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2015 San Bernardino attack

Ch. 1 of 8
— CH. 1 · INTRODUCTION —

Contents

2015 San Bernardino attack

8 sections
  • The 2015 San Bernardino attack began in a rented banquet room at the Inland Regional Center in California, on the 2nd of December 2015. The room belonged, for that day, to the San Bernardino County Department of Public Health. A training session had been winding down, and a Christmas party was about to begin for roughly 80 employees. Two armed people then opened fire. Fourteen people died, and 22 more were seriously injured. The attackers were a married couple, Syed Rizwan Farook and Tashfeen Malik, and one of them had been sitting among the guests that morning. This documentary asks how a workplace celebration became the deadliest terrorist attack on American soil since the 11th of September 2001. It asks how the first officers reached the scene, and what the investigators found in the couple's home. It asks who else was pulled into the case, and why a single locked phone sent the FBI and Apple to court. Finally, it asks how a country already divided over guns, religion and privacy argued its way through the weeks that followed.

  • At about 8:30 on the morning of the attack, Farook arrived at the department's event. He had left his six-month-old daughter with his mother at the family home in Redlands, telling her that he and Malik were going to a doctor's appointment. Farook worked for the county as a health inspector, so the guests were his colleagues. Of 91 people invited, between 75 and 80 were in attendance.

    Coworkers remembered him as quiet, glancing at his phone, and willing to pose for photos. Around 10:30 he slipped out, leaving a backpack on a table.

    A technical problem forced an unscheduled break shortly before 11:00. At 10:58, Farook and Malik opened fire outside the building and killed two people. A minute later Farook walked inside and began shooting at the guests, with Malik close behind. Both wore ski masks and black tactical gear that held spare magazines, though neither wore body armor. The shooting lasted only two or three minutes, and they fired more than 100 bullets before fleeing.

    Inside, many guests ran deeper into the building. Others crouched under tables or crowded into bathrooms, closets and cupboards. A bullet struck a fire sprinkler pipe, and water poured over the room until it was hard to see. The attackers moved between the tables and shot anyone who stirred or made a sound. One victim was hit by a round that passed through an interior wall. Another was shot while trying to escape through a glass door. Three men tried to stop one of the shooters, and all three were shot. One victim died while shielding a coworker with his own body. A few people at first took the noise for an active shooter drill, because drills had been held in that very room.

    Some witnesses told an NPR journalist they recognized Farook by his voice and build. Others knew one shooter was a woman from her slight frame and fitted clothing. Reports said that while the attack was underway, a Facebook account tied to Malik pledged allegiance to Abu Bakr al-Baghdadi, leader of the Islamic State of Iraq and the Levant. Later accounts said the post spoke for both shooters.

    The backpack held three linked explosive devices. They were pipe bombs wired with Christmas lights, combined with a remote-controlled car that had been switched on. The build resembled schematics in al Qaeda's Inspire magazine, and investigators believe the bombs were meant for emergency crews. Because the work was poor, none of them exploded. Coworkers had noticed the canvas bag before the shooting, but assumed Farook would come back for it.

  • It took 3 minutes and 32 seconds after the first 9-1-1 call for a police unit to arrive. Two San Bernardino police officers pulled up almost together at 11:04. Two more came two minutes later, and the four of them entered through the southeast side to hunt for the shooters. A second team of four, one from San Bernardino and three from the Fontana Police Department, came in from the north. Together they cleared the ground-floor rooms.

    At 11:14 the San Bernardino Fire Department posted a Tweet about an emergency on the 1300 block of Waterman Avenue. The city's SWAT team happened to be training a few miles away that morning, and reached the scene within eleven minutes. Officers used a battering ram to get into the complex. The first floor was cleared by 11:17.

    While some officers searched, others tended the wounded. Probation officers first set up a triage area near the entrance, then moved it across the street by 11:15. The survivors were soaked by the sprinklers, which made them slippery to lift. With no litters or tactical stretchers on hand, rescuers carried people out on blankets and chairs. It took 57 minutes to get the last injured person to a hospital. About 300 officers and agents from city, county, state and federal agencies eventually converged, including the FBI, the ATF and a Los Angeles Police Department counter-terrorism unit.

