Short answers, pulled from the story.
The Turco-Mongol tradition emerged by the late 14th century after Mongol rulers merged with Turkic populations. This fusion occurred through daily life, intermarriage, and shared governance rather than conquest alone.
Uzbeg assumed the throne of the Golden Horde in 1313 and made Islam the state religion. He proscribed Buddhism and Shamanism among Mongols in Russia and killed Jochid princes who resisted his religious policy.
Proto-Turkic contributed heavily to Proto-Mongolic vocabulary by at least the first millennium BCE. Personal pronouns and lexical items show deep borrowing patterns dating back before 500 BCE.
Turco-Mongol elites founded many Islamic successor states including the Kazakh Khanate, Crimean Khanate, Astrakhan Khanate, and Khanate of Kazan. The Timurid Empire rose from the Chagatai Khanate while Babur established the Mughal Empire over much of India between 1483 and 1530.