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2024 United Kingdom general election

Ch. 1 of 8
— CH. 1 · POLLING DAY —

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2024 United Kingdom general election

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  • Polling stations for the 2024 United Kingdom general election opened at 7 am on the 4th of July and closed at 10 pm. Voters were choosing all 650 members of the House of Commons. The Conservatives had led the government for 14 years, most recently under Prime Minister Rishi Sunak.

    Five years earlier, in 2019, the Conservatives had won a majority of 80 seats. That gap invites several questions. How does a party with such a majority lose the country's trust? Why would a prime minister name a date that startled his own MPs? And what does a landslide look like when it rests on a surprisingly small share of the vote?

    To answer them, the story starts with the man who won that 2019 majority, Boris Johnson.

  • Boris Johnson's new government passed the Brexit withdrawal agreement, and then the COVID-19 pandemic took over its agenda. Ministers brought in sweeping public health rules, including limits on social interaction. Johnson and some of his staff were later found to have broken them. The resulting scandal, known as Partygate, was one of many controversies of his premiership, and it cost the Conservatives their lead in the polls.

    The troubles reached a breaking point when more than 50 ministers resigned from the Government after allegations of sexual misconduct against a government minister. Johnson announced his resignation in July 2022, to take effect once a successor was chosen. The following year he left Parliament as well, after an investigation unanimously found that he had lied to the House.

    Liz Truss won the contest to replace him. On the 23rd of September she announced large tax cuts and extra borrowing in a mini-budget. Financial instability followed, and many of the measures were reversed. She resigned in October, making her the shortest-serving prime minister in British history. Rishi Sunak succeeded her unopposed.

    Sunak earned credit for improving the economy and steadying national politics after his two predecessors. Many of his pledges and policy announcements, however, went unfulfilled. He took over a party that had already governed for 12 years, and he could not halt its slide in popularity. The Conservatives performed poorly at the local elections of 2022-2023 and 2024, a sign that voters wanted a change of government.

  • Keir Starmer won the Labour leadership election in 2020, succeeding Jeremy Corbyn, and moved the party away from the left toward the political centre. He also made removing antisemitism from the party a priority. Commentators widely compared this rightward shift, aimed at improving Labour's electability, with Tony Blair's creation of New Labour in the 1990s.

    Labour's lead over the Conservatives in opinion polls, often by very wide margins, dated from late 2021, when Partygate began. The local elections of 2023 reinforced it. Labour gained more than 500 councillors and 22 councils, and became the largest party in local government for the first time since 2002.

    Ed Davey, who had served in the Cameron-Clegg coalition, won the Liberal Democrat leadership in 2020 after Jo Swinson lost her seat at the previous general election. He made defeating the Conservatives his priority and ruled out working with them afterwards. At the 2024 local elections his party finished second, which it had not done in a local election cycle since 2009.

    The Scottish National Party had been in government for 17 years when John Swinney took over as leader, elected unopposed to succeed Humza Yousaf. Swinney was the third leader and First Minister in quick succession, after Nicola Sturgeon and Yousaf. Sturgeon cited occupational burnout when she resigned. Yousaf stepped down amid a government crisis after he ended a power-sharing agreement with the Scottish Greens. A police investigation called Operation Branchform added to the party's troubles, and its poll numbers fell.

    In Northern Ireland, Edwin Poots became Democratic Unionist Party leader in May 2021 and lasted only 20 days. His successor, Jeffrey Donaldson, resigned in March 2024 after being arrested on charges relating to historical sex offences. On the 3rd of July, the day before polling, Donaldson appeared in court to face additional sex offence charges. Gavin Robinson stepped in as interim leader and became the permanent leader in May.

    George Galloway won the 2024 Rochdale by-election in a political upset three months before the election was called. He advertised himself as a protest candidate against Labour's stance on the Gaza war and appealed to the constituency's sizeable Muslim population. Galloway, an anti-war activist, led the Workers Party of Britain into its first general election. The Alba Party, led by the former Scottish First Minister Alex Salmond, also made its campaign debut. Meanwhile the Brexit Party had rebranded as Reform UK, led in the years before the campaign by Richard Tice.