    At 5:08 in the afternoon, an FBI SWAT officer found the abandoned explosive devices. A bomb squad detonated them one by one, the last at 8:37. An earlier alarm over a rolling luggage bag in a second-floor office had ended with an all-clear at 2:22. The center was declared clear at 9:29 that night. Meanwhile, a Department of Homeland Security surveillance plane, a Pilatus PC-12, circled over the city for hours.

    A witness had given police Farook's name, and officers learned he had rented a black Ford Expedition EL with Utah plates four days earlier. Based on a neighbor's tip, two plainclothes investigators went to the couple's Redlands home on North Center Street shortly before 3:00 p.m. They saw the SUV leave and gave chase onto the freeway at 3:08:19.

    Someone threw a fake bomb at the pursuers, a metal pipe stuffed with cloth. At a stoplight after the freeway exit, a pursuing officer saw the pair putting on tactical vests and picking up rifles. Malik, in the back seat, began shooting through the rear window at 3:08:43. At 3:09:22 the SUV stopped in a neighborhood about 1.7 miles from the Inland Regional Center.

    Malik fired at the first police vehicle, about 210 feet away. Farook stepped out and stood between the open doors, shooting at the same target. He then crossed the street toward some homes, still firing, and pinned officers behind their cars. He meant to flank the first deputy who had stopped, but officers saw it and concentrated their fire on him. After he fell, he shot once more with a handgun and wounded an officer before the weapon jammed. Officers killed him, then handcuffed his body and laid it face-down.

    Malik kept firing from the SUV, and a second officer was wounded. Using a patrol car for cover, officers rescued the injured and shot into the back of the vehicle. Malik was killed at 3:14:53.

    The gunfight lasted about five minutes. Seven agencies took part, and 23 officers fired at least 440 rounds, against at least 81 from the couple. Farook was struck 25 times and Malik 15 times. Police used BearCat armored vehicles, and a motorized battering ram called the Rook to check the SUV for explosives. Inside they found nearly 2,500 rounds of ammunition, medical supplies, and a trigger device believed to belong with the bombs left at the center.

  • In late 2013, before Farook and Malik had ever met in person, they were already exchanging private online messages about jihad and martyrdom. FBI Director James B. Comey described this to the Senate Judiciary Committee on the 9th of December 2015, and again a week later. He said both were "consuming poison on the Internet" and were radicalized before they began courting, and before the Islamic State emerged. Investigators found no sign that any foreign group had directed the couple or that they belonged to a wider cell. Farook and Malik had also traveled to Saudi Arabia in the years before the attack. They spent at least a year preparing, and made plans for the care of their child and Farook's mother.

    The Islamic State's own claims were inconsistent. An Arabic-language radio broadcast called the attackers "supporters", while an English-language broadcast on the 5th of December 2015 called them "soldiers of the caliphate". The New York Times reported that the reason for the difference was unclear. Nearly a year later, authorities pointed to a possible trigger. Newly found emails showed Malik had objected to the party, and the police chief said she felt a Muslim should not have to take part in a non-Muslim holiday event.

    By 6:00 p.m. on the day of the attack, police were serving a search warrant at the couple's small Redlands townhouse. Robots went in first. Investigators found 2,000 9-mm handgun rounds, 2,500 .223-caliber rounds, and tools for making improvised bombs. The FBI first said it had removed twelve pipe bombs, then clarified days later that it had recovered 19 types of pipes that could be converted into bombs. The couple had tried to destroy their phones and hard drives, but only partly succeeded.

    On the 4th of December 2015, the landlord pried open the door with a crowbar and let reporters in. Inside Edition reportedly paid the landlord US$1,000 for access, according to an NBC News correspondent. MSNBC, CNN and Fox News broadcast live from the home, showing family photographs, documents and baby items. One network later said it regretted showing close-ups of the children's pictures and the identification card of Farook's mother. Media critic Erik Wemple called the coverage "terrible".

