other airlines temporarily cancelled flights to Mumbai, while British Airways, Emirates and Air India kept their schedules.

    The Times of India put the public mood on its front page: "Our politicians fiddle as innocents die." Home Minister Shivraj Patil, Chief Minister Vilasrao Deshmukh and deputy chief minister R. R. Patil all resigned, partly over controversial reactions. R. R. Patil had said the attacks were not a big deal in so large a city. Critics also faulted the Delhi-based NSG commandos for taking ten hours to reach the three sites under attack.

    Across India, citizens held candlelit vigils, and the India Today Group launched a "War Against Terror" campaign. Indian Muslims condemned the attacks, and clerics refused to let the attackers' bodies be buried in their graveyards. The nine bodies stayed in a Mumbai hospital mortuary until January 2010, when they were buried at a secret location. Actor Aamir Khan urged Muslims to observe Eid al-Adha on the 9th of December as a day of mourning.

    The Pradhan Inquiry Commission, appointed by the Maharashtra government, called the attack so war-like that no police force could have met it. It still faulted Mumbai Police Commissioner Hasan Gafoor for a lack of leadership. Maharashtra planned to buy 36 speed boats, helicopters for coastal patrols and citywide surveillance cameras. It also planned an anti-terror force called Force One. Nationally, the UAPA 2008 strengthened anti-terror law and the federal National Investigation Agency was formed.

    Peace talks between India and Pakistan were suspended. External Affairs Minister Pranab Mukherjee declared that India might launch military strikes on terror camps in Pakistan. Pakistan moved troops toward the border, then moved them away after days of talks. On the 30th of September 2025, P. Chidambaram, who became home minister after Shivraj Patil resigned, said India had been ready to act. He said the government decided against retaliation because of intense international pressure.

    On the first anniversary, Force One staged a parade from Nariman Point to Chowpatty. For the 10th anniversary, Nariman House was to be renamed Nariman Light House as a memorial. Since 2016, the Indian Express group has hosted an annual event, "26/11 - Stories of Strength", at the Gateway of India. It tells the stories of more than 100 survivors the newspaper has interviewed.

  • A Mumbai Bar Association resolution declared that none of its members would represent Ajmal Kasab. The Chief Justice of India answered that Kasab needed a lawyer for a fair trial. The first lawyer found for him was replaced because of a conflict of interest. On the 25th of February 2009, investigators filed an 11,000-page chargesheet. The trial opened on the 23rd of March 2009, and Kasab pleaded not guilty on the 6th of May. On the 10th of June, Devika Rotawan, a child shot in the leg during the attack, identified him in her testimony.

    On the 20th of July 2009, Kasab pleaded guilty. The judge found that many of the 86 charges were not covered by his confession, so the trial continued. He had apologised and said he deserved death, but on the 18th of December 2009 he retracted the confession. He claimed police had forced him to make it.

    Kasab was convicted of all 86 charges on the 3rd of May 2010 and sentenced to death by hanging three days later. The Bombay High Court upheld the sentence on the 21st of February 2011. On the 29th of August 2012, the Supreme Court did the same, stating: "We are left with no option but to award death penalty. The primary and foremost offence committed by Kasab is waging war against the government of India".

    Kasab's mercy petition to the President was rejected on the 5th of November 2012. He was hanged at 7:30 in the morning on the 21st of November in Yerwada jail in Pune. The Indian embassy in Islamabad sent a letter to the Pakistani government about the hanging. Pakistan refused to take it, so it was faxed. Kasab's family in Pakistan learned the news by courier.

    In Chicago, David Headley pleaded guilty on the 18th of March 2010 to a dozen charges, which spared him a trial. On the 23rd of January 2013 he was sentenced to 35 years in federal prison, and his plea not to be extradited to India, Pakistan or Denmark was accepted. Testifying at the trial of Tahawwur Rana, Headley said Major Iqbal had added Mumbai's Chabad House to his list of surveillance targets. The Oberoi Hotel was not originally on that list.

    Rana, a Canadian citizen of Pakistani origin and a former Pakistan Army captain, was acquitted of plotting the attacks on the 10th of June 2011. He was found guilty on two other charges and received 14 years on the 17th of January 2013. A US court approved his extradition in May 2023. After the US Supreme Court rejected his last plea, he arrived in Delhi on the 10th of April 2025.

    Pakistan's first response was denial. It blamed plotters in Bangladesh and Indian criminals, claims that India refuted. On the 7th of January 2009, Pakistani authorities agreed that Kasab was a Pakistani national. In July 2009 they confirmed that Lashkar-e-Taiba had plotted and financed the attacks from camps in Karachi and Thatta. A trial of seven accused began on the 3rd of October 2009. One of them, Hammad Amin Sadiq, was a homoeopathic pharmacist who arranged bank accounts and supplies. Indian authorities said the prosecution stopped well short of top Lashkar leaders. On the 17th of July 2012, a Pakistani court refused to accept a judicial commission's findings as evidence.

