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Physical cosmology

  • Big BangIn 1922, Russian mathematician Alexander Friedmann derived equations from Einstein's field equations that suggested the universe might be expanding.
  • UniverseTime began at zero, a moment known as the Planck epoch. This brief period extended from time zero to one Planck time unit of approximately 10 minus 43…
  • CosmogonyIn ancient Greece, thinkers developed a cosmogony focused on the origin of matter, space, and time. This transition from Chaos to Cosmos formed a form of…
  • CosmologyThe composite photo from the Hubble eXtreme Deep Field shows a speck of light that is an individual galaxy, some as old as 13.2 billion years.
  • Physical cosmologyIn 1915, Albert Einstein published his general theory of relativity. This work provided a unified description of gravity as a geometric property of space and…
  • MultiverseIn the sixth century BCE, the pre-Socratic Greek philosopher Anaximander first suggested that infinite worlds might exist.