    The FBI took over the investigation on the 3rd of December. By the 7th it had held about 400 interviews and gathered about 320 pieces of evidence. On the 5th of January 2016, it asked the public to help explain 18 minutes on the day of the attack, from 12:59 to 1:17 p.m. Investigators believe the couple were driving around the city, trying to set off the abandoned bombs by remote control.

    Early reports and witness accounts had suggested up to three gunmen. Ballistics showed only two firearms were used, and police concluded there were two shooters. Some witnesses never changed their account of seeing three. As of the 1st of December 2016, the FBI still had not ruled out a third shooter.

  • Enrique Marquez Jr. lived next door to Farook until May 2015, and the FBI traced the two rifles used in the attack to his purchase. He had converted to Islam in 2007, and attended two local Islamic centers a few years before the attack. By 2011 he was spending most of his time at Farook's home, reading and watching extremist material. That included Inspire magazine, videos by Al-Shabaab, and sermons by Anwar al-Awlaki.

    Marquez later admitted that in 2011 he and Farook plotted shooting and bombing attacks. The targets were the library or cafeteria at Riverside Community College, where both studied, and rush-hour traffic on California State Route 91 in Corona. They dropped the plan after three men in the Inland Empire were arrested over a separate plot against Americans in Afghanistan. Federal agents searched his Riverside home on the 5th of December 2015, and he waived his Miranda rights and cooperated at length.

    He was arrested on the 17th of December 2015 on federal terrorism, firearms and immigration charges, and faced up to 50 years. In February 2017 he pleaded guilty to conspiring to provide material support to terrorists and to making false statements in buying a firearm. Prosecutors dropped the marriage fraud counts. The father of one victim denounced the plea deal in court, and the U.S. Attorney said the evidence did not support harsher charges. On the 23rd of October 2020, Marquez was sentenced to 20 years in prison.

    The immigration case grew from a wedding. On the 29th of November 2014, Marquez entered a sham marriage with Mariya Chernykh, a Russian woman who had come to the United States on a J-1 visa. She was the sister of the wife of Farook's older brother, Raheel. The New York Times reported that Marquez was paid between $5,000 and $10,000. Raheel Farook, a Navy veteran of the Iraq War, and his wife Tatiana helped stage the arrangement. Prosecutors said they witnessed the wedding, took staged family photographs, opened a joint account, and made a back-dated lease.

    On the 28th of April 2016, the three were arrested. Raheel and Tatiana Farook pleaded guilty in early 2017 and were later sentenced to three years of probation. Chernykh pleaded guilty as well, and on the 17th of May 2021 she was sentenced to three years of probation.

    In March 2020, Rafia Sultana Shareef, the mother of Rizwan and Raheel Farook, pleaded guilty to destroying evidence. The FBI had pulled a shredded document from Raheel's home in Corona and pieced it back together. Prosecutors called it the "attack plan". It held a diagram of the conference room, a route between the tables, and a to-do list. The list included target practice, destroying electronics, buying bomb parts and moving money to her account. She told the court she was sorry, and in February 2021 received six months of home confinement and three years of probation.

  • Isaac Amanios, Bennetta Betbadal and Tin Nguyen had each come to the United States as refugees, from Eritrea, Iran and Vietnam. They were among the civilians killed, who ranged in age from 26 to 60. Nine lived in San Bernardino County, and five came from Riverside, Los Angeles and Orange counties. Thirteen worked for the county, and ten were environmental health inspectors, about a quarter of their department. Autopsy reports released on the 27th of May 2016 found that all died of multiple gunshot wounds, mostly to the back. Twelve died almost at once. Shannon Johnson and Bennetta Betbadal died later at the triage center across the street.

    Among the wounded, five were taken to Loma Linda University Medical Center and six to Arrowhead Regional Medical Center. The last patient left Loma Linda on the 3rd of March 2016. One officer hurt in the shootout did not realize he had been hit in the thigh until thirteen hours later.