    In 2018, former Pakistani prime minister Nawaz Sharif questioned in an interview with the newspaper Dawn why Pakistan had not prevented the attacks. Zakiur Rehman Lakhvi, the foremost suspected ringleader, was released on bail on the 9th of April 2015 and disappeared. He was arrested again in Lahore on the 2nd of January 2021 on terror financing charges and received 15 years. Lashkar founder Hafiz Saeed was arrested in Gujranwala on the 17th of July 2019 and sentenced to 15 years in December 2020. In April 2022 his term was extended to 31 years.

    Sajid Mir, whom Pakistan had earlier said was dead, was sentenced to 15 years for terror financing on the 24th of June 2022. The Financial Action Task Force had threatened to blacklist Pakistan for failing to curb money laundering and terror financing. The convictions came under that pressure, and the task force removed Pakistan from its grey list in October 2022. Mir was reportedly poisoned in prison in December 2023.

    On the 15th of November 2024, a video verified through facial recognition showed Lakhvi taking part in a fitness test. He was reported to move freely in Lahore, Rawalpindi and Okara. Intelligence sources cited by India Today called his arrest a pseudo-event and a cover-up.

Updated

Common questions

What were the 2008 Mumbai attacks?

The 2008 Mumbai attacks, also known as 26/11, were a series of twelve coordinated terrorist attacks in Mumbai beginning on the 26th of November 2008 and carried out by ten men trained by Lashkar-e-Taiba. A total of 175 people died, including nine of the attackers, and more than 300 were injured.

How did the attackers in the 2008 Mumbai attacks reach the city?

The attackers sailed from Karachi across the Arabian Sea and hijacked the Indian trawler Kuber. They killed its crew of four and then its captain, Amar Singh Solanki, before coming ashore in inflatable boats.

Which places were targeted in the 2008 Mumbai attacks?

Targets included Chhatrapati Shivaji Maharaj Terminus, the Leopold Cafe, Cama Hospital, the Taj Mahal Palace Hotel, the Oberoi Trident and Nariman House. Taxi bombs also exploded at Wadi Bunder and Vile Parle.

What happened to Ajmal Kasab after the 2008 Mumbai attacks?

Ajmal Kasab was the only attacker captured alive. He was convicted of all 86 charges on the 3rd of May 2010 and hanged at Yerwada jail in Pune on the 21st of November 2012.

What role did David Headley play in the 2008 Mumbai attacks?

David Headley, born Daood Sayed Gilani, scouted the targets for Lashkar-e-Taiba and gathered video and GPS data on several trips to India. He pleaded guilty to a dozen charges on the 18th of March 2010 and was sentenced to 35 years in federal prison on the 23rd of January 2013.

How did India change its security after the 2008 Mumbai attacks?

India strengthened anti-terror law through the UAPA 2008 and formed the federal National Investigation Agency. Maharashtra planned an anti-terror force called Force One, 36 speed boats for coastal patrol and citywide surveillance cameras.

