Short answers, pulled from the story.
Wernher von Braun designed the Saturn V rocket and was brought to the United States under Operation Paperclip in September 1945. He led a team of over 1,600 German engineers who initially worked in primitive wooden workshops at Fort Bliss, Texas.
The Saturn V rocket stood 363 feet tall and weighed 6.2 million pounds when fully fueled. It was a three-stage vehicle powered by five F-1 engines in the first stage and five J-2 engines in the second stage.
The Saturn V rocket program operated from 1967 to 1973 with thirteen missions launched from Kennedy Space Center. Nine of these missions carried 24 astronauts to the Moon from Apollo 8 to Apollo 17.
The pogo oscillation problems in the Saturn V rocket were caused by the rocket's structure vibrating in sympathy with the engine's fuel flow. This phenomenon led to premature shutdowns of the J-2 engines in the second stage during the Apollo 6 mission.
The final Saturn V launch took place on the 14th of May 1973 and carried the Skylab 1 orbital workshop. This uncrewed launch marked the end of the Saturn V career before the United States was left without a super heavy-lift launch vehicle.
The Apollo 12 S-IVB stage was identified as the asteroid J002E3 after spectral analysis revealed it was covered in white titanium dioxide paint. The stage entered a solar orbit in 1971 and returned to weakly captured Earth orbit 31 years later before leaving Earth orbit again in June 2003.