Short answers, pulled from the story.
The city of Kashgar was fully Turkified by the Qarluq Turks by the 8th century. This event marked a significant cultural synthesis where the Qarluq Turks introduced Islam to the region while absorbing existing Iranian peoples.
The Devshirme system was a practice of conscripting Christian sons from the Balkans to be converted to Islam and trained as Janissaries or civil servants. The system drew to a close in 1648 and was finally abolished in the early part of Ahmet III's reign after a failed attempt to reinstate it in 1703.
The Republic of Turkey implemented laws such as the 1924 Constitution Article 12, the 1925 Report for Reform in the East, and the 1934 Resettlement Law to enforce Turkification. These measures included banning non-Turkish languages, restricting civil service to Turks, and forcing the collective resettlement of non-Turkish minorities.
The Young Turk government imposed Turkish in administration, courts, and education while suppressing Arabic and other minority languages. They established orphanages that gave Armenian orphans Arabic and Turkish names and resettled Kurdish tribes to ensure they did not exceed 10% of the local population in certain areas.
The Turkish government renamed the red fox species Vulpes Vulpes Kurdistanica to plain Vulpes Vulpes and the wild sheep Ovis Armeniana to Ovis Orientalis Anatolicus. These changes were part of a broader initiative to remove references to Armenia and Kurdistan from geographical and biological nomenclature.