Indian Premier League
The Indian Premier League sold four seasons of its media rights in 2023 for US$6.4 billion, which valued every single match at $13.4 million. That figure makes the league the second-richest in the world by per-match value, behind only the National Football League. Ten city-based franchises play it between March and May, and 2026 brought the 19th season. Its schedule is so influential that the International Cricket Council's Future Tours Programme reserves an exclusive window for it, which means fewer international tours during its seasons. Founded in 2007, it is organised by the Board of Control for Cricket in India. How did a Twenty20 tournament grow into one of the most valuable properties in sport? Who pays for it, who gets paid, and who is left out? And what happens to a league when betting scandals, television schedules and national politics all pull at the same game?
In April 2007, the Essel Group launched the Indian Cricket League in partnership with IL&FS. Neither the Board of Control for Cricket in India nor the International Cricket Council recognised it. The board was also unhappy that some of its own committee members had joined the new league's executive board. Its answer was blunt. It raised prize money in its domestic tournaments and imposed lifetime bans on players who joined what it called a rebel league.
On the 13th of September 2007, as the 2007 ICC World Twenty20 began, the board unveiled its own competition. BCCI vice-president Lalit Modi led the initiative. He set out the format, the prize money, the franchise revenue system and the rules for building a squad. A seven-person governing council would run the league. It would also serve as the qualifying route for that year's Champions League Twenty20. The first season was set for April 2008, opening with what was billed as a high-profile ceremony in New Delhi.
Ownership was decided by auction. On the 24th of January 2008, eight franchises went under the hammer with combined reserve prices of $400 million. Bidding pushed the total to $723.59 million. The league opened in April 2008 with Chennai Super Kings, Mumbai Indians, Delhi Daredevils, Kings XI Punjab, Deccan Chargers, Rajasthan Royals, Kolkata Knight Riders and Royal Challengers Bangalore.
The rebel league did not survive its rival's success. In 2009, the BCCI and other national boards offered amnesty to players and officials of the Indian Cricket League, on condition that they end their contracts. Players left in numbers, money problems deepened, and the Indian Cricket League shut down later that year. Within a year, the board would be arguing in public about who truly owned some of those eight teams.
Two new franchises, Pune Warriors India and Kochi Tuskers Kerala, joined before the fourth season in 2011. The Sahara Adventure Sports Group paid $370 million for Pune, and Rendezvous Sports World paid $333.3 million for Kochi. Kochi lasted a single season. The board terminated it because the owners failed to pay the 10% bank guarantee element of the franchise fee.
In September 2012, the Deccan Chargers franchise agreement was terminated after the BCCI could not find new owners. An October auction for a replacement was won by Sun TV Network, and its team became Sunrisers Hyderabad. Pune Warriors India withdrew in May 2013 over financial differences with the board. The BCCI officially terminated the franchise in October, and the league went back to eight teams.
Stand-ins filled the gaps in 2016 and 2017. Rising Pune Supergiant and Gujarat Lions, based in Pune and Rajkot, took two vacant places for two seasons. Rising Pune Supergiant reached the 2017 final. In 2020, the COVID-19 pandemic moved the whole season to the United Arab Emirates.
In August 2021, the board announced that two new franchises would join in 2022, drawn from six shortlisted cities. In closed bidding that October, RPSG Group and CVC Capital won the two teams. They became Lucknow Super Giants and Gujarat Titans, and the league reached ten teams. Gujarat Titans won the title in their first season. Names changed too. Delhi Daredevils became Delhi Capitals in 2019, and Kings XI Punjab became Punjab Kings in 2021.
Chennai Super Kings and Mumbai Indians have each lifted the trophy five times, and Kolkata Knight Riders have won three. Royal Challengers Bengaluru lost the finals of 2009-2011 and 2016 before winning in 2025. They won again in 2026, beating Gujarat Titans by five wickets in the final.
Owners have also carried their brands abroad. In 2023, the owners of Mumbai Indians, Delhi Capitals and Royal Challengers Bengaluru secured the rights to same-named teams in the new Women's Premier League. Delhi Capitals also bought a stake in Seattle Orcas of Major League Cricket. In 2025, stakes in teams from The Hundred in England came up for sale. RPSG Group bought 70% of Manchester Originals for around £81m. Reliance Industries paid £60m for 49% of the Oval Invincibles, renamed MI London in December 2025. Sun Group bought 100% of Northern Superchargers from Yorkshire for £100m, and the team was announced as Sunrisers Leeds in November 2025.
