Short answers, pulled from the story.
Saint Jerome translated most of the Vulgate, beginning in 382 when Pope Damasus I commissioned him to revise the Latin Gospels. Jerome extended the work on his own initiative to cover most of the Bible, translating the Old Testament directly from the Hebrew Tanakh.
The Vulgate contains books and revisions that Jerome did not produce. The New Testament outside the Gospels was revised by an unknown scholar, possibly Pelagius or his associates, while books such as Wisdom, Sirach, First and Second Maccabees, and Baruch entered as unrevised Vetus Latina translations.
The Council of Trent, meeting between 1545 and 1563, declared the Vulgate to be held as authentic in public lectures, disputations, sermons, and expositions. The council specified 72 canonical books and required that the Vulgate be printed with the fewest possible faults.
The Sixtine Vulgate was issued in 1590 under Pope Sixtus V as the first official Catholic edition, but was recalled and destroyed after his death that same year. The Clementine Vulgate replaced it in 1592 and remained the standard Roman Rite Bible until 1979, when Pope John Paul II promulgated the Nova Vulgata, a revision based on modern critical Hebrew and Greek texts.
Many English religious and theological terms derive directly from the Vulgate, including creation, salvation, justification, testament, sanctification, regeneration, and rapture. Words such as apostle, church, gospel, and angel also entered English through Vulgate Latin.
The Codex Amiatinus, dating from the 8th century, is the oldest surviving complete manuscript of the Vulgate Bible. It serves as one of the primary sources for modern critical editions, including the Oxford Vulgate and the Stuttgart Vulgate first published in 1969.