All sources

413 references cited across the entry

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  2. 2NewsTerror attacks ravage MumbaiMark Magnier et al. — 27 November 2008
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  5. 9India Blames Pakistan as Mumbai Siege EndsDeutsche Welle — 29 November 2008
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  39. 108MEP attacks EU consular reaction in MumbaiPhilippa Runner — 8 December 2008
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  84. 196Pakistan says it arrests Mumbai attack plottersKamran Haider — 12 February 2009
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  91. 21810 years after Mumbai attacks, where are they now?Sandy Tolliver — 9 November 2018
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  93. 227NewsCaught in the crossfire, 9 foreign nationals killedP.S. Suryanarayana — 27 November 2008
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  95. 230Nederlander gewond in Mumbai27 November 2008
  96. 232'˜Thank you', say kin of Japanese 26/11 victimSantosh Andhale — February 22, 2010
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  98. 235NewsCommandos free MumbaiPamela Raghunath — 29 November 2008
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  100. 239News13 foreigners died in Mumbai: MHARaj Kumar — 29 November 2008
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  106. 264He had always wanted to die a hero's deathRajeev Khanna — 2008-11-30
  107. 271India terror begins with corpses on train platformTim Sullivan et al. — Associated Press — 30 November 2008
  108. 272NewsOf 58 killed at terminus, 22 were MuslimsDevraj Dasgupta — 2 December 2008
  109. 273Scores killed in Mumbai attacksAl Jazeera — 27 November 2008
  110. 274NewsIndia under attack27 November 2008
  111. 278NewsCops clueless about Vile Parle taxi blastChinmayi Shalya — 2008-11-28
  112. 286NewsGovt ruthless, ignoring its brave officers, says PILVinaya Deshpande — 9 August 2014
  113. 292NewsBollywood Becomes India and Pakistan's Latest BattlegroundGeeta Anand et al. — 19 October 2016
  114. 298Mumbai attacks may have cost Rs 50,000 croreReeba Zachariah — December 2008
  115. 299NewsMumbai Notebook: Squeeze to India's Cash-Strapped CarriersPaulo Prada — 27 November 2008
  116. 301India directs anger at politicians after Mumbai attacksRaju Gopalakrishnan — 1 December 2008
  117. 302Vilasrao Deshmukh quits as Maharashtra CMAditi Pai — 4 December 2008
  118. 304NewsMuslims in India Put Aside Grievances to Repudiate TerrorismRobert F. Worth — 7 December 2008
  119. 306Mumbai attack dents business travelErika Kinetz — Yahoo News — 17 December 2008
  120. 307Be the change9 January 2009
  121. 308Red tape delays NSG by 6 hoursAman Sharma — 29 November 2008
  122. 311In Mumbai, Residents Protest Response To AttacksPhilip Reeves — 3 December 2008
  123. 318Mumbai Attacks Draw Worldwide CondemnationTom Rivers — Voice of America — 27 November 2008
  124. 319NewsMumbai attacks: Twitter and Flickr used to break newsClaudine Beaumont — 27 November 2008
  125. 320NewsTracking the Mumbai AttacksRobert Mackey — 26 November 2008
  126. 321Map of Mumbai attacksGoogle Maps — 26 November 2008
  127. 322NewsSuspect Stirs Mumbai Court by ConfessingLydia Polgreen et al. — 20 July 2009
  128. 326NewsMumbai terror chargesheet names 4726 February 2009
  129. 328NewsGirl 'identifies Mumbai gunman'Prachi Pinglay — 10 June 2009
  130. 329NewsThe girl who identified QasabSoutik Biswas — 26 November 2010
  131. 332NewsMumbai gunman convicted of murder over terror attacksGethin Chamberlain — 3 May 2010
  132. 333News26/11 Kasab held guilty 2 Indians walk freeSwati Deshpande — 3 May 2010
  133. 334NewsWith HC order, Kasab one step closer to gallowsShibu Thomas et al. — 22 February 2011
  134. 336MagazineDeath Sentence for Mumbai Gunman Upheld by India's Supreme CourtPratap Patnaik — 29 August 2012
  135. 342NewsMilitant Network Is Intact Long After Mumbai SiegeLydia Polgreen et al. — 30 September 2009
  136. 343NewsPakistan has not done enough on attacksFareed Zakaria — 23 November 2009
  137. 345NewsPakistan, India trade demarches over Lakhvi trialMaqbool Malik — 14 March 2015
  138. 349NewsPakistani judicial panel to grill 26/11 witnessesYudhvir Rana — 22 September 2013
  139. 353NewsPakistan holds 'dead' alleged mastermind of 2008 Mumbai attacksWajahat S. Khan — The Nikkei — 24 June 2022
  140. 354News26/11 planner Sajid Mir is in Pak custody, years after it claimed he diedNirupama Subramanian et al. — 25 June 2022
  141. 355NewsPakistan used cricket diplomacy to survey terror targetsDeeptimaan Tiwary — 30 June 2012
  142. 365NewsPlanner Of Mumbai Attacks is Given a 35-Year SentenceSteven Yaccino — 24 January 2013
  143. 371India remembers Mumbai deadHarmeet Shah Singh — CNN — 26 November 2010
  144. 37526/11 Stories of Strength26 November 2019
  145. 378Mumbai Massacre ~ Background Information: Secrets of the DeadColin Fitzpatrick — 24 November 2009
  146. 379Terror in MumbaiAustralian Broadcasting Corporation — 3 August 2009
  147. 385NewsThis R-Day, get ready for Discovery channel's 'Battle Ops'Deepa Alexander — 25 January 2018
  148. 3869:56 Operation Black Tornado: How 26/11 Mumbai Attack StartedVeer by Discovery — 13 February 2018
  149. 389NewsKasab on celluloid2011-07-15
  150. 392Phantom Review28 August 2015
  151. 395NewsMovie on Mumbai attacks criticised for not mentioning role of PakistanAnirudh Bhattacharyya — 9 September 2018
  152. 403The Attacks Of 26/1118 February 2013
  153. 413JournalNizam, la tanzim (System, not organization): Do organizations matter in terrorism today? A study of the November 2008 Mumbai attacksArabinda Acharya et al. — 2010
  154. 414JournalThe 2008 Mumbai terror attacks:(Re-) constructing Indian (counter-) terrorismÅshild Kolås — 2010
  155. 415BookChoices: Inside the Making of India's Foreign PolicyShivshankar Menon — Brookings Institution Press — 2016
  156. 416JournalAt the Threshold of Order: Responses to the Mumbai AttacksTed Svensson — 2013

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