Short answers, pulled from the story.
The Romans founded a settlement named Telo Martius at the present location of Toulon in the 2nd century BC. This name combined Telo possibly for the local god of springs or from the Latin word tol meaning base of the hill with Martius for the god of war.
In 1543 Francis I invited Ottoman Admiral Barbarossa's fleet to winter in Toulon as part of a Franco-Ottoman alliance against the Holy Roman Empire. Residents were forced to leave except heads of household while Ottoman sailors occupied the town through winter.
The city suffered devastating plague in 1720 that killed thirteen thousand people or half the population coming from Marseille. This event occurred after the War of Spanish Succession when Toulon successfully resisted siege by Imperial Army led by Duke Victor Amadeus II of Sardinia and Prince Eugene.
French naval officers scuttled the French Fleet based at Toulon on the 27th of November 1942 following German occupation of southern France after Allied landings in North Africa Operation Torch. The city was bombed by Allies in November following year destroying much port and killing five hundred residents.
Louis-Napoleon named Georges Eugène Haussmann prefect of Var department in 1849 serving only one year there to lay out the current street plan for Toulon center using the same approach he would later apply to Paris. Improvements included the Toulon Opera House Place de la Liberté Grand Hôtel Gardens of Alexander I Chalucet Hospital Palais de Justice train station and building now housing Galeries Lafayette.