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States and territories established in 1814

  • Republic of GenoaIn 1097, twelve galleys and one ship carrying 1,200 soldiers set sail from Genoa to join the First Crusade. The Genoese fleet blockaded Antioch in May of…
  • Bourbon Restoration in FranceOn the 6th of April 1814, the armies of the Sixth Coalition marched into Paris and restored Louis XVIII to the throne. This moment marked the end of…
  • Kingdom of FranceThe Treaty of Verdun in 843 divided the Carolingian Empire into three parts, leaving Charles the Bald to rule West Francia.
  • British GuianaSir Walter Raleigh published The Discovery of Guiana in the early 17th century, though his account focused on Venezuela rather than the lands that would…
  • Restoration and Regeneration in SwitzerlandThe Congress of Vienna opened on the 18th of September 1814 in the Austrian capital. Swiss delegates Hans von Reinhard, Johann Heinrich Wieland and Johann…
  • NorwayThe name Norway emerged from the Old English word Norþweg, recorded in an account by Ohthere of Hålogaland around 890. This phrase meant northern way or way…
  • Papal StatesIn 754, Pepin the Short led a Frankish army into Italy to defeat the Lombards. This military campaign marked the beginning of papal temporal power.
  • Principality of ElbaThe Treaty of Fontainebleau signed on the 11th of April 1814 transformed the Mediterranean island of Elba into a personal possession for Napoleon Bonaparte.