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Charles III

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— CH. 1 · INTRODUCTION —

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Charles III

8 sections
  • Charles III was crowned at Westminster Abbey on the 6th of May 2023, in a ceremony planned for many years under the code name Operation Golden Orb. Reports before the day promised a coronation shorter, smaller and less expensive than his mother's. It was also meant to represent more faiths and community groups. Even the holy oil broke with precedent. It was made from olive, sesame, rose, jasmine, cinnamon, neroli and benzoin, with amber and orange blossom, and it was vegan. His mother's oil had contained animal-based oils. That small change says something about the man who sat beneath the crown. This documentary follows him from a palace nursery to the throne. How did a prince raised in Buckingham Palace come to hold public views on architecture, farming and medicine? Why did his marriages, his charities and his private letters keep drawing attention? And what has the first part of his reign looked like for a monarch who arrived at the job so late?

  • Charles was born at 9:14 pm on the 14th of November 1948 by caesarean section at Buckingham Palace. His grandfather, George VI, was still on the throne. The archbishop of Canterbury, Geoffrey Fisher, christened him Charles Philip Arthur George in the palace Music Room on the 15th of December. He was the first child of Princess Elizabeth and Philip, Duke of Edinburgh. Three siblings followed: Anne in 1950, Andrew in 1960 and Edward in 1964.

    On the 6th of February 1952, George VI died and Charles's mother became Elizabeth II. Her small son was suddenly heir apparent. A charter issued by Edward III in 1337 gave the monarch's eldest son the title Duke of Cornwall automatically. In the Scottish peerage he also became Duke of Rothesay, Earl of Carrick, Baron of Renfrew, Lord of the Isles, and Prince and Great Steward of Scotland. On the 2nd of June 1953, he attended his mother's coronation at Westminster Abbey.

    When Charles was five, Catherine Peebles became his governess at Buckingham Palace. In November 1956 he started at Hill House School in West London. He was the first heir apparent taught at a school instead of by private tutors. The school's founder and headmaster, Stuart Townend, gave him no special treatment. He urged the Queen to have Charles train in football, noting that boys on the pitch were never deferential to anyone.

    From 1958 Charles attended Cheam School in Hampshire, and in April 1962 he began classes at Gordonstoun in Moray. Both were former schools of his father. Jonathan Dimbleby's authorised biography of 1994 portrayed Elizabeth and Philip as physically and emotionally distant parents. It criticised Philip for ignoring his son's sensitive nature, including by insisting on Gordonstoun, where Charles was bullied. Charles reportedly called the school “Colditz in kilts”. Yet he later said it taught him “a great deal about myself and my own abilities and disabilities”. In a 1975 interview he said he was “glad” he had gone and that its “toughness” had been “much exaggerated”.

    In 1966 Charles spent two terms at the Timbertop campus of Geelong Grammar School in Victoria, Australia. During that stay he visited Papua New Guinea on a school trip with his history tutor, Michael Collins Persse. He later called Timbertop the most enjoyable part of his education. Back at Gordonstoun he became head boy. In 1967 he left with six GCE O-levels and two A-levels, in history and French, at grades B and C. Looking back, he said he “didn't enjoy school as much as I might have” and was “happier at home than anywhere else”.

    In October 1967, Charles broke royal tradition by going straight to university instead of joining the armed forces. He entered Trinity College, Cambridge, to study archaeology and anthropology, then switched to history. In his second year he spent a term at the University College of Wales in Aberystwyth, studying Welsh history and the Welsh language. He graduated in June 1970 with a lower second-class degree, becoming the first British heir apparent to earn one. Under standard practice, his BA was promoted to a Master of Arts in August 1975. Decades later, in May 2024, he became patron of Gordonstoun.

  • On the 26th of July 1958, Charles was created Prince of Wales and Earl of Chester. His investiture did not take place until the 1st of July 1969. His mother crowned him in a televised ceremony at Caernarfon Castle. The event was controversial in Wales, where Welsh nationalist sentiment was rising.

    In 1970 he took his seat in the House of Lords. His maiden speech on the 13th of June 1974 made him the first royal to speak from the floor since the future Edward VII in 1884. He addressed the House again in 1975. He also expressed interest in a larger post. In the mid-1970s the Australian prime minister, Malcolm Fraser, suggested he might serve as Governor-General of Australia. The idea was abandoned because public enthusiasm was lacking. Charles later asked, “so, what are you supposed to think when you are prepared to do something to help and you are just told you're not wanted?”

    Charles's military training began in 1969, during his second year at Cambridge. He joined the Cambridge University Air Squadron and learned to fly the Chipmunk. He received his RAF wings in August 1971. After the passing-out parade that September, he turned to the Royal Navy and took a six-week course at the Royal Naval College, Dartmouth. From 1971 to 1972 he served on a guided-missile destroyer. He then served on frigates in 1972-73 and again in 1974.

    In 1974 he also qualified as a helicopter pilot at RNAS Yeovilton. During that training he completed commando instruction at the Commando Training Centre Royal Marines at Lympstone. He then joined 845 Naval Air Squadron, a Royal Marines air support unit of the Fleet Air Arm. There he flew the commando version of the Westland Wessex helicopter.

    On the 9th of February 1976, Charles took command of a coastal minehunter. He spent his final ten months of active naval service on board. He retired later that year with the rank of Commander. Two years afterwards he completed the parachute training course at RAF Brize Norton as a member of Parachute Course 841a. He had been appointed colonel-in-chief of the Parachute Regiment in 1977.

    In 1994 he crash-landed a BAe 146 on Islay. He was a passenger who had been invited to fly the aircraft, and he was at the controls. A board of inquiry found the crew negligent. Charles gave up flying after the crash.