In the 2009 season, the IPL introduced a seven-and-a-half minute break at the end of the tenth over in each innings. Sachin Tendulkar was among those who disliked the interruption. Critics called it a commercial use of an extended drinks break, since every 10-second advertising slot sold for over ₹5 lakh. The league's then-president insisted the break existed so teams could strategise. In 2010, it was cut to five minutes, split into two halves.
Today each team gets a two-and-a-half-minute strategic time-out per innings. The bowling side must take one between the 6th and 9th overs, and the batting side between the 13th and 16th. Stakeholders call these breaks unavoidable, because they bring sponsorship revenue and give broadcasters time for advertisements. In 2022, commentator Sunil Gavaskar said such breaks, among other factors, stretched matches to nearly four hours, against a stipulated three hours and ten minutes.
Other rules set the IPL apart from the established laws of cricket. Since the 2018 season, the Decision Review System has given each team two reviews per innings, and from 2023 it covers wides and no-balls. Teams can name an "impact player" as a substitute from a list of five, and each side may do so once per match. A team may field at most four overseas players in its eleven, or three if its impact player is also from overseas. Since 2024, bowlers may deliver two bouncers an over, a change trialled in the 2023-24 Syed Mushtaq Ali Trophy.
Slow bowling is punished with fines and a fielding restriction. Even so, in the 2024 season Rishabh Pant of Delhi Capitals and Shubman Gill of Gujarat Titans were each fined ₹12 lakhs for slow over rates against Chennai Super Kings.
The record books show what these rules produce. Virat Kohli of Royal Challengers Bengaluru has scored 9,336 runs, including nine centuries, and taken 126 catches. Chris Gayle hit 357 sixes and made 175 not out against Pune Warriors India on the 23rd of April 2013. Kohli and AB de Villiers put on 229 together against Gujarat Lions on the 14th of May 2016. Yuzvendra Chahal has taken 233 wickets, and MS Dhoni has made 201 dismissals as a wicketkeeper. The finals of 2017 and 2019, both won by Mumbai Indians, were each decided by a single run. Sunrisers Hyderabad posted 287 for 3 against Royal Challengers Bengaluru on the 15th of April 2024. The lowest total belongs to Royal Challengers Bengaluru, who made just 49 against Kolkata Knight Riders on the 23rd of April 2017.
For the 2025 season, every team has a salary cap of ₹120 crore and must spend at least 75% of it. A squad needs between 18 and 25 players, with no more than eight from overseas. Before each auction, teams may retain a limited number of players, and their salaries come off the cap. Everyone else enters the auction, sets a base price, and goes to the highest bidder, whose final bid becomes the salary for that season.
Every third year comes the mega auction. At the most recent one, teams could keep only six players and had to release most of their squads into the pool. The design forces teams to rebuild at regular intervals, which is meant to keep the league even. Auctions in the years between are often called mini-auctions. At a mega auction, a player can demand to be released into the pool even if his team intends to keep him.
Trades need the player's consent, and the franchise covers any difference in contract. There are normally three trading windows, two before the auction and one before the tournament. Contracts run for one year, with options to extend by one or two. Since the 2014 season, contracts have been denominated in rupees; before that, they were in US dollars.
Before 2014, Indian domestic players were not in the auction pool at all. Franchises signed them at a discrete amount, with a fixed sum deducted from the team's salary purse for each signing. Owners protested that richer franchises were "luring players with under-the-table deals." The league then put domestic players into the auction.
The prices tell their own story. In 2008, MS Dhoni cost Chennai Super Kings 9.5 crore. Sam Curran fetched 18.5 crore from Punjab Kings in 2023, and Mitchell Starc went to Kolkata Knight Riders for 24.75 crore in 2024. At the 2025 auction in Jeddah, Lucknow Super Giants paid 27 crore for Rishabh Pant. In 2026, in Abu Dhabi, Kolkata Knight Riders bought Cameron Green for 25.25 crore.
A 2024 report by Forbes India put the average salary of the ten highest-paid IPL players at ₹12.37 crore, the second-highest of any sports league. Yet a report by The Telegraph said IPL players receive 18% of league revenue, while players in other major leagues get at least 50%. The Federation of International Cricketers' Associations has said IPL players must be paid fairly. The BCCI also pays 10% of foreign players' auctioned salaries to their national boards, a rule the Australian Cricketers' Association criticised in 2022.
