Short answers, pulled from the story.
The Plantation of Ulster in 1609 triggered conflict between Catholic natives and Protestant newcomers that shaped centuries of history. This event led to bloody religious wars including the Irish Confederate Wars from 1641 to 1653 and the Williamite War from 1689 to 1691.
Bloody Sunday occurred on the 30th of January 1972 when thirteen unarmed men died after being shot by members of the First Battalion Parachute Regiment at a proscribed anti-internment rally in Derry. A fourteenth victim later succumbed to injuries while fifteen others sustained wounds during what became the largest single shooting incident involving civilian casualties throughout the Troubles.
Ten people died during three days of fighting while 745 others suffered injuries including 154 gunshot wounds during the August 1969 riots. Shorland armoured cars mounted with heavy Browning machine guns fired into blocks of flats killing nine-year-old Patrick Rooney asleep in bed.
A group calling itself the Ulster Volunteer Force emerged in Belfast's Shankill area under Gusty Spence, a former British soldier. Between April and May 1966, UVF members petrol-bombed Catholic homes, schools, and businesses.
The Good Friday Agreement 1998 restored self-government Northern Ireland basis power-sharing accepting principle consent commitment civil political rights parity esteem between two communities police reform paramilitary disarmament early release prisoners completing transition armed conflict negotiation phase officially ending thirty-year period known Troubles.