Short answers, pulled from the story.
Giuliano della Rovere was born on the 5th of December 1443 in Albisola, a small coastal town near Savona in the Republic of Genoa. He was the son of Raffaello della Rovere and Theodora Manerola, a woman of Greek ancestry, and grew up with three brothers and a sister.
Giuliano della Rovere was elected Pope on the 1st of November 1503 and took the name Julius II. He chose this name not in honor of Pope Julius I but in emulation of Julius Caesar, signaling his intent to rule as a warrior-pope.
Pope Julius II personally led armies into battle to reclaim the Papal States and expel foreign invaders from the Italian peninsula. His first major campaign was in 1506 when he marched on Perugia and Bologna, and he formed the League of Cambrai in 1508 to fight against the Republic of Venice.
Pope Julius II commissioned Donato Bramante to design the new St. Peter's Basilica and Michelangelo to paint the ceiling of the Sistine Chapel. He also employed Raphael to create the Raphael Rooms and paint the frescoes in the Stanza d'Eliodoro.
Pope Julius II served as head of the Catholic Church from 1503 to 1513. He transformed the papacy from a spiritual authority into a military power and established the Vatican Museums in 1506.