  • Charles's great-uncle, Lord Mountbatten, advised him to “sow his wild oats and have as many affairs as he can before settling down”. For a wife, Mountbatten said, he should pick a “suitable, attractive, and sweet-charactered girl” before she met anyone else. Charles's girlfriends included Georgiana Russell, daughter of Sir John Russell, the British ambassador to Spain. Others were Lady Jane Wellesley, Davina Sheffield and Lady Sarah Spencer. Camilla Shand, who would later become his second wife, was also among them.

    In early 1974, Mountbatten began writing to the 25-year-old Charles about marrying his granddaughter, Amanda Knatchbull. Charles wrote to her mother, Lady Brabourne, who was also his godmother. She replied approvingly but thought courting a 16-year-old was premature. Four years later, Mountbatten arranged for Amanda and himself to join Charles on a visit to India. Both fathers objected. Prince Philip feared his famous uncle would eclipse Charles. Lord Brabourne warned that a joint trip would focus media attention on the cousins before they could decide whether to become a couple.

    In August 1979, before Charles was due to leave alone for India, the Provisional Irish Republican Army assassinated Mountbatten. When Charles returned, he proposed to Amanda. She had lost her grandfather, her paternal grandmother and her younger brother in the bomb attack. She was now reluctant to join the royal family.

    Charles first met Lady Diana Spencer in 1977 while visiting her home, Althorp. He was then the companion of her elder sister Sarah. He did not consider Diana romantically until mid-1980. At a friend's barbecue in July, sitting with him on a bale of hay, she said he had looked forlorn and in need of care at Mountbatten's funeral. Soon, according to Dimbleby, “without any apparent surge in feeling, he began to think seriously of her as a potential bride”. She joined him on visits to Balmoral Castle and Sandringham House.

    Charles's cousin Norton Knatchbull and his wife told him that Diana seemed awestruck by his position. They also said he did not seem to be in love with her. Meanwhile the press and paparazzi followed the courtship intensely. Prince Philip warned that the speculation would injure Diana's reputation if Charles did not decide soon. Charles judged her a suitable royal bride by Mountbatten's criteria and took his father's words as a warning to proceed without delay. He proposed in February 1981. The engagement became official on the 24th of February, and the wedding took place at St Paul's Cathedral on the 29th of July.

    The couple lived at Kensington Palace and Highgrove House, near Tetbury. William was born in 1982 and Harry in 1984. Within five years the marriage was in trouble, owing to the couple's incompatibility and an age gap of nearly 13 years. In 1986 Charles fully resumed his affair with his former girlfriend Camilla Parker Bowles. The press dubbed the couple “The Glums” because of their evident discomfort in each other's company.

    Diana exposed the affair with Parker Bowles in Andrew Morton's book Diana: Her True Story. In a video tape recorded by Peter Settelen in 1992, she said she had been “deeply in love with someone who worked in this environment” from 1985 to 1986. She later began a relationship with Major James Hewitt, the family's former riding instructor. In December 1992, the prime minister, John Major, announced the couple's legal separation in the House of Commons.

    Early the next year, the British press published transcripts of a passionate, bugged telephone call between Charles and Parker Bowles from 1989. It was dubbed “Camillagate”. In June 1994, Charles sought public understanding in a television film with Dimbleby, Charles: The Private Man, the Public Role. He confirmed his affair, saying he had rekindled the association in 1986 only after his marriage had “irretrievably broken down”.

    Diana answered in a Panorama interview on the BBC in November 1995. Of Parker Bowles she said, “well, there were three of us in this marriage. So, it was a bit crowded.” She also doubted her husband's suitability for kingship. The Queen advised the couple in December 1995 to end the marriage, and they divorced on the 28th of August 1996. They shared custody of their children. Diana died after a car crash in Paris on the 31st of August 1997. Charles flew to Paris with her sisters to accompany her body back to Britain.

    After both had divorced, Charles declared his relationship with Parker Bowles “non-negotiable”. He appointed Mark Bolland to raise her public profile. In 1999 the pair made their first public appearance as a couple at the Ritz London Hotel. The next year she met the Queen at the 60th birthday party of former King Constantine II of Greece, which was read as an apparent seal of approval. In 2003 she moved into Clarence House, Charles's official residence. Former Archbishop of Canterbury George Carey told The Times, “He is heir to the throne and he loves her. The natural thing is that they should get married.”

    The engagement was announced on the 10th of February 2005. The Queen's consent, required by the Royal Marriages Act 1772, was recorded at a Privy Council meeting on the 2nd of March. Charles became the only member of the royal family to have a civil rather than a church wedding in England. The plan was a civil ceremony at Windsor Castle followed by a blessing in St George's Chapel. The venue moved to Windsor Guildhall after planners realised a civil marriage at the castle would oblige it to be available to anyone who wished to marry there.

    Four days before the event, it was postponed from the 8th of April to the following day. Charles and some invited dignitaries needed to attend the funeral of Pope John Paul II. His parents did not attend the ceremony. They did attend the televised blessing by Archbishop Rowan Williams and held a reception for the newlyweds at Windsor Castle. In public letters, speeches and interviews since, Charles has thanked Camilla for her “steadfast support” and called her “my darling wife”.

  • Charles carried out his first public engagement in 1965, attending a student garden party at the Palace of Holyroodhouse. Between 2002 and 2022 he completed 10,934 engagements on the Queen's behalf as Prince of Wales. He officiated at investitures and attended the funerals of foreign dignitaries. Each summer he spent a week of engagements touring Wales, and he attended national occasions such as the opening of the Senedd. He also chaired the six trustees of the Royal Collection Trust, who met three times a year.

