Short answers, pulled from the story.
The Stuart period lasted from 1603 to 1714, beginning with the accession of James I after the death of Queen Elizabeth I and ending with the death of Queen Anne and the accession of King George I from the House of Hanover. The period spanned 111 years and included six Stuart monarchs.
Charles I was executed in January 1649 following his defeat in the First and Second English Civil Wars, fought between his Royalist supporters and the Parliamentarians. His belief in the divine right of kings, his eleven years of personal rule without Parliament from 1629 to 1640, and his defeat in battle led to his trial and execution by the victorious Parliamentary forces.
The Glorious Revolution was the overthrow of King James II in 1688. The English elite could not tolerate James's closeness to the French throne, his Roman Catholicism, and his absolutist modernisation of the state. James was replaced by his Protestant daughter Mary II and her Dutch husband William III, and Parliament passed the Bill of Rights in December 1689, establishing fundamental constitutional limits on royal power.
Oliver Cromwell was the dominant figure in England from 1649 to 1658. He led the Parliamentarian forces to victory in the Civil Wars and ruled first as a member of the Commonwealth of England and then as Lord Protector from 1653 until his death in 1658. He refused an offer of the crown in 1657, divided England into military districts run by fifteen major generals, and encouraged Jews to return to England after a 350-year banishment.
Queen Anne worked to unite the entirely separate kingdoms of Scotland and England through the Acts of Union 1707. Scottish public opinion was generally hostile, but elite support was secured with generous financial terms and bribes, including the refunding of Scottish investors' losses from the failed Darien colonial venture. Scotland retained its Presbyterian church, its own legal and educational systems, and its own nobility, while gaining access to English trade and colonies.
English exports grew from £2.5 million between 1613 and 1669 to £6.5 million by 1700 and £14.7 million by 1760. Wool and wool cloth made up between 75% and 90% of exports. The government chartered monopoly trading companies including the East India Company in 1599, the Hudson's Bay Company in 1670, and the Royal African Company in 1672, establishing British dominance in trade with India, West Africa, and the West Indies.