Who was Lokaksema and why is he historically significant?
Lokaksema was a Kushan Buddhist monk of Yuezhi ethnicity who flourished between 147 and 189 CE. He is regarded as one of the first known translators of Mahayana Buddhist texts into any language, producing his translations in the Han capital Luoyang during the later Han dynasty.
What texts did Lokaksema translate into Chinese?
The Taishō Tripitaka attributes twelve texts to Lokaksema. Scholars consider eight of these reasonably certain, including a translation of the Astasahasrika Prajnaparamita Sutra, the Scripture on the Tusita Heaven, the Pratyutpanna Samadhi Sutra, and the Ajatasatru Kaukrtya Vinodana Sutra.
What language did Lokaksema speak and where was he from?
Lokaksema was of Yuezhi ethnicity, traditionally described as a Kushan from a region spanning modern Iran, Afghanistan, and Pakistan. Scholar Paul Harrison has speculated that his mother tongue was Bactrian, and he was very likely also familiar with Gandhari Prakrit.
What was Lokaksema's translation style like?
Lokaksema extensively transliterated Indic terms rather than rendering them into Chinese equivalents, and retained the long-sentence style of Indian originals. He converted Indic verse into Chinese prose without attempting to capture the meter.
What is the main biographical source for Lokaksema's life?
The primary biographical source is a short account by the monk Sengyou, who lived from 445 to 518 CE, in his text Collected Records concerning the Tripitaka. Sengyou's work also confirms that at least one of Lokaksema's translations, the Shoulengyan jing, was already lost by his time.
When did Lokaksema arrive in China and what happened to him?
Lokaksema arrived in the Han capital Luoyang toward the end of the reign of Emperor Huan of Han, who ruled from 147 to 168 CE. He translated texts between 178 and 189 CE, but after the fall of the Han dynasty he disappeared from the historical record and the date of his death is unknown.