    Yet none of these leaders could say when the contest would come, because no law fixed a date.

  • On the afternoon of the 22nd of May 2024, Rishi Sunak stood at a lectern outside 10 Downing Street in heavy rain, with no shelter, and named the election date. He said he had asked the King to call a vote for the 4th of July, and his own MPs were surprised. Sunak could have waited until December 2024. He explained that he believed the economy was improving, and that falling inflation and net migration figures would back the Conservative message of "sticking to the plan". All the major parties welcomed the announcement.

    Behind him, the political activist Steve Bray played D:Ream's "Things Can Only Get Better" at full volume. Labour had used the song in its successful 1997 campaign. It climbed to number two on the UK iTunes charts.

    Sunak's freedom to choose came from the Dissolution and Calling of Parliament Act 2022, which entered into force on the 24th of March 2022. It replaced the Fixed-term Parliaments Act 2011, under which the next election had been scheduled for the 2nd of May 2024. The Conservatives' 2019 manifesto had promised to repeal that law, and a draft repeal bill appeared in December 2020. Under the new Act, a prime minister can ask the monarch to dissolve Parliament and call an early election with 25 working days' notice. Without such a request, the Electoral Commission said, the 2019 Parliament had to dissolve by the 17th of December 2024, and an election had to follow by the 28th of January 2025.

    On the 18th of December 2023, Sunak told journalists that the election would take place in 2024 rather than in January 2025. On the 4th of January he first suggested the second half of the year. Commentators and MPs spent 2024 expecting an autumn vote. On the day of the announcement itself, speculation built for hours, and Stephen Flynn asked about it at Prime Minister's Questions.

    Parliament was dissolved on the 30th of May, and nominations closed at 4 pm on the 7th of June. That left four weeks of campaigning before polling day. July elections are rare, and this was the first since 1945, almost exactly seventy-nine years earlier.

    Theresa May, a former prime minister, was among the MPs who stood down. So were the former cabinet ministers Sajid Javid, Dominic Raab, Matt Hancock, Ben Wallace, Nadhim Zahawi, Kwasi Kwarteng and Michael Gove. Labour's long-serving Harriet Harman and Margaret Beckett also left, as did Caroline Lucas, the Green Party's first MP and, until this election, its only one. In all, 4,515 candidates entered the race, more than at any previous general election. The average was 6.95 per constituency, and no seat had fewer than five contestants. Sunak's own seat, Richmond and Northallerton, drew the most, with thirteen.

  • Voters in Great Britain in 2024 had to show photo identification at the polling station for the first time in a general election. The requirement was a pledge in the Conservatives' 2019 manifesto, and it became law in the Elections Act 2022. The same Act removed the 15-year limit on voting by British citizens living abroad, another 2019 pledge. Seats were still decided by first-past-the-post voting.

    A Privy Council meeting on the 15th of November 2023 approved new constituency boundaries, which came into force on the 29th. The route there was long. A review that began in 2011, proposing a cut from 650 constituencies to 600, was paused in January 2013. The four boundary commissions restarted in April 2016 and submitted final recommendations on the 5th of September 2018. The proposals were never put forward for approval, and the reviews were formally abandoned in December 2020.

    The psephologists Colin Rallings and Michael Thrasher had estimated that the 2018 lines would help the Conservatives and hurt Labour. In March 2020, the Cabinet Office minister Chloe Smith confirmed that the next review would keep 650 seats, and the commissions launched it on the 5th of January 2021. A change in the law meant the final proposals no longer needed approval from both Houses of Parliament.

    Because the lines moved, reporters measured gains and losses against notional 2019 results. These are estimates of how the 2019 votes would have fallen under the new map. Population growth pulled seats south. South East England gained seven and South West England gained three, while North West and North East England lost two each. That shift was expected to help the Conservatives.

