Short answers, pulled from the story.
Pope Julius II, born Giuliano della Rovere on the 5th of December 1443, was head of the Catholic Church and leader of the Papal States from 1503 until his death on the 21st of February 1513. He was born near Savona in the Republic of Genoa and was a central figure of the High Renaissance.
Pope Julius II was nicknamed the Warrior Pope because he personally led papal armies in the field on multiple occasions, including the siege of Mirandola and campaigns to expel Giovanni Bentivoglio from Bologna. He also organized the League of Cambrai and the Holy League to reshape the balance of power in Italy during the Italian Wars.
Pope Julius II commissioned Michelangelo to paint the ceiling of the Sistine Chapel, one of the most celebrated commissions of the Renaissance. He also commissioned the Raphael Rooms in 1508 and was the patron behind Bramante's redesign of St. Peter's Basilica, for which he laid the foundation stone on the 18th of April 1506.
Pope Julius II founded the Swiss Guard in 1506 to provide a permanent corps of soldiers for the personal protection of the pope. The Swiss Guard Corps still exists today, wearing a characteristic uniform recognized worldwide.
Julius Excluded from Heaven was a satirical dialogue written by Erasmus of Rotterdam in 1514, the year after Pope Julius II died. In it, a drunken pope is refused entry to heaven by Saint Peter and responds by justifying his worldly life and plotting to conquer heaven by force.
Pope Julius II is buried in St. Peter's Basilica in Rome, marked by a simple marble tombstone on the floor in front of the monument to Pope Clement X. His remains rest alongside those of his uncle Pope Sixtus IV; both were desecrated during the Sack of Rome in 1527. The famous tomb by Michelangelo, located in San Pietro in Vincoli, was not completed until 1545 and does not contain Julius's remains.