Short answers, pulled from the story.
The first successful test flight of the V-2 rocket occurred on the 3rd of October 1942. This flight reached an altitude of 84 miles and marked the completion of the project by Walter Dornberger at Peenemünde.
Wernher von Braun designed the V-2 rocket after reading Hermann Oberth's book The Rocket into Interplanetary Spaces in the late 1920s. His formal work on liquid-fueled rockets began in 1930 at the Technische Hochschule in Charlottenburg under Oberth's supervision.
The V-2 rocket used a fuel mixture of 75% ethanol and 25% water known as B-Stoff. Liquid oxygen or LOX known as A-Stoff served as the oxidizer, while concentrated hydrogen peroxide or T-Stoff powered the steam turbine that drove the fuel pumps.
An estimated 2,754 civilians were killed in London by V-2 attacks with another 6,523 injured. The largest single loss of life occurred on the 16th of December 1944 when the Cine Rex cinema was struck leaving 567 dead and 291 injured.
The V-2 rocket became the first artificial object to travel into space on the 20th of June 1944. This vertical launch designated MW 18014 reached an altitude of 100 kilometers which defines the edge of space.
After the war ended, 126 principal designers including Wernher von Braun and Walter Dornberger were captured by the United States under Operation Paperclip. These engineers were relocated to the United States, the USSR, France, and the United Kingdom to further develop rocket technology for military and civilian purposes.