    Scotland shrank from 59 MPs to 57, and Wales from 40 to 32. On paper, Plaid Cymru would have won only two seats instead of four, because rural seats in West Wales were merged or abolished. Even so, the changes were expected to trouble the Conservatives, since more pro-Labour areas were added to some of their strongest seats.

    Some familiar names changed hands before a single vote was cast. The Conservatives would notionally have held Wirral West and Leeds North West, which Labour won in 2019, while Labour would have taken Pudsey and Heywood & Middleton from them. Westmorland and Lonsdale, home of the former Liberal Democrat leader Tim Farron, became a notionally Conservative seat.

  • Keir Starmer built his campaign around one word, "change", and invited voters to "turn the page" by choosing Labour. Sunak's Conservatives concentrated on attacking Labour's alleged tax plans, including a robustly disputed claim that Labour would cost households £2,000 more in tax.

    Ed Davey fell off a paddleboard on Lake Windermere while drawing attention to sewage discharges into rivers and lakes. He pledged to abolish the water regulator Ofwat. A couple of days later he won more attention by going down a Slip 'N Slide to highlight children's mental health. Asked about the stunts, he said: "Politicians need to take the concerns and interests of voters seriously but I'm not sure they need to take themselves seriously all the time and I'm quite happy to have some fun."

    Nigel Farage announced early in the campaign that he would not stand, preferring to focus on the 2024 United States presidential election. On the 3rd of June he reversed himself. He said he would stand in Clacton and had taken back the leadership of Reform UK from Richard Tice, who stayed on as chairman. Farage predicted a Labour win and argued that the Conservatives could not be the Official Opposition after years of fighting each other.

    On the 24th of May the Conservatives proposed a Royal Commission on mandatory national service. Eighteen-year-olds would choose between community volunteering, with bodies such as the NHS or the fire service, and military training in areas like logistics and cyber security. The same day, Jeremy Corbyn announced he would stand as an independent in Islington North against a Labour candidate, and Labour expelled him. Alison McGarry, the Labour chair of Islington North, resigned from the party after she was spotted campaigning for Corbyn.

    On the 6th of June, the 80th anniversary of Operation Neptune, Sunak and Starmer both attended D-Day commemorations in Normandy. Sunak left early to do an interview with ITV, and veterans were among those who criticised him. It later emerged that his team had picked that interview slot from options offered by ITN. Starmer, who met Volodymyr Zelenskyy and King Charles III there, said Sunak "has to answer for his actions". Sunak apologised the next day, again on the 10th of June and a third time on the 12th. Farage said Sunak did not understand "our culture", a remark Conservative and Labour politicians called racist. Farage denied that.

    On the 12th of June, Grant Shapps urged voters to back the Conservatives to stop Labour winning a "super-majority". Journalists read this as a surprising admission of defeat, and Conservative social media advertising struck the same note.

    Between the 10th and the 17th of June, the main parties published their manifestos. The Liberal Democrats' For a Fair Deal promised free personal care in England and net zero by 2045. The Conservatives' Clear Plan. Bold Action. Secure Future. promised to abolish Stamp Duty on homes worth up to £425,000 for first-time buyers. The Greens' Real Hope. Real Change. proposed a wealth tax. Labour's Change promised Great British Energy, free breakfast clubs in primary schools and votes at 16. Reform UK called its document Our Contract with You and proposed replacing first-past-the-post with proportional representation.

    The first leaders' debate, on the 4th of June, was hosted by Julie Etchingham for ITV News and watched by 5.37 million people. It was the most-viewed programme of its week. Sunak repeated that Labour would cost households £2,000 more in tax, a figure he said came from independent Treasury officials. Fact checkers disputed the sum, noting that it covered four years and rested on assumptions made by political appointees. James Bowler, the Treasury permanent secretary, wrote that civil servants were not involved in calculating the total. A YouGov snap poll gave Sunak 46% to Starmer's 45%, while a Savanta poll the next day favoured Starmer 44% to 39%.

    On the 7th of June, a seven-way BBC debate hosted by Mishal Husain put Farage, Angela Rayner, Penny Mordaunt and others on one stage. A snap poll found viewers thought Farage had won, followed by Rayner. On the 12th of June, Beth Rigby of Sky News questioned Starmer and Sunak in front of an audience in Grimsby, and 64% of those polled by YouGov afterwards thought Starmer had done better.