    He stood in for his mother at independence celebrations in Fiji in 1970, The Bahamas in 1973, Papua New Guinea in 1975, Zimbabwe in 1980 and Brunei in 1984. In 1997 he represented her at the Hong Kong handover ceremony.

    The work was not always safe. In 1983 Christopher John Lewis, who had fired a shot from a .22 rifle at the Queen in 1981, tried to escape a psychiatric hospital to assassinate Charles. Charles was then visiting New Zealand with Diana and William. On Australia Day in January 1994, David Kang fired two shots at him from a starting pistol. Kang was protesting the treatment of several hundred Cambodian asylum-seekers held in detention camps. In November 2010, protesters attacked the car carrying Charles and Camilla during student protests.

    In 1995 Charles became the first member of the royal family to visit the Republic of Ireland in an official capacity. In May 2015 he and Camilla made their first joint trip there. The British Embassy called it an important step in “promoting peace and reconciliation”. In Galway he shook hands with Gerry Adams, leader of Sinn Féin and widely believed to lead the IRA, the group that had assassinated Mountbatten. Media described a “historic handshake” and a “significant moment for Anglo-Irish relations”.

    A handshake in 2005 caused more trouble. At the funeral of Pope John Paul II, Charles shook hands with the Zimbabwean president, Robert Mugabe, who had been seated next to him. Charles's office said he could not avoid it and that he “finds the current Zimbabwean regime abhorrent”.

    In 2010 he represented the Queen at the opening ceremony of the Commonwealth Games in Delhi. In November 2013 he represented her for the first time at a Commonwealth Heads of Government Meeting, in Colombo, Sri Lanka. At their 2018 meeting, Commonwealth heads of government decided that Charles would be the next Head of the Commonwealth. The post is chosen rather than hereditary. In 2022 he used that platform to express his sorrow for the history of slavery in the British Empire, pointing to Indigenous reconciliation as an example of how to deal with it.

    In November 2021 he attended ceremonies marking Barbados's transition into a parliamentary republic, at the invitation of Prime Minister Mia Mottley. It was the first time a member of the royal family attended a realm's change to a republic. In March 2019, at the request of the British government, he and Camilla toured Cuba, the first British royals to visit. He contracted COVID-19 in March 2020 and tested positive again in February 2022. Several newspapers criticised how promptly he and Camilla were tested when many NHS staff and patients could not be.

    In May 2022, months before he took the throne, Charles attended the State Opening of the British Parliament. As a counsellor of state, he delivered the Queen's Speech on behalf of his mother.

  • In 1976 Charles founded the Prince's Trust with £7,500 of severance pay from the Royal Navy. He has since established 16 more charitable organisations and serves as president of each. Together they form the Prince's Charities, which calls itself the largest multi-cause charitable enterprise in the United Kingdom and says it raises more than £100 million annually. By September 2020 the Prince's Trust had supported over 1,000,000 young people and helped create 125,000 entrepreneurs. As Prince of Wales he also became patron or president of more than 800 other organisations. The King Charles III Charitable Fund has donated over £73 million to various causes since 1979.

    In May 1984, at the 150th anniversary of the Royal Institute of British Architects, Charles described a proposed extension to the National Gallery in London as a “monstrous carbuncle on the face of a much-loved friend”. He deplored the “glass stumps and concrete towers” of modern architecture. He asked why everything had to be “vertical, straight, unbending, only at right angles”, and functional. His 1989 book A Vision of Britain argued that traditional designs and methods should guide contemporary ones.

    Poundbury is a village built on land owned by the Duchy of Cornwall, to a master plan by Léon Krier and under Charles's guidance. In 2013 development began on the suburb of Nansledan on the Duchy's estate, with his endorsement. In 2007 he helped buy Dumfries House and its complete collection of 18th century furnishings. He took a £20 million loan from his charitable trust toward the £45 million cost. That led to Knockroon, called the “Scottish Poundbury”.

    His architectural opinions sometimes reached into live projects. In 2009 he wrote to the Qatari royal family, who were financing the redevelopment of the Chelsea Barracks site, calling Lord Rogers's design “unsuitable”. The developer, CPC Group, took a case against Qatari Diar to the High Court. After the suit was settled, CPC Group apologised to Charles “for any offence caused... during the course of the proceedings”. Rogers also claimed Charles had intervened to block his designs for the Royal Opera House and Paternoster Square.

    At the age of 21, Charles gave his first speech on environmental issues as chairman of the Welsh Countryside Committee. His gardening began in 1980, when he took over the Highgrove estate. He has said, “I happily talk to the plants and trees, and listen to them. I think it's absolutely crucial”. His “healing garden”, based on sacred geometry and ancient religious symbolism, went on display at the Chelsea Flower Show in 2002. Highgrove also drew him to organic farming. In 1990 he launched his own organic brand, Duchy Originals, which sells more than 200 sustainably produced products. Its profits, more than £6 million by 2010, go to the Prince's Charities. He has also criticised genetically modified crops, including in a 1998 letter to Tony Blair.

    In January 2020 he launched the Sustainable Markets Initiative at the World Economic Forum's annual meeting in Davos. At the 2021 G20 summit in Rome, he called COP26 “the last chance saloon” for preventing climate change. At the COP26 opening ceremony he said “a vast military-style campaign” was needed to marshal the global private sector. At COP28 he said he prayed “with all my heart that COP28 will be a critical turning point towards genuine transformational action.” Time magazine named him one of its 100 most influential climate leaders of 2025. He received a Green Blue Peter badge on Earth Day 2026.

