Short answers, pulled from the story.
Toussaint Louverture was a Haitian general and the most prominent leader of the Haitian Revolution. Born a slave on the Bréda plantation in Saint-Domingue, he rose to become Governor-General-for-life of the colony and is now known, along with Jean-Jacques Dessalines, as one of the Fathers of Haiti.
Toussaint Louverture died on the 7th of April 1803 at the age of 59, imprisoned at Fort-de-Joux in Doubs, France. His guards and French medical staff refused him proper care, and suggested causes of death include exhaustion, malnutrition, apoplexy, pneumonia, and possibly tuberculosis.
Toussaint adopted the surname Louverture around 1792-1793, from the French word for opening. He did not spell it with an apostrophe. The most common explanation is that it referred to his ability to create openings in battle, though it is also attributed to commissioner Polverel's exclamation that the man made an opening everywhere.
Louverture first allied with the Spanish of Santo Domingo, saying the blacks wanted to serve under a king. He began fighting officially for the French by the 18th of May 1794, after the French revolutionary government proclaimed the abolition of slavery on the 4th of February 1794 and amid worsening tensions with the Spanish leadership.
Louverture promulgated his constitution on the 7th of July 1801, naming himself governor-general for life with near absolute powers and the right to choose his successor. Article 3 declared servitude forever abolished, Article 6 made Roman Catholicism the only publicly professed faith, and Article 1 acknowledged Saint-Domingue remained a colony of the French Empire.
On the 7th of June 1802, Toussaint Louverture and about a hundred members of his inner circle were captured and deported to France after Jean Baptiste Brunet lured him with a letter calling himself a sincere friend. Boarding the frigate Créole, Louverture warned that overthrowing him had cut down only the trunk of the tree of liberty, which would spring up again from its roots.
Although Louverture died in 1803 before the revolution's end, his achievements set the grounds for victory. His lieutenant Jean-Jacques Dessalines led Haitian forces to win the final major battle at Vertières on the 18th of November 1803, and Saint-Domingue declared independence as Haiti on the 1st of January 1804, becoming the first independent black republic in the Americas.