    On the 27th of June, an undercover Channel 4 journalist recorded members of Farage's campaign team using racist, Islamophobic and homophobic language. One suggested refugees could be used as "target practice". Farage said he was "dismayed" and called the language "reprehensible". He later accused Channel 4 of a "set-up", arguing that the canvasser Andrew Parker was an actor. Channel 4 denied that Parker had been known to it before the report.

    On the 3rd of July, the last day of campaigning, Sunak said he would "take full responsibility" for the result. The next day, less than an hour before the polls closed, his government announced the Dissolution Honours. Life peerages went to 19 people, among them Theresa May and Hilary Cass, author of the Cass Review.

  • On the 12th of June 2024, it was reported that the Conservative candidate Craig Williams had placed a £100 bet on a July election, three days before the date was announced. Williams was also Parliamentary Private Secretary to the Prime Minister. The bet was referred to the Gambling Commission, which would decide whether he had acted on confidential information, a possible criminal offence. Williams apologised for the bet. Neither he nor Sunak would say whether he had inside information.

    On the 19th of June, a police protection officer assigned to Sunak was arrested for betting on the election date. The same day it emerged that Laura Saunders, the Conservative candidate for Bristol North West, was under investigation. Her husband, Tony Lee, was also being investigated by the Gambling Commission. He took a leave of absence from his post as the party's director of campaigning.

    Over the next two weeks, reports named dozens of further Conservative-linked officials under investigation, including the party's chief data officer, Nick Mason. The Times reported that the inquiry was widening to hundreds of suspicious bets. On the 25th of June, the Conservative Party withdrew its support for the candidacies of both Williams and Saunders.

    The legal consequences took longer. In April 2025, Williams and 14 others were charged with offences under the Gambling Act 2005.

  • Four weeks before polling day, a YouGov projection suggested Labour could win 422 seats against 140 for the Conservatives. A Savanta projection two weeks out went further, giving Labour 516. The psephologist John Curtice noted that the gap between the two big parties barely moved during the campaign. Reform UK and the Liberal Democrats were the ones rising, and one YouGov poll published on the 13th of June put Reform a point above the Conservatives.

    At 10 pm, an Ipsos exit poll for the BBC, ITV and Sky News forecast 410 seats for Labour, 131 for the Conservatives, 61 for the Liberal Democrats and 13 for Reform UK. It implied a Labour majority of 170. The first seat, Houghton and Sunderland South, was declared at 23:15, with Bridget Phillipson winning for Labour. At about 4 am on the 5th of July, a BBC projection put Labour on 405 and the Conservatives on 154. The last seat, Inverness, Skye and West Ross-shire, fell to the Liberal Democrat Angus MacDonald on the afternoon of the 6th of July, after repeated recounts.

    Labour finished with 411 seats and a majority of 174. That was the third-best showing in the party's history and its best since 2001. Labour became the largest party in England, Scotland and Wales. Yet its 33.7% share was the lowest for a governing party since records of the popular vote began in 1830, which made this the most unrepresentative general election in British history. Turnout was 59.9%, the second lowest since records began in 1885. Only 2001, at 59.4%, was lower. Smaller parties together took a record 42.6% of the vote.

    The Conservatives won 121 seats on 23.7% of the vote and lost 251 seats. Liz Truss and 12 Cabinet ministers were among the casualties. The party won no seats in Wales, Cornwall or Oxfordshire, and only one in North East England. In purely numeric terms it was the party's largest defeat since 1761, when the Tories won 112 seats, and its lowest total was 106 in 1754. A total of 335 new MPs entered the Commons.

    The Liberal Democrats won 72 seats, their best result ever and better than any Liberal Party result since the 158 seats of 1923. Reform UK won five seats on 14.3% of the vote, its best parliamentary result to date. Farage was elected on his eighth attempt. The Green Party won four seats, and its co-leaders Carla Denyer and Adrian Ramsay entered Parliament for the first time. The Co-operative Party elected 43 MPs, beating its record of 38 from 2017.