From 2008 to 2012, the real estate developer DLF held the title sponsorship. PepsiCo took over after 2012 but ended its deal in 2015, two years early, because of the suspension of two franchises. Chinese smartphone maker Vivo stepped in, and in August 2020 it cancelled its rights after a military stand-off between India and China. Dream11 sponsored the 2020 season, Vivo returned for 2021 and withdrew again, and the Tata Group took over for the following seasons. Aramco bought the sponsorship rights for the Orange and Purple Caps in 2022.
From 2008 to 2017, Sony Pictures Networks held the domestic media rights and World Sport Group held the international rights, under a ten-year contract worth US$1.03 billion. Sony Max carried mainly Hindi coverage, Sony Six added Bengali, Tamil, Kannada and Telugu, and Sony ESPN broadcast in English. In 2010, the IPL became the first sporting event to broadcast live on YouTube.
Star India won the rights for 2018 to 2022 in a US$2.55 billion contract, then the highest-valued broadcast rights deal in the history of cricket. Star's regional channels carried matches in eight languages, where the old deal had limited transmission to sports networks with English-language commentary. A Duff & Phelps report named this as a factor in the league's brand value rising from US$4.2 billion in 2016 to $5.3 billion in 2017 and $6.1 billion in 2018. In 2022, the IPL was valued at $11 billion, a 75% rise from $6.2 billion in 2020, making it a decacorn.
The digital rights moved in 2022. Disney Star lost them to a consortium of Reliance Industries and Viacom18, which streamed the IPL for free on JioCinema. Disney lost 2.4 million Disney+ subscribers worldwide in fiscal Q4 2022, and the source of that loss was the IPL. JioCinema estimated that an average of 620 million viewers watched part of the 2024 season, with at least 350 billion minutes streamed. The 2025 final drew 169 million viewers on Star Sports, the most-watched cricket broadcast yet on linear television. The new domestic contracts more than doubled the value of the previous deal, and pushed the IPL past the English Premier League as the second most valuable sports media property after the National Football League.
The winners share in this money. In 2025, Royal Challengers Bengaluru received ₹20 crore for their first title, and runners-up Punjab Kings earned ₹12 crore. Half of any prize money must go to a franchise's players. From 2026, the runner-up share rose to ₹13 crore, third place earns ₹7 crore, and fourth place earns ₹6.5 crore. Team brand value has followed. Royal Challengers Bengaluru were worth $50M in 2021 and $269M in 2025.
In the 2012 IPL spot-fixing case, the BCCI imposed a lifetime ban on Deccan Chargers player TP Sudhindra and suspended four other players. A sting operation recorded Pune Warriors India player Mohnish Mishra alleging that franchise owners paid players black money on top of their salaries. Mishra later apologised for what he called "frivolous and incorrect statements."
The 2013 case went much further. Delhi police arrested Rajasthan Royals players Ajit Chandila, Ankeet Chavan and S. Sreesanth on spot-fixing charges, and the BCCI gave all three lifetime bans. Police also arrested Gurunath Meiyappan, the team principal of Chennai Super Kings and son-in-law of then BCCI president N. Srinivasan. The charge was illegal betting and passing team information to bookmakers. In 2015, the Lodha Committee, appointed by the Supreme Court of India, banned Rajasthan Royals and Chennai Super Kings for two years. Meiyappan and Rajasthan Royals co-owner Raj Kundra were found guilty of betting and barred from any involvement in the game. Justice RM Lodha said, "Disrepute has been brought to cricket, the BCCI and the IPL to such an extent that there are doubts abound in the public whether the game is clean or not."
Ownership itself produced scandal in April 2010. IPL commissioner Lalit Modi revealed that Sunanda Pushkar, described as a close friend of Minister of State for External Affairs Shashi Tharoor, held sweat equity in Rendezvous Sports World, owner of Kochi Tuskers Kerala. Tharoor had mentored the winning bid. Pushkar gave up her 4.7% stake, estimated at ₹70 crore, and Tharoor resigned over allegations of conflict of interest.
