Short answers, pulled from the story.
The first recorded Arab raid on the Indian subcontinent took place around 636 AD, when Uthman ibn Abi al-As al-Thaqafi, governor of Bahrain and Oman, sent his brother al-Hakam to strike Thane near present-day Mumbai. The main phase of Muslim conquests is dated between the 13th and 18th centuries, establishing what historians call the Indo-Muslim period.
The Delhi Sultanate was founded in 1206 by Qutb ud-Din Aibak, who established the Mamluk dynasty after the assassination of Muhammad of Ghor. Five Turko-Afghan dynasties ruled from Delhi in succession: the Mamluk (1206-1290), the Khalji (1290-1320), the Tughlaq (1320-1414), the Sayyid (1414-51), and the Lodhi (1451-1526).
Mahmud of Ghazni launched seventeen expeditions into the Indian subcontinent in the early 11th century. His campaigns reached temples at Varanasi, Mathura, Ujjain, Maheshwar, Jwalamukhi, Somnath, and Dwarka. He died in 1030 at age 59, having secured only Punjab under permanent Ghaznavid rule.
Timur's army defeated Sultan Nasir-u Din Mehmud of the Tughlaq dynasty on the 17th of December 1398. Before the battle, Timur executed more than 100,000 captives. He granted protection to Delhi's inhabitants on the 18th of December in exchange for payment, then ordered the entire city enslaved on the fourth day. According to Ruy Gonzalez de Clavijo, 90 captured elephants were used solely to carry looted precious stones back to Samarkand.
Akbar, who reigned from 1556 to 1605, stressed religious tolerance, abolished the jizya twice, and established a new religion called Din E Elahi that drew from multiple faiths. Aurangzeb, who reigned from 1658 to 1707, was a strict advocate of orthodox Islam who implemented Islamic Sharia through the Fatawa al-Alamgir. An estimated 4.6 million people died during Aurangzeb's reign from warfare, drought, plague, and famine.
The Muslim period produced Urdu, a language that emerged from the mixing of Sanskritic Hindi with Persian, Turkish, and Arabic, and which is today one of South Asia's major languages. Sher Shah Suri built the Grand Trunk Road between 1540 and 1544, connecting Chittagong to Kabul, parts of which remain in use. Islamic and Mughal architecture produced monuments including the Taj Mahal and the Jama Masjid, while specific cities became centers for crafts such as Moradabad for brass ware, Mirzapur for carpets, and Srinagar for papier-mache.