    The Scottish National Party fell from 48 seats to 9, losing most of its seats to Scottish Labour. Plaid Cymru won four seats. In Northern Ireland, Sinn Féin kept seven seats, the first time an Irish nationalist party had won the most seats there. The Democratic Unionist Party dropped from eight seats to five.

    On the 5th of July, King Charles III appointed Keir Starmer as Prime Minister after Rishi Sunak resigned. Starmer was the fourth prime minister in two years. On the 9th of July, Sir Lindsay Hoyle was re-elected Speaker unopposed and called on Starmer and Sunak to speak, for the first time, as Prime Minister and Leader of the Opposition. MPs were sworn in over the following week, and the State Opening of Parliament and King's Speech came on the 17th of July.

Updated

Common questions

When was the 2024 United Kingdom general election held?

The 2024 United Kingdom general election was held on the 4th of July 2024. Polling stations were open from 7 am to 10 pm, and voters chose all 650 members of the House of Commons.

Who won the 2024 United Kingdom general election?

Labour, led by Keir Starmer, won the 2024 United Kingdom general election with 411 seats and a majority of 174. The Conservatives under Rishi Sunak won 121 seats on 23.7% of the vote.

Why did Rishi Sunak call the 2024 United Kingdom general election for July?

Sunak said he believed the economy was improving and that falling inflation and net migration figures would back the Conservative message of "sticking to the plan". He announced the date on the 22nd of May 2024, though he could have waited until December 2024.

What was new about voting in the 2024 United Kingdom general election?

It was the first general election in Great Britain to require photo identification to vote. It was also the first under the Dissolution and Calling of Parliament Act 2022 and the first on the new constituency boundaries from the 2023 review.

How did smaller parties perform in the 2024 United Kingdom general election?

The Liberal Democrats won 72 seats, their best result ever. Reform UK won five seats on 14.3% of the vote, the Green Party won four, and the Scottish National Party fell from 48 seats to 9.

What was the betting scandal in the 2024 United Kingdom general election?

Conservative candidate Craig Williams was reported on the 12th of June 2024 to have placed a £100 bet on a July election three days before the date was announced. The Gambling Commission investigated, and in April 2025 Williams and 14 others were charged under the Gambling Act 2005.

What was voter turnout in the 2024 United Kingdom general election?

Turnout in the 2024 United Kingdom general election was 59.9%. That was the second lowest since records began in 1885, behind only 2001 at 59.4%.