    Charles is also a keen watercolourist. In 2016 it was estimated that he had sold lithographs of his watercolours worth a total of £2 million from a shop at Highgrove House. In 2000 he founded the Royal Drawing School, which offers drawing classes to children and the public. The Royal Mail issued stamps featuring his paintings to mark the 25th anniversary of his investiture. In 2015-2022 and 2023 he commissioned paintings of 12 D-Day veterans, seven Holocaust survivors and ten members of the Windrush generation. They went on display at the Queen's Gallery in Buckingham Palace.

  • In December 1982, Charles addressed the British Medical Association and championed alternative medicine, including homeopathy. The speech was seen as combative and critical of modern medicine. Some medical professionals met it with anger. His Prince's Foundation for Integrated Health later drew opposition from scientists and doctors for encouraging general practitioners to offer herbal and other alternative treatments to NHS patients.

    In April 2008, The Times published a letter from Edzard Ernst, professor of complementary medicine at the University of Exeter. It asked the foundation to recall two guides promoting alternative medicine. That year Ernst and Simon Singh published Trick or Treatment: Alternative Medicine on Trial, mockingly dedicated to “HRH the Prince of Wales”. Ernst denounced a Duchy Originals “Detox Tincture” as “financially exploiting the vulnerable” and “outright quackery”. Charles wrote at least seven letters to the Medicines and Healthcare products Regulatory Agency shortly before it relaxed rules on labelling herbal products. Scientists and medical bodies widely condemned that move. In October 2009 he reportedly lobbied the health secretary, Andy Burnham, for more alternative treatments in the NHS. The foundation announced its closure in April 2010 after accounting irregularities, and was relaunched that year as the College of Medicine. Charles became its patron in 2019.

    Letters he sent to government ministers in 2004 and 2005 became known as the black spider memos. The Guardian challenged their release under the Freedom of Information Act 2000. In March 2015 the Supreme Court ruled that they must be released, and the Cabinet Office published them in May. The reaction was largely supportive. The press called the memos “underwhelming” and “harmless”. It was revealed that same year that Charles had access to confidential Cabinet papers.

    In October 2020, a letter from Charles to Sir John Kerr, the Governor-General of Australia, was released among the palace letters. Kerr had dismissed Prime Minister Gough Whitlam in 1975, and Charles wrote that what Kerr “did last year was right and the courageous thing to do”. In June 2022, The Times reported that Charles had privately called the government's Rwanda asylum plan “appalling”. It was later claimed that Cabinet ministers had warned him to avoid political comments.

    In 2021 and 2022, two of his charities came under scrutiny for accepting donations that many in the media deemed inappropriate. They were the Prince's Foundation and the Prince of Wales's Charitable Fund. In August 2021 the Prince's Foundation launched an investigation, with Charles's support. The Charity Commission looked into allegations that donations meant for the foundation had instead gone to the Mahfouz Foundation. In February 2022 the Metropolitan Police began investigating cash-for-honours allegations linked to the foundation. In August 2023 the force announced that no further action would be taken.

    The Times reported in June 2022 that Charles accepted €3 million in cash between 2011 and 2015 from Qatar's prime minister, Hamad bin Jassim bin Jaber Al Thani. There was no evidence that the payments were illegal. The Charity Commission announced in July 2022 that it would investigate no further. The paper also reported a £1 million donation in 2013 from Bakr bin Laden and Shafiq bin Laden, half-brothers of Osama bin Laden. The commission called accepting donations a “matter for trustees”.

    In 1994 the German tabloid Bild published nude photos of Charles taken on holiday in Le Barroux, reportedly offered for sale at £30,000. Buckingham Palace said it was “unjustifiable for anybody to suffer this sort of intrusion”. In 2002, at St Bride's Fleet Street, Charles told editors the press had been “awkward, cantankerous, cynical, bloody-minded, at times intrusive, at times inaccurate, and at times deeply unfair and harmful to individuals and to institutions”. He added that “from time to time we are probably both a bit hard on each other”.

    In 2006 he took The Mail on Sunday to court after it published excerpts of his journals. They included his description of Chinese government officials at the Hong Kong handover as “appalling old waxworks”. He and Camilla were named in 2011 as people whose confidential information was reportedly targeted in the phone hacking scandal. In 2015 The Independent noted that he would speak to broadcasters only after they signed a 15-page contract. It required all questions to be pre-approved and let Clarence House remove his contribution entirely.

    Public opinion has moved. A 2018 BMG Research poll found that 46 per cent of Britons wanted him to abdicate in favour of William as soon as his mother died. A 2021 poll reported that 60 percent of the public had a favourable opinion of him. As of August 2025, YouGov put his approval at 59 per cent. In September 2025, The Economist analysed 30 years of his public speeches and concluded that he had mellowed. Asked at his 70th birthday whether he would keep voicing opinions as king, he answered, “No. It won't. I'm not that stupid. I do realise that it is a separate exercise being sovereign.”

  • Charles became king on the 8th of September 2022, when his mother died. At 73, he was the oldest person ever to succeed to the British throne. The previous record holder, William IV, was 64 when he became king in 1830. On the 20th of April 2011 Charles had already passed Edward VII's record of 59 years as heir apparent, making him the longest-serving in British history.

    At 6 pm on the 9th of September, Charles gave his first speech to the nation. He paid tribute to his mother and named his elder son, William, as Prince of Wales. The next day the Accession Council proclaimed him king, in a ceremony televised for the first time. Queen Camilla and William attended, along with the prime minister, Liz Truss, and her six living predecessors. Other realms, Scotland, Wales, Northern Ireland, the British Overseas Territories, the Crown Dependencies, Canadian provinces and Australian states read their own proclamations.

