Short answers, pulled from the story.
Thomas Wolsey was an English statesman and Catholic cardinal who served as Lord Chancellor and the dominant political figure under Henry VIII from around 1514 until his fall in 1529. Born in about 1473 in Ipswich, he accumulated the posts of Archbishop of York, papal legate, and cardinal, earning income the source records as upwards of £35,000 a year and wielding more power than any other Crown servant in English history.
Wolsey fell from power in 1529 because he failed to secure an annulment of Henry VIII's marriage to Catherine of Aragon. Anne Boleyn and her faction persuaded Henry that Wolsey had been deliberately obstructing proceedings. He was arrested, stripped of his government offices and property, and charged with treason.
Thomas Wolsey died on the 29th of November 1530 at Leicester Abbey from natural causes, having fallen seriously ill with dysentery while being transported to London to face a treason charge. He made his confession at 7 a.m. and died an hour later. He was buried in a simple pine coffin at the abbey, but the exact site of his grave was later lost when the abbey was demolished.
Wolsey devised the Subsidy, a progressive income tax of one shilling per pound that replaced a fixed levy, raising over £300,000 for royal campaigns. As Lord Chancellor he re-established the Star Chamber and the Court of Chancery on equity principles, and created a court for the poor where no fees were required. He also prosecuted 264 landowners, including peers and bishops, over the practice of enclosure.
As papal legate, Wolsey organised the Treaty of London in 1518, a peace summit involving twenty nations that positioned England as a central arbiter of European diplomacy and drew her out of international isolation. The treaty was followed two days later by a separate Anglo-French agreement. Scholar Garrett Mattingly later concluded that such non-aggression treaties could never be stronger than their sponsors' armies, and typically widened rather than prevented conflicts rooted in irreconcilable ambitions.
Wolsey renovated Hampton Court and York Palace, supervised the elaborate temporary structures at the Field of the Cloth of Gold in 1520, and founded Cardinal College in Oxford, now known as Christ Church, which remains the largest college at Oxford. He also founded a grammar school in Ipswich and planned a grand tomb at Windsor by Benedetto da Rovezzano and Giovanni da Maiano; the sarcophagus from that project now holds Lord Nelson in the crypt of St. Paul's Cathedral.