Short answers, pulled from the story.
The Austrian writer Nathan Birnbaum coined the term "Zionism" in an 1890 article published in his periodical Selbst-Emancipation. Birnbaum used it to describe the activities of the Hovevei Zion, or Lovers of Zion, who had coalesced at the 1884 Katowice Conference. Theodor Herzl independently popularized the term and was unaware of Birnbaum's original usage before doing so.
The Balfour Declaration of 1917 announced British support for "the establishment in Palestine of a national home for the Jewish people." Britain's support was motivated by wartime calculations, antisemitic assumptions about Jewish influence over allied governments, and imperial goals including retaining control over the Suez Canal by cultivating a pro-British presence in the region.
The First Zionist Congress was convened by Theodor Herzl in Basel in 1897. It created the Zionist Organization and adopted the Basel Program, which codified the official objective of establishing a legally recognized home for the Jewish people in Palestine. The Zionist Organization later established the Jewish Colonial Trust and its subsidiary the Anglo-Palestine Bank, now Bank Leumi.
The United Nations Conciliation Commission for Palestine estimated that between 1948 and 1949, 710,000 Palestinians were driven out of the country and another 40,000 were internally displaced. Of the 870,000 Palestinians in the territory at the time, an estimated 160,000 remained, forming a Palestinian minority in Israel. Israel expanded its territory to control over 78% of former Mandatory Palestine.
"Transfer" was the term Zionist leaders used as a euphemism for the removal of the Palestinian Arab population from Palestine. According to historian Benny Morris, the idea played a large role in Zionist ideology from the movement's inception and was seen as the main method of preserving the Jewish character of a future state. A Transfer Committee was formally established by the Israeli Cabinet during the 1948 Palestine war.
The Dreyfus affair, which erupted in France in 1894, had a profound impact on Central and Western European Jews who had believed in the promise of assimilation into European society. Among those who witnessed the events unfold was Theodor Herzl, whose subsequent activism transformed Zionism from a scattered movement into one with practical urgency and organizational structure, culminating in the 1897 First Zionist Congress.