    In the 1994 film with Dimbleby, Charles said that as king he wished to be seen as a “defender of faith” rather than the traditional “Defender of the Faith”. In 2015 he said he would keep the traditional title while “ensuring that other people's faiths can also be practised”. Shortly after his accession he called himself “a committed Anglican Christian”, and he swore an oath to uphold the Church of Scotland right after being proclaimed. The coronation stayed a Church of England rite, including the oath, anointing, crowning, investing with the regalia and enthronement. The oath's wording was not altered, since new legislation would be lengthy and might raise divisive issues. Instead the Archbishop of Canterbury spoke a preamble saying the church would “seek to foster an environment in which people of all faiths and beliefs may live freely”.

    In July 2023, Charles was presented with the Honours of Scotland at a national service of thanksgiving at St Giles' Cathedral. That month he asked that profits from Britain's growing fleet of offshore wind farms serve the “wider public good”, not extra funding for the monarchy. The monarchy's share of Crown Estate net profits was cut to 12 per cent. The Guardian estimated his personal wealth in 2023 at £1.8 billion, most of it inherited from his mother and exempt from inheritance tax. In June 2025 he approved decommissioning the Royal Train, which the Keeper of the Privy Purse tied to “fiscal discipline”. It ended 180 years of dedicated royal rail travel.

    In November 2022, Charles hosted the South African president, Cyril Ramaphosa, on the first state visit of his reign. The following March, in Germany, he became the first British monarch to address the Bundestag. In September 2023 he became the first British monarch to speak from the French Senate chamber. At the Versailles state banquet, he reportedly did not want foie gras or out-of-season asparagus on the menu. Lobster was served instead. Ahead of Christmas 2022 he had confirmed to the animal rights group People for the Ethical Treatment of Animals that foie gras would not be served at any royal residence. In October 2023, in Kenya, he faced calls to apologise for colonial abuses. At a state banquet he acknowledged “abhorrent and unjustifiable acts of violence” but gave no formal apology.

    In May 2024, the prime minister, Rishi Sunak, asked the King to call a general election, and engagements that could distract from the campaign were postponed. In June, Charles and Camilla travelled to Normandy for the 80th anniversary commemorations of D-Day. The King also received Emperor Naruhito of Japan on his state visit. After Labour, led by Sir Keir Starmer, beat Sunak's Conservatives in July, Charles shortened the annual Holyrood Week in Scotland to return to London and appoint Starmer prime minister.

    Charles had been treated for health problems before. He had laser keyhole surgery on his right knee in March 1998, hernia surgery in March 2003, and removal of a non-cancerous growth from his nasal bridge in 2008. In January 2024 he underwent a “corrective procedure” at the London Clinic for benign prostate enlargement. In February, Buckingham Palace announced that cancer had been discovered during the treatment, but that it was not prostate cancer. Camilla deputised for him in March at the Commonwealth Day service at Westminster Abbey and at the Royal Maundy at Worcester Cathedral. He made his first major public appearance since the diagnosis at the Easter service at St George's Chapel, Windsor Castle, on the 31st of March. In April it was announced he would resume public-facing duties.

    In October 2024, the King and Queen toured Australia and Samoa, the first Commonwealth realm Charles had visited since his accession. In Samoa he attended the Commonwealth Heads of Government Meeting for the first time as Head of the Commonwealth. The tour was scaled back because of his cancer diagnosis, and a planned visit to New Zealand was cancelled. He temporarily paused treatment during the tour. In March 2025 he was briefly admitted to hospital after temporary side effects from his treatment. In December, during the Stand Up to Cancer UK campaign, he announced that his treatment schedule would be reduced the following year. The media described his openness about illness as unprecedented, in contrast to earlier monarchs.

    In March 2025, the King received the Ukrainian president, Volodymyr Zelenskyy, at Sandringham House, just days after the Trump-Zelenskyy Oval Office meeting. Zelenskyy later told The Guardian that Charles played a quiet but influential role in altering President Donald Trump's attitude toward Ukraine. On the 9th of April 2025, the couple's 20th wedding anniversary, they visited Pope Francis, who was recovering from pneumonia. Francis died 12 days later. In May 2025, at the invitation of Prime Minister Mark Carney, Charles made his first visit to Canada as monarch. He opened the 45th Canadian Parliament and delivered the Speech from the Throne, the first time a Canadian monarch had done so in person since 1977.

    In October 2025, during a state visit to the Holy See, Charles became the first British monarch to pray alongside a pope since the Reformation. He joined Pope Leo XIV for a service in the Sistine Chapel. Later that month he unveiled “An Opened Letter”, the UK's first national memorial to LGBT armed forces veterans, at the National Memorial Arboretum in Staffordshire. It was his first official engagement in support of the LGBT+ community.

    On the 30th of October 2025, amid controversy over his brother Andrew's association with the financier and child sex offender Jeffrey Epstein, Charles began a formal process to remove Andrew's style, titles and honours. Andrew was arrested on the 19th of February 2026 on suspicion of misconduct in public office. The King expressed his “deepest concern” and said that “the law must take its course”.

    In April 2026, during a state visit to the United States, Charles became the second British monarch to address a joint meeting of Congress, after Elizabeth II in 1991. His speech drew about a dozen standing ovations. In May he visited Golders Green after the previous month's stabbings. He met the victims at a Jewish Care charity centre, along with the Chief Rabbi and members of the community's medical and security response teams.

Updated

Common questions

When did Charles III become king?

Charles III became king on the 8th of September 2022, when his mother, Elizabeth II, died. At 73 he was the oldest person ever to succeed to the British throne.

When was Charles III crowned?

