Short answers, pulled from the story.
The Toledo School of Translators is the name for the scholars who worked together in Toledo during the 12th and 13th centuries to translate Islamic philosophy and scientific works from Classical Arabic into Medieval Latin. Its later phase, under King Alfonso X, translated into Old Spanish instead, helping establish an early standard of the Spanish language.
Raymond of Toledo, Archbishop of Toledo from 1126 to 1151, led the school's first period, directing a team of Mozarabic Toledans, Jewish scholars, madrasah teachers, and monks from the Order of Cluny at the library of the Cathedral of Toledo.
Alfonso X abandoned Latin as the target language and used a revised, standardized form of Castilian instead, insisting the texts be llanos de entender, or easy to understand, so they would reach a wider audience in Spain and across Europe. This decision had significant consequences for the early development of the Spanish language.
Gerard of Cremona translated more than 87 books of Arabic science, making him the most productive translator at the Toledo School. He arrived in Toledo in 1167 searching for Ptolemy's Almagest and went on to translate works by Aristotle, Euclid, al-Khwarizmi, and al-Razi, among others.
After Alfonso X's death, his self-appointed successor Sancho IV of Castile dismantled most of the translation team. Most members moved on to other work under new patrons, and many left Toledo.
Nicolaus Copernicus, the first scientist to formulate a full heliocentric cosmology, studied the Toledo translation of Ptolemy's Almagest and used astronomical computing data from the Alfonsine tables, of which he owned a copy after they were published in Venice in 1515.