    The damage to the county was practical as well as personal. Roughly 35 percent of the Department of Public Health had been killed or wounded, so Governor Jerry Brown declared a state of emergency. In March 2016 the county approved a $1.5 million agreement to bring in up to 30 temporary health inspectors. By the 29th of May 2016, half of environmental health staff were still on leave, and help had come from seven other counties. Meanwhile, the Inland Regional Center stayed closed until the 4th of January 2016, and the building where the attack happened stayed shut indefinitely. The city of San Bernardino spent up to US$1 million it had not planned on.

    About 2,000 people attended a candlelight vigil at San Manuel Stadium the next day. On the 4th of January 2016, thousands filled the Citizens Business Bank Arena in Ontario for a memorial attended by Governor Brown, Attorney General Kamala Harris, Rudy Giuliani and the pastor Rick Warren. A relief fund raised US$2.48 million, and by the 5th of July 2016 it had paid out everything. Families of the dead received 80 percent, the 22 injured people got 15.5 percent, and witnesses got 4.5 percent. The two wounded officers declined their shares.

    Grief turned into litigation. In January 2016, one widow sought $58 million from the county, and relatives of another victim sought $204 million. Federal prosecutors sued in May 2016 to seize two life insurance policies Farook held, worth $25,000 and $250,000, so the money could go to victims' families.

    On the first anniversary, survivors accused the county of cutting off counseling, surgery approvals and help with workers' compensation. A county spokesman denied it. That same morning, dozens of cyclists rode 14 miles, one for each person killed, in a ride that continues every the 2nd of December. At California State University, San Bernardino, a Peace Garden opened in memory of five victims who were alumni.

  • On the 9th of February 2016, the FBI said it could not open an iPhone 5C that the county had issued to Farook. The National Security Agency had tried and failed. So the FBI asked Apple to write a new version of its iOS operating system that could run from the phone's memory and switch off key security features. Apple refused, citing a policy of never weakening the protections on its products.

    The FBI went to court. U.S. Magistrate Judge Sherri Pym ordered Apple to comply under the All Writs Act of 1789, an order rather than a subpoena. Apple said it would fight, warning that such software would create a backdoor for all its customers. It also said no government had ever demanded this. The company had until the 26th of February 2016 to respond in full.

    On the 19th of February, the Justice Department asked a federal judge to compel Apple. The same day, Apple said it had discussed four ways of reaching the data with the FBI in early January. One of the most promising had been closed off by a blunder. After the phone was recovered, the FBI had asked the county to reset the password on Farook's iCloud account. That change stopped the phone from sending recent data to iCloud without its passcode. The Justice Department agreed this happened, but said any backup would have been "insufficient" anyway.

    The San Bernardino County District Attorney, Michael Ramos, argued the phone might hold evidence of a third shooter and a "dormant cyber pathogen" meant for the county's network. Public opinion split. A CBS News poll of 1,022 Americans found 50 percent backing the FBI and 45 percent backing Apple.

    The court fight ended abruptly on the 28th of March 2016, when the Justice Department said it had unlocked the phone and dropped its suit. Early reports named the Israeli company Cellebrite. The Washington Post then reported that the FBI had paid professional hackers, who used a zero-day flaw to get around the phone's ten-try limit. In April 2021 the Post named Azimuth Security, an Australian firm.

    In September 2016, the Associated Press, Vice Media and Gannett sued under the Freedom of Information Act to learn who was hired and how much was paid. On the 30th of September 2017, a federal court sided with the government, calling the vendor and the price protected national security secrets.

    The dispute fed a wider argument. At the 9th of December 2015 Senate hearing, Comey urged companies offering end-to-end encryption, such as Apple, to rethink their business model. No evidence showed that the San Bernardino shooters had used encrypted communications. In March 2018, the Los Angeles Times reported that the phone held only work-related information and revealed nothing about the plot.

  • On the 6th of December 2015, President Barack Obama spoke from the Oval Office, only the third such address of his presidency in seven years. He called the shooting an act of terrorism and said the couple had gone down "the dark path of radicalization". He urged Americans not to give in to fear. Republican candidates Marco Rubio, Ted Cruz and Donald Trump said the country was at war. Chris Christie called it "a new world war". Jeb Bush said that if it was a war, the United States should declare war back.