Charles III was crowned at Westminster Abbey on the 6th of May 2023, together with Camilla. The ceremony had been planned for many years under the code name Operation Golden Orb.

Who has Charles III married?

Charles III married Lady Diana Spencer at St Paul's Cathedral on the 29th of July 1981 and divorced her on the 28th of August 1996. In 2005 he married Camilla Parker Bowles in a civil ceremony at Windsor Guildhall, followed by a blessing at Windsor Castle.

Who founded the Prince's Trust, and what has it achieved?

Charles III founded the Prince's Trust in 1976 using £7,500 of severance pay from the Royal Navy. By September 2020 it had supported over 1,000,000 young people and helped create 125,000 entrepreneurs.

What did Charles III say about modern architecture in 1984?

In May 1984, Charles III described a proposed National Gallery extension as a “monstrous carbuncle on the face of a much-loved friend”. He later promoted traditional design through Poundbury, a village on Duchy of Cornwall land planned by Léon Krier.

What cancer news did Charles III announce in 2024?

In February 2024, Buckingham Palace announced that cancer had been discovered while Charles III was being treated for benign prostate enlargement, and that it was not prostate cancer. His public engagements were temporarily suspended, and he resumed public-facing duties after progress in treatment.

All sources

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  32. 70An honest woman at last?Leah McLaren — 11 May 2002
  33. 71NewsMark Bolland: Marital aide30 March 2005
  34. 73NewsQueen and Camilla meet at royal partyTracy McVeigh — 3 June 2000
  35. 74NewsCharles and Camilla go publicBBC News — 29 January 1999
  36. 75NewsPrince Charles moves into Clarence HouseBBC News — 2 August 2003
  37. 78NewsProfile: Duchess of CornwallBBC News — 9 April 2012
  38. 79Order in CouncilThe National Archives — 2 March 2005
  39. 80NewsScholars scurry to find implications of royal weddingMichael Valpy — 2 November 2005
  40. 81NewsPanorama Lawful impediment?BBC News — 14 February 2005
  41. 82Royal Marriage; Lords Hansard Written Statements 24 Feb 2005 : Column WS87 (50224-51)The Secretary of State for Constitutional Affairs and Lord Chancellor (Lord Falconer of Thoroton) — Parliament of the United Kingdom — 24 February 2005
  42. 83NewsPope funeral delays royal weddingBBC News — 4 April 2005
  43. 84NewsQ&A: Queen's wedding decisionBBC News — 23 February 2005
  44. 86NewsCharles and Camilla wedMark Oliver — 9 April 2005
  45. 87Prince Charles opens up about love and lifeMax Foster — CNN — 12 March 2015
  46. 91100 Coronation factsRoyal Household
  47. 93Opening of the SeneddNational Assembly for Wales
  48. 94AdministrationThe Royal Collection Trust
  49. 96News1973: Bahamas' sun sets on British EmpireBBC News — 9 July 1973
  50. 98NewsZimbabwe gains independenceJay Ross — 18 April 1980
  51. 101Cambodian RefugeesJohn Newman — Parliament of New South Wales — 12 May 1994
  52. 104NewsThe Prince of Wales opens the Commonwealth GamesClarence House — 3 October 2010
  53. 106NewsQueen to miss Colombo CHOGMHasan Suroor — 8 May 2013
  54. 108NewsPrince Charles and Gerry Adams share historic handshakeHenry McDonald — 19 May 2015
  55. 110NewsCommonwealth backs Prince Charles as its next leaderKarla Adam — 20 April 2018
  56. 111NewsPrince Charles and Camilla make history in CubaBBC News — 25 March 2019
  57. 112NewsPrince Charles tests positive for novel coronavirusEmma Reynolds et al. — CNN — 25 March 2020
  58. 115NewsBritain's Prince Charles tests positive for COVID-19 for the 2nd timeHaley Ott — CBS News — 10 February 2022
  59. 116NewsCovid: Prince Charles and Camilla get first vaccineBBC News — 10 February 2021
  60. 122NewsPrince of Wales will be oldest monarch crownedGordon Rayner — 19 September 2013
  61. 125NewsCharles III is proclaimed KingRebecca Ratcliffe — 10 September 2022
  62. 126BookThe Accession of King Charles IIIDavid Torrance — House of Commons Library — 29 September 2022
  63. 127NewsKing Charles III welcomes S. African leader for state visitDanica Kirka — 22 November 2022
  64. 128NewsKing Charles becomes first British monarch to address German parliamentLauren Said-Moorhouse et al. — CNN — 30 March 2023
  65. 132NewsKing Charles III, the new monarchBBC News — 18 September 2022
  66. 134NewsWindfarms help drive record profit for crown estateJillian Ambrose — 29 June 2023
  67. 145NewsKing of Australia's royal tour nearly didn't happenDaniela Relph — BBC News — 18 October 2024
  68. 149NewsKing and Queen meet Pope Francis at Vatican on their anniversarySean Coughlan — BBC News — 9 April 2025
  69. 150NewsPope Francis has died on Easter Monday aged 88Devin Watkins — Dicastery for Communication — 21 April 2025
  70. 151NewsKing Charles travels to support Canada as it fends off TrumpSean Coughlan — BBC News — 26 May 2025
  71. 157NewsKing Charles unveils LGBT+ veterans memorial at National Memorial ArboretumJosh Parry — BBC News — 27 October 2025
  72. 162NewsKing gets ovation for Congress speech warning of volatile worldSean Coughlan — BBC News — 28 April 2026