That same month, BCCI president Shashank Manohar said the Governing Council did not know the true owners of Rajasthan Royals and Kings XI Punjab. He said only Preity Zinta had come forward to bid for Kings XI Punjab, yet a company in which she held no stake signed the agreement. He also said the board's permission was never sought before Rajasthan Royals sold a part stake to Shilpa Shetty and Raj Kundra. Both franchises were briefly terminated in October 2010, but the Bombay High Court overturned the terminations in December.
Also in April 2010, former BCCI president A. C. Muthiah petitioned the Supreme Court against Chennai Super Kings owner N. Srinivasan. He claimed Srinivasan changed board rules so he could buy a team while serving as BCCI president. During the 2013 betting case hearing, the Supreme Court criticised Srinivasan for owning a team while holding that office.
On the field, the league has had its own flashpoints. In 2008, Mumbai Indians player Harbhajan Singh slapped S. Sreesanth at the end of a match and was fined and banned from the remaining games. Years later, Harbhajan apologised to Sreesanth on television. In 2010, the BCCI banned Ravindra Jadeja for a year after he negotiated with other teams instead of renewing with Rajasthan Royals.
Ahead of the 2009 season, the Indian government declined to provide security for the IPL because central security forces would be engaged in the general elections. The BCCI moved the whole season to South Africa. The same clash with elections in 2014 sent the opening 20 matches to the United Arab Emirates, and the tournament returned to India on the 2nd of May 2014.
On the 9th of May 2025, the season was suspended for one week during the India-Pakistan conflict. Several airports in North India were closed, so at the BCCI's request the Indian Railways ran special Vande Bharat Express trains for players, support staff, commentators, production crews and operations staff.
Pakistani players took part in the inaugural 2008 season, where several teams selected them. Then came the November 2008 terrorist attacks in Mumbai by the Pakistan-based group Lashkar-e-Taiba. Their contracts were terminated before the 2009 edition, and no team picked a Pakistani player at the 2009 auction. They have been excluded since. Imran Khan, a retired cricketer and former Pakistan prime minister, said the BCCI and IPL owners "take it out on Pakistan players." He accused the board of "arrogance" but also said that "Pakistan should not worry about it."
At the 2010 auction no franchise bid for any Pakistani player, which caused major protests in Pakistan. Shahid Afridi and Abdul Razzaq voiced disappointment, and former leg spinner Abdul Qadir said Pakistan should form its own league. The Pakistan Super League played its first season in 2016.
Bangladesh met a similar fate. At the 2025 auction in Jeddah on the 24th and the 25th of November 2024-13 Bangladeshi players registered and 12 went to auction. None was sold, which prompted a backlash from Bangladeshi fans and cricketers. In December 2025, at the 2026 auction in Abu Dhabi, Kolkata Knight Riders bought Mustafizur Rahman amid geopolitical tensions over violence against Hindus in Bangladesh. After outcry across India, the BCCI asked the team on the 3rd of January 2026 to release him. The Bangladesh Cricket Board then asked the International Cricket Council to move its matches in the Men's T20 World Cup, co-hosted by India and Sri Lanka, entirely to Sri Lanka. The disagreement stayed unresolved, and Scotland officially replaced Bangladesh in the tournament.
Updated
Common questions
What is the Indian Premier League?
It is a professional Twenty20 cricket league in India, organised by the Board of Control for Cricket in India. Founded in 2007, it features ten city-based franchise teams and is held annually between March and May.
Who won the most IPL titles?
Chennai Super Kings and Mumbai Indians have each won five titles, the most in the tournament. Kolkata Knight Riders have won three, and Royal Challengers Bengaluru won in 2025 and 2026.
How does the IPL auction work?
Teams may retain some players, and the rest enter an auction where each player sets a base price and goes to the highest bidder. Every three years a mega auction forces teams to release most of their squads.
Why did the BCCI start the IPL?
The league was launched on the 13th of September 2007, months after the unrecognised Indian Cricket League appeared. The BCCI banned players who joined that league for life, and the rival shut down in 2009.
Why are Pakistani players absent from the IPL?
Pakistani players were selected in the 2008 season, but after the November 2008 Mumbai attacks their contracts were terminated before 2009. No franchise has picked a Pakistani player at auction since.
What is an impact player?
It is a substitute named from a list of five possible players. Each team may bring one in per match, before an innings, when a wicket falls, when a batter retires or at the end of an over.
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