All sources

407 references cited across the entry

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  2. 2ReportGeneral election 2024: Results and analysisRichard Cracknell et al. — UK Parliament — 24 September 2024
  3. 12Boris Johnson's biggest scandals: a timelineLiam James et al. — 11 January 2023
  4. 14NewsBoris Johnson resigns: Five things that led to the PM's downfallOwen Amos — BBC News — 7 July 2022
  5. 15UK Prime Minister Boris Johnson resignsSam Meredith — CNBC — 7 July 2022
  6. 17JournalUnited Kingdom: political developments and data in 2022Alia Middleton — 28 May 2023
  7. 18JournalThose who wear the crown wield the knife: the brutality of recent takeover reshufflesNicholas Allen — 6 January 2023
  8. 19JournalBritain's failed attempt at monetary and fiscal exceptionalismDavid Marsh — 22 June 2023
  9. 20NewsLiz Truss resigns as UK prime ministerBBC News — 20 October 2022
  10. 22BookThe Impossible Office?: The History of the British Prime MinisterAnthony Seldon et al. — Cambridge University Press — 2024
  11. 23NewsRishi Sunak's five promises: What progress has he made?Anthony Reuben — BBC News — 17 June 2024
  12. 24NewsWhat is the new Advanced British Standard replacing A-Levels?Faye Brown — Sky News — 5 October 2023
  13. 26NewsLabour leadership: Keir Starmer will lead the party after Jeremy Corbyn's exitDavid Lynch — Newsquest Media Group — 4 April 2020
  14. 29NewsLocal elections 2023: Labour eyes power after crushing Tory lossesJoshua Nevett — BBC News — 5 May 2023
  15. 51NewsNo 10 'shelves plan for summer general election'Ben Riley-Smith — 5 May 2024
  16. 52Summer or autumn? Rishi Sunak's election date dilemmaGeorge Parker et al. — 23 April 2024
  17. 73Boundary review launched24 February 2016
  18. 752018 ReviewBoundary Commission for Wales
  19. 762018 Review16 February 2016
  20. 792018 Review of Westminster ConstituenciesBoundary Commission for Scotland
  21. 802018 Review of Parliamentary constituenciesBoundary Commission for Wales
  22. 82New constituency boundaries could have given the Tories a majority of 16 at the last election (projection: Rallings/Thrasher).Ian Jones
  23. 84NewsCorrespondence with Chloe Smith MPParliament of the United Kingdom
  24. 96Tories could gain most from new election mapBBC News — 8 November 2022
  25. 108Lib Dems aim to grab attention with campaign stuntsHannah Miller — BBC News — 31 May 2024
  26. 122NewsNo Rwanda flights before election, says Rishi SunakPaul Seddon et al. — 23 May 2024
  27. 128Labour launches election campaign in KentRobert Boddy — 23 May 2024
  28. 129Conservatives plan to bring back mandatory National ServiceJennifer McKiernan et al. — 25 May 2024
  29. 131Corbyn confirms he will stand against LabourIain Watson et al. — 24 May 2024
  30. 200NewsLabour Party manifesto 2024: Keir Starmer's election promisesAmy Gibbons et al. — 16 May 2024
  31. 209NewsUK election updates from June 16: Reform UK launches manifestoJonathan Wheatley et al. — 17 June 2024
  32. 210Reform UK manifesto 2024: 11 key policies analysedDaniel Sandford — 17 June 2024
  33. 219NewsSNP manifesto 2024: John Swinney's election policies at a glanceSimon Johnson et al. — 19 June 2024
  34. 238Our Contract with You17 June 2024
  35. 262NewsReform UK campaigners caught making racist slursJennifer McKiernan et al. — 27 June 2024
  36. 269Greens launch Charter for Small BusinessPaul Corry — 28 June 2024
  37. 274Greens pledge to abolish Ofsted and SATs testingRhiannon James — 1 July 2024
  38. 278Dissolution Peerages 2024Prime Minister's Office, 10 Downing Street — 4 July 2024
  39. 281BBC News at Ten, BBC1, 13 June 2024
  40. 290NewsTop Tory under investigation for alleged election bettingHarry Yorke et al. — 23 June 2024
  41. 293NewsHow Starmer could throw away a 20-point leadJames Frayne — 23 May 2024
  42. 299General election 2024: ITV debate snap pollMatthew Smith — 4 June 2024
  43. 331UTV Election Debate: How each representative faredJames Martin McCarthy — 23 June 2024
  44. 358Ipsos MRPGideon Skinner — Ipsos — 18 June 2024
  45. 368🚨 FINAL CALL #GE2024 (04/07): LAB: 432 (+232) – 39.3% CON: 101 (−271) – 21.9%LDM: 68 (+60) – 11.2% SNP: 19 (−29) – 2.9% GRN: 4 (+3) – 6.8% PLC: 4 (+2) – 0.6% RFM: 3 (+3) – 16.1% Others: 0 (=) – 1.2% + NI (18) & Speaker (1). LAB Maj of 214.4 July 2024
  46. 372UK general election results 2024: live trackerAnna Leach et al. — 4 July 2024
  47. 375NewsElection 2024: our least representative election everDylan Difford — 6 July 2024
  48. 394Labour's Potemkin landslideFraser Nelson — 5 July 2024
  49. 395Election IndicesMichael Gallagher
  50. 3992024 general election: MarginalityGeorgina Sturge — 5 September 2024
  51. 408NewsHow the Tories Lost BritainMark Landler — 29 August 2024

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