  73. 163NewsKing visits victims of Golders Green stabbingsLucy Manning — BBC News — 14 May 2026
  74. 166NewsKing hails 'unprecedented' Bayeux Tapestry exhibition in LondonSean Coughlan — BBC News — 3 September 2026
  75. 168NewsCharles has hernia operationBBC News — 29 March 2003
  76. 169NewsKing Charles in hospital for prostate treatmentSean Coughlan — BBC News — 26 January 2024
  77. 170NewsKing Charles III diagnosed with cancer, Buckingham Palace saysSean Coughlan — BBC News — 5 February 2024
  78. 174NewsKing Charles appears in public at Easter Sunday church serviceSuzanne Leigh et al. — BBC News — 31 March 2024
  79. 175NewsKing Charles to resume public duties after progress in cancer treatmentSean Coughlan — BBC News — 26 April 2024
  80. 176NewsKing Charles returns to public duties in visit to cancer treatment centerLauren Said-Moorhouse — BBC News — 30 April 2024
  81. 177NewsKing postpones visit after temporary side effects of ongoing cancer treatmentJames Gregory et al. — BBC News — 27 March 2025
  82. 178NewsKing says he can 'share the good news' his cancer treatment will be reducedSean Coughlan — BBC News — 12 December 2025
  83. 180NewsWhy King Charles's openness on cancer treatment is huge step change from pastRhiannon Mills — Sky News — 28 March 2025
  84. 181NewsKing's cancer has changed relationship with his peopleHannah Furness — 12 December 2025
  85. 184NewsKing Charles doesn't eat lunch and works until midnightStephen White et al. — 12 September 2022
  86. 185NewsKing Charles: Foie gras banned at royal residencesBBC News — 18 November 2022
  87. 187With Charles king, his Prince's Trust youth charity goes onAlistair Smout et al. — 16 September 2022
  88. 188The Prince's CharitiesClarence House
  89. 189King's Charity to donate £1.95M to good causesThe Wildlife Trust — 31 January 2023
  90. 191NewsPrince's pride as charities inspire 125,000 to start their own businessRebecca Burn Callander — 7 September 2013
  91. 195Contact UsThe Prince's Charities Australia
  92. 196NewsPeople: Mar. 18, 1985Guy D. Garcia
  93. 197WelcomeFARA Enterprises
  94. 198NewsPrince Charles makes a donation to Israel's Peres CenterSarah Chemla — 11 November 2020
  95. 200NewsFormer aide to Prince Charles steps down over cash-for-honors scandalMax Foster et al. — CNN — 6 September 2021
  96. 201NewsInquiry into foundation linked to Prince of Wales launchedPatrick Butler — 18 November 2021
  97. 205NewsPrince Charles accepted €1m cash in suitcase from sheikhGabriel Pogrund et al. — 25 June 2022
  98. 208Prince Charles: No inquiry into £2.5m cash donation to his charitySean Coughlan — BBC News — 20 July 2022
  99. 209NewsPrince Charles accepted £1m from family of Osama bin LadenGabriel Pogrund et al. — 30 July 2022
  100. 226NewsPrince Charles: Flying migrants to Rwanda is 'appalling'Matt Dathan et al. — 10 June 2022
  101. 228NewsPrince Charles faces awkward trip after Rwanda rowSean Coughlan — BBC News — 18 June 2022
  102. 229Charles, Prince of WalesPlanetizen — 13 September 2009
  103. 231King Charles likely to be a friend of the Middle EastAzeem Ibrahim — 12 September 2022
  104. 232NewsHM King Charles III continues as the Patron of the CentreOxford Centre for Islamic Studies — 2024
  105. 233King Charles III, City MakerKriston Capps — Bloomberg News — 9 September 2022
  106. 238NewsCharles saves Dumfries House at 11th hourAuslan Cramb — 28 June 2007
  107. 239Dumfries House: training the unemployedJohnathan Foyle — 27 June 2014
  108. 244NewsHow the King's vision is shaping next wave of new townsSean Coughlan — BBC News — 27 September 2025
  109. 245BookThe Budget Plan 2007: Aspire to a Stronger, Safer, Better CanadaQueen's Printer for Canada — 19 March 2007
  110. 246Heritage ServicesHeritage Canada Foundation
  111. 247NewsPrince Charles to Accept Scully Prize at Building MuseumLinda Hales — 26 October 2005
  112. 248Prince Charles honored for his architectural patronageNotre Dame News — 7 February 2012
  113. 257Prince Charles Eavesdrops on Tourists, Speaks to PlantsLee Ferran — ABC News — 20 September 2010
  114. 258Charles designs 'healing garden'John Vidal — 15 May 2002
  115. 259Our StoryDuchyoriginals.com
  116. 260NewsWhy Prince Charles's Duchy Originals takes the biscuitSarah Rainey — 12 November 2013
  117. 261Spandenburg and Moser 2004, p. 32
  118. 262Prince Charles warned Tony Blair against GM foodsMartin Rosenbaum — BBC News — 23 January 2019
  119. 270NewsKing Charles gets green Blue Peter badgeBBC Newsround — 22 April 2026
  120. 273NewsMore Britons Trying Holistic MedicineBarnaby J. Feder — 9 January 1985
  121. 274BookThe Rebel Prince, The Power, Passion and Defiance of Prince CharlesTom Bower — William Collins — 2018
  122. 275JournalIntegrated health and post modern medicineThe Prince of Wales — December 2012
  123. 276JournalResponse to HRHRichard Rawlins — March 2013
  124. 277NewsCharles's 'alternative GP' campaign stirs angerJonathon Carr-Brown — 14 August 2005
  125. 278NewsNow Charles backs coffee cure for cancerJo Revill — 27 June 2004
  126. 279BookTrick or Treatment: Alternative Medicine on TrialSimon Singh et al. — Bantam Press — 2008