    The day after the attack, Senator Dianne Feinstein's amendment to bar gun and explosives sales to people on terrorist watch lists reached the Senate floor. It failed on a party-line vote. Obama told CBS News that America had "a pattern now of mass shootings in this country that has no parallel anywhere else in the world." House Speaker Paul Ryan opposed blocking sales to people on the No Fly List, saying it would violate due process. The New York Times ran its first front-page editorial in 95 years, calling for gun control.

    In June 2016, Senator Chris Murphy held a fifteen-hour filibuster. The next day, Tina Meins, whose father died in the attack, spoke at his press conference. She noted that more than 2,000 terror suspects had been able to buy firearms since 2004. On the 20th of April 2016, California lawmakers gave initial approval to five gun bills. Governor Brown signed some on the 1st of July 2016, and they took effect in 2017. Gun sales in California rose by more than 18,000, and concealed-carry permit applications in San Bernardino County jumped 750 percent.

    Muslim Americans faced a different aftermath. Groups including the Council on American-Islamic Relations condemned the attack. The council reported a rise in anti-Muslim hate crimes, among them a pig's head thrown at a Philadelphia mosque and a Queens shop owner beaten. Trump called for a "total and complete" ban on Muslims entering the United States, drawing condemnation from the White House, the Pentagon, the United Nations and leaders such as British prime minister David Cameron. A campaign called Muslims United for San Bernardino raised more than $152,000 from over 1,000 donors for victims' families. Wyatt Mason of the New York Review of Books compared the reaction with the muted response to a Colorado Springs Planned Parenthood shooting a week earlier, committed by a devout Christian.

    Fear spread through other channels. Hours after the attack, a bomb threat closed classes at Loma Linda University and California State University, San Bernardino. On the 15th of December 2015, Los Angeles closed every public school after an explosives threat. New York City got the same threat, judged it a hoax, and took no action. Police use of BearCat armored vehicles revived the debate over military equipment in local departments. On the 9th of September 2016, the Police Foundation and the Justice Department's COPS Office released a review of the response, with lessons for agencies preparing for future attacks.

Updated

Common questions

When did the 2015 San Bernardino attack happen?

The 2015 San Bernardino attack took place on the 2nd of December 2015 at the Inland Regional Center in San Bernardino, California. The shooting began at 10:58 a.m. during a San Bernardino County Department of Public Health event.

Who carried out the 2015 San Bernardino attack?

The 2015 San Bernardino attack was carried out by a married couple, Syed Rizwan Farook and Tashfeen Malik, who lived in Redlands. Farook worked as a county health inspector. Both were killed in a shootout with police about four hours later.

How many people were killed and injured in the 2015 San Bernardino attack?

The 2015 San Bernardino attack killed 14 civilians and seriously injured 22 others. Two police officers were also wounded in the later shootout with the attackers.

Why did the FBI want Apple to unlock the iPhone in the 2015 San Bernardino attack case?

The FBI wanted access to an iPhone 5C issued by the county to Farook, and asked Apple on the 9th of February 2016 to create software that disabled its security features. Apple refused, and the Justice Department dropped its suit on the 28th of March 2016 after unlocking the phone another way.

What motivated the attackers in the 2015 San Bernardino attack?

The FBI found that Farook and Malik were radicalized and inspired by foreign terrorist groups, and had discussed jihad and martyrdom in private messages since late 2013. FBI Director James B. Comey said there was no indication that any such group directed them.

Who was Enrique Marquez Jr. in the 2015 San Bernardino attack investigation?

Enrique Marquez Jr. was Farook's former neighbor, investigated over the purchase of the two rifles used in the 2015 San Bernardino attack. He pleaded guilty in February 2017 to conspiring to provide material support to terrorists and making false statements. He was sentenced to 20 years in prison on the 23rd of October 2020.

What happened to the 2015 San Bernardino attack suspects after the shooting?

After the shooting, Farook and Malik fled in a rented black Ford Expedition SUV. Police chased them to a neighborhood about 1.7 miles away, where officers killed Farook and then Malik at 3:14:53 p.m.

All sources

299 references cited across the entry

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