  127. 281HRH 'meddling in politics'David Colquhoun — DC's Improbable Science — 12 March 2007
  128. 282NewsDoctors attack natural remedy claimsNigel Hawkes et al. — 1 September 2006
  129. 289NewsPrince Charles takes sons huntingBBC News — 30 October 1999
  130. 290BookA Celebration of Salmon Rivers: The World's Finest Atlantic Salmon RiversStackpole Books — 2007
  131. 292HistoryNational Rifle Association
  132. 295Performing ArtsPrince of Wales official website
  133. 296The Prince of Wales visits the BFI SouthbankPrince of Wales official website — 6 December 2018
  134. 297TRH continue their annual tour of WalesPrince of Wales website
  135. 301NewsPrince Charles wins art awardBBC News — 12 December 2001
  136. 304Prince Charles commissions Holocaust survivor portraitsSean Coughlan — BBC News — 10 January 2022
  137. 309Press releaseKing Charles vows to protect the security of the Church of ScotlandThe Church of Scotland — 10 September 2022
  138. 310NewsPrince and Camilla attend churchBBC News — 13 February 2005
  139. 312NewsPrince's guru dies aged 90Clare Garner — 17 December 1996
  140. 314NewsReview: In Harmony with a Philosopher KingRaymond Payne — Wessex School of Philosophy — 4 January 2012
  141. 3152011 Nautilus Awards Gold WinnersMary Belknap — Nautilus Book Awards
  142. 320Britain's first Syriac Orthodox Cathedral consecratedAnglican Communion News Service — 25 November 2016
  143. 321NewsCharles pays tribute to MuslimsBBC News — 24 January 2003
  144. 322About OCISOxford Centre for Islamic Studies
  145. 323NewsKing Charles III may bring new approach to 'Defender of the Faith'Kevin Sullivan et al. — 13 September 2022
  146. 330NewsKing Charles IIIMike Bartlett — Almeida Theatre
  147. 331NewsThe Man Who Will Be KingGoogle News — 1 October 1979
  148. 333NewsPrince Charles: 'Me, meddle as a king? I'm not that stupid'Caroline Davies — 7 November 2018
  149. 335NewsPrince Charles named world's best dressed manABC News — 5 March 2009
  150. 346Britons' first impressions of King Charles IIIMatthew Smith — 13 September 2022
  151. 347NewsHas the King's first year been a success?Sean Coughlan — BBC News — 8 September 2023
  152. 351News'Hunky' Prince is exposed to public gazeRhys Williams — Independent Digital News & Media Ltd — 7 September 1994
  153. 353Prince Charles addresses editorsAudrey Woods — AP News Archive — 11 March 2002
  154. 354NewsCharles 'adopted dissident role'BBC News — 21 February 2006
  155. 356NewsPhone hacking: who's who in the News International scandalSarah Rainey et al. — 13 July 2011
  156. 359NewsKing Charles will not pay tax on inheritance from the QueenDaniel Boffey — 13 September 2022
  157. 360NewsClarence House makeover in grand hotel mannerMaev Kennedy — 6 August 2003
  158. 361NewsMPs tell Prince of Wales: Open upStephen Bates — 28 July 2005
  159. 364NewsRomanian tourists swamp village loved by Prince CharlesStephen McGrath — BBC News — 6 September 2020
  160. 366NewsPrince Charles's £700m estate accused of tax avoidanceRobert Booth — 14 December 2012
  161. 371NewsKing Charles: New royal cypher revealedBBC News — 26 September 2022
  162. 372Canadian Royal Crown and Royal CypherCanadian Heritage — Government of Canada — 11 August 2017
  163. 374The Queen Appoints the Prince of Wales to Honorary Five-Star rankThe Prince of Wales website — 16 June 2012
  164. 376HRH The Duke of EdinburghCollege of Arms — 9 April 2021
  165. 377King Charles III and The Gazette: Commonwealth awardsRussell Malloch — 24 April 2023
  166. 379NewsCall me George, suggests CharlesAndrew Pierce — 24 December 2005
  167. 381NewsCharles denies planning to reign as King GeorgeMichael White — 27 December 2005
  168. 383NewsCharles chooses Charles III for his title as KingLaura Elston — 9 September 2022
  169. 387Royal CypherCollege of Arms
  170. 388New Coat of Arms10 October 2024
  171. 389StandardsPrince of Wales
  172. 390The Prince of WalesOffice of the Governor General of Canada: Canadian Heraldic Authority
  173. 391BookCharles and Camilla: Portrait of a Love AffairGyles Brandreth — Random House — 2007
  174. 392BookThe Decline and Fall of the British Empire, 1781–1997Piers Brendon — Random House — 2007
  175. 393BookThe Twentieth Century, The Oxford History of the British Empire Volume IVJudith Brown — Oxford University Press — 1998
  176. 394BookThe Diana ChroniclesTina Brown — Century Random House — 2007
  177. 395BookThe Prince of Wales: A BiographyJonathan Dimbleby — William Morrow and Company — 1994
  178. 396BookPrince CharlesAnthony Holden — Atheneum — 1979
  179. 397BookThe Firm: The Troubled Life of the House of WindsorPenny Junor — St. Martin's Press — 2005
  180. 398BookThe Lineage and Ancestry of H.R.H. Prince Charles, Prince of Wales (2 vols)Gerald Paget — Charles Skilton — 1977
  181. 400BookDiana in Search of Herself: Portrait of a Troubled PrincessSally Bedell Smith — Signet — 2000
  182. 401BookLiving off the State: A Critical Guide to UK Royal FinanceJon Temple